Shops at Boardman Park, L.L.C. v. Target Corp.

[Cite as Shops at Boardman Park, L.L.C. v. Target Corp., 2016-Ohio-7283.]
STATE OF OHIO, MAHONING COUNTY

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

SEVENTH DISTRICT

THE SHOPS AT BOARDMAN PARK, ) CASE NO. 13 MA 0188
LLC f/k/a THE SHOPS AT BOARDMAN )
PARK PARTNERSHIP NO. 1, et al. )
)
PLAINTIFFS-APPELLANTS )
)
VS. ) OPINION
)
TARGET CORPORATION )
)
DEFENDANT-APPELLEE )

CHARACTER OF PROCEEDINGS: Civil Appeal from the Court of Common
Pleas of Mahoning County, Ohio
Case No. 11 CV 3929

JUDGMENT: Affirmed. Remanded.

JUDGES:
Hon. Cheryl L. Waite
Hon. Mary DeGenaro
Hon. Carol Ann Robb
Dated: October 5, 2016
[Cite as Shops at Boardman Park, L.L.C. v. Target Corp., 2016-Ohio-7283.]
APPEARANCES:

For Plaintiffs-Appellants: Atty. David Barbee
Atty. Joseph C. Bishara
Roth, Blair, Roberts, Strasfeld & Lodge
100 East Federal Street, Suite 600
Youngstown, Ohio 44503

Atty. Michael J. Morley
Atty. Ronald G. Galip
721 Boardman-Poland Road
Boardman, Ohio 44512

For Defendant-Appellee: Atty. Timothy T. Reid
Atty. Dale Markworth
Mansour, Gavin, Gerlack
& Manos Co., LPA
North Point Tower
1001 Lakeside Avenue, Suite 1400
Cleveland, Ohio 44114

Atty. Michael A Ponto
Atty. David Snieg
Faegre Baker Daniels LLP
2200 Wells Fargo Center
90 South Seventh Street
Minneapolis, MN 55402-3901
[Cite as Shops at Boardman Park, L.L.C. v. Target Corp., 2016-Ohio-7283.]
WAITE, J.

{¶1} This is an appeal of summary judgment granted in favor of Defendant-

Appellee Target Corporation (“Target”) in a declaratory judgment action. The action

was filed by Plaintiff-Appellant The Shops at Boardman Park, LLC (“The Shops LLC”)

in order to obtain a judicial definition of the phrase “Common Area supervisory

program” that was contained within the parties’ “Operations and Easement

Agreement” (“OEA”). The OEA defined the parties’ combined properties as the

“Shopping Center.” This 19.5-acre Shopping Center constituted a defined retail area

within a larger shopping complex (also known as The Shops at Boardman Park) in

Boardman, Ohio. The OEA was signed in 2001. The OEA governed, among other

things, the system of paying for the common areas of the parties’ adjacent properties.

After Target decided to take responsibility for maintaining its own common areas in

2009, a dispute arose over whether Target continued to be liable for a pro rata share

of the cost of supervising and administering the common areas of the Shopping

Center. The Shops LLC asked the court to give a specific definition to the phrase

“Common Area supervisory program” that would support its separate claim for money

damages relating to the administration of the common areas. Target filed a

counterclaim in declaratory judgment and proffered a different definition. After

competing motions for summary judgment were filed, the trial court accepted Target’s

definition. The Shops LLC then filed this interlocutory appeal.

{¶2} We find no reversible error in the trial court’s decision to use the

definition provided by Target. The trial court correctly interpreted the disputed phrase

in the context of the entire OEA, found Appellant’s proposed definition to be in
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conflict with the OEA, and provided a definition of the entire phrase consistent with,

and based upon, the language of the OEA itself. Appellant’s assignments of error

are overruled and the judgment of the trial court is affirmed. The case is remanded to

the trial court to resolve any outstanding claims between the parties.

History of the Case

{¶3} Target and The Shops LLC own adjacent tracts of land in Boardman,

Ohio. Target operates a retail store on its tract. The Shops LLC leases space in its

remaining tract of land to various retail entities. On September 20, 2001, Target and

The Shops LLC entered into an OEA, the purpose of which was to “effectuate the

common use and operation of their respective Tracts”. (OEA, p. 1.) The OEA refers

to the combined areas of the parties’ two tracts as the Shopping Center, which is in

turn located within the larger shopping complex called The Shops at Boardman Park.

{¶4} The OEA defines “Common Area” as “all areas within the exterior

boundaries of the Shopping Center, exclusive of (i) any Building and (ii) any Outside

Sales Area * * *.” (OEA, p. 2.) The Common Area includes parking lots, sidewalks,

driveways, signs, and lighting, among other things. The OEA provided that The

Shops LLC was initially responsible for the maintenance of the Common Area of the

Shopping Center, with Target being responsible to pay 43% as its proportionate

share of the “Common Area Maintenance Costs” (a defined term in the OEA). The

OEA does not define or govern any areas outside the parties’ tracts designated in the

OEA, which covers approximately 19.5 acres of a much larger shopping area.

Section 4.2.7 of the OEA allowed Target to take over and assume maintenance of
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the Common Area of its 8.156-acre tract. Target took advantage of this provision in

2009, and this is not disputed by the parties. The OEA required The Shops LLC to

continue to be responsible for certain Common Area functions, such as providing

insurance for the Common Area, maintaining utility lines, and “maintain the Common

Area supervisory program, if any.” (OEA, 4.2.7, p. 25.) Target was required to

continue paying its pro rata share of the costs of these specifically designated

functions. (OEA, 4.2.7, p. 25.)

{¶5} A dispute arose over whether Target was required to pay a pro rata

share of various charges allegedly associated with the common areas. Specifically,

The Shops LLC believed that Target was responsible for a share of the cost of two

persons employed to conduct oversight and administration of certain aspects of the

larger shopping complex. The Shops LLC filed a breach of contract complaint in the

Mahoning County Court of Common Pleas on December 12, 2011. Another entity,

Handel Investments, LLC, also filed a claim, but has been dismissed from the case.

{¶6} The Shops LLC filed an amended complaint on June 3, 2013, alleging a

breach of contract as well as bringing a declaratory judgment action in which it

requested the court to define the phrase “Common Area supervisory program” as

stated in Section 4.2.7 of the OEA. The Shops LLC encouraged the court to accept

the definition as “fees and expenses of a supervisor and a secretary for such

supervisor on site, who were and are in charge of overseeing, administering and

coordinating the Common Areas of the shopping center.” (6/3/13 Amended

Complaint, p. 4.) Target filed a counterclaim on June 21, 2013, proposing a different
 -4-

definition. Target suggested that the definition of “Common Area supervisory

program” meant “any program implemented for policing or securing the Common

Area within the Shopping Center.” (6/21/11 Answer and Counterclaim, p. 5.) The

parties filed competing motions for partial summary judgment on the declaratory

judgment aspect of the complaint.

{¶7} The case was referred to a magistrate, who ruled on October 3, 2013,

that Target’s definition was correct. The magistrate granted partial summary

judgment to Target and overruled The Shops LLC motion for partial summary

judgment. The Shops LLC filed objections to the magistrate’s decision, and on

November 22, 2013, the trial court adopted the magistrate’s decision and ruled in

favor of Target. This timely interlocutory appeal followed. The trial court included the

phrase “[t]here being no just cause for delay” as required by Civ.R. 54(B) in order to

designate the interlocutory judgment a final appealable order. Appellant’s

assignments of error are related and will be treated together.

Final Appealable Order Status

{¶8} Although this appeal is an interlocutory appeal, the trial court has

included the language required by Civ.R. 54(B) to designate its judgment as a final

appealable order. An order that is determined to be final with “no just reason for

delay” as set forth in Civ.R. 54(B) still must qualify as a final appealable order under

R.C. 2505.02 or some similar statute defining final appealable orders. Declaratory

judgment decisions are generally recognized as reviewable final orders pursuant to

R.C. 2505.02(B)(2): “An order is a final order that may be reviewed, affirmed,
 -5-

modified, or reversed, with or without retrial, when it is one of the following: * * * (2)

An order that affects a substantial right made in a special proceeding or upon a

summary application in an action after judgment.” See also, Gen. Acc. Ins. Co. v.

Ins. Co. of N. America, 44 Ohio St.3d 17, 22, 540 N.E.2d 266, 272 (1989). There are

situations, though, in which a decision regarding declaratory judgment may not

constitute a final appealable order. For example, in Stiggers v. Erie Ins. Group, 8th

Dist. No. 85418, 2005-Ohio-3434, the court held that:

[A]s a general rule, a court fails to fulfill its function in a declaratory

judgment action when it disposes of the issues by journalizing an entry

merely sustaining or overruling a motion for summary judgment without

setting forth any construction of the document or law under

consideration. (Emphasis added.)

Id. at ¶ 7, quoting Nickschinski v Sentry Ins. Co., 88 Ohio App.3d 185, 189, 623

N.E.2d 660 (8th Dist.1993).

{¶9} In the instant appeal, the trial court did not merely sustain or overrule

the competing motions for summary judgment. The court completely analyzed the

narrow proposition put before it in the declaratory judgment action and made a very

clear and specific ruling interpreting the phrase in question. The rights and duties of

the parties were determined, and the trial court fulfilled its function by construing the

document under review. Thus, even though there is a breach of contract claim

pending before the trial court, the court’s ruling on the declaratory judgment action, in

the context of this appeal, constitutes a final appealable order.
 -6-

Assignments of Error One and Two

The trial court erred in overruling Shops’ Motion for Partial Summary

Judgment.

The trial court erred in sustaining Target’s Motion for Summary

Judgment.

{¶10} This appeal involves a summary judgment ruling in a declaratory

judgment action. Appellant contends that the trial court should have adopted its

proposed definition of the phrase “Common Area supervisory program” contained in

Section 4.2.7 of the OEA rather than Target’s proposed definition. The Shops LLC

took the position that the definition should be “fees and expenses of a supervisor and

a secretary for such supervisor on site, who were and are in charge of overseeing,

administering and coordinating the Common Areas of the shopping center.” Target’s

definition was “any program implemented for policing or securing the Common Area

within the Shopping Center.”

{¶11} A trial court’s determination of matters of law in a declaratory judgment

action are reviewed de novo on appeal. Arnott v. Arnott, 132 Ohio St.3d 401, 2012-

Ohio-3208, 972 N.E.2d 586, ¶ 13; R.C. 2721.04. Similarly, summary judgment is

reviewed de novo on appeal. Horton v. Harwick Chem. Corp., 73 Ohio St.3d 679,

653 N.E.2d 1196 (1995), paragraph three of the syllabus. The party moving for

summary judgment bears the burden of showing that there is no genuine issue of

material fact and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Dresher v. Burt, 75

Ohio St.3d 280, 292–293, 662 N.E.2d 264 (1996). Finally, if the terms of the contract
 -7-

are clear and unambiguous, the interpretation of the contract language is a question

of law reviewed de novo on appeal. State ex rel. Parsons v. Fleming, 68 Ohio St.3d

509, 511, 628 N.E.2d 1377 (1994). A contract is ambiguous if its terms cannot be

clearly determined from a reading of the entire contract or if its terms are susceptible

to more than one reasonable interpretation. United States Fid. & Guar. Co. v. St.

Elizabeth Med. Ctr., 129 Ohio App.3d 45, 55, 716 N.E.2d 1201 (2d Dist.1998).

{¶12} The purpose of judicial interpretation of a written instrument is to

ascertain and give effect to the intent of the parties. Aultman Hosp. Assn. v.

Community Mut. Ins. Co., 46 Ohio St.3d 51, 53, 544 N.E.2d 920 (1989). A contract

will be read as a whole, and the intent of each party will be gathered from a

consideration of the whole. Foster Wheeler Enviresponse, Inc. v. Franklin Cty.

Convention Facilities Auth., 78 Ohio St.3d 353, 361, 678 N.E.2d 519 (1997).

Common words in a written contract will be given their ordinary meaning unless

manifest absurdity results or unless some other meaning is clearly evidenced from

the face or overall content of the contract. McConnell v. Hunt Sports Ent., 132 Ohio

App.3d 657, 675, 725 N.E.2d 1193 (10th Dist.1999).

In the construction of a contract courts should give effect, if possible, to

every provision therein contained, and if one construction of a doubtful

condition written in a contract would make that condition meaningless,

and it is possible to give it another construction that would give it

meaning and purpose, then the latter construction must obtain.
 -8-

Farmers’ Nat. Bank v. Delaware Ins. Co., 83 Ohio St. 309, 94 N.E. 834 (1911),

paragraph six of the syllabus.

{¶13} Although Appellant would like us to define the individual words of the

phrase “Common Area supervisory program” in isolation, the trial court properly

considered the phrase as a whole in the context of the entire OEA. In fact, the

phrase in question is part of the larger paragraph of the OEA that allowed Target to

opt out of the payment of common area fees and to take over the maintenance of its

own common areas. Section 4.2.7 states, in pertinent part:

Target shall have the right, upon giving not less than sixty (60) days’

written notice to Operator, to take-over and assume the maintenance of

the Common Area upon the Target Tract. Following the effective date

of such take-over and assumption, Target shall maintain the Common

Area on its Tract, and shall pay all costs and expenses incurred in

connection therewith; provided, however, Operator shall continue to (i)

maintain the Common Utility Lines of the Shopping Center * * *, (ii)

maintain the Common Area supervisory program, if any, (iii) insure the

Common Area on the Target Tract under the Operator’s Common Area

public liability insurance program * * *, and (iv) maintain any Sign upon

which a Target panel is attached. Upon such take-over and

assumption, Target shall be released from the obligation to contribute

towards Common Area Maintenance costs for the balance of the
 -9-

Common Area, except with respect to those functions identified above *

* *. (Emphasis added.)

(OEA, 4.2.7, p. 25.)

{¶14} It is clear that Appellant’s proposed interpretation of the phrase

“Common Area supervisory program, if any” is inconsistent with the OEA because

Appellant’s interpretation would require that some type of supervisory program must

always exist, ignoring the plain meaning of the words “if any,” which imply that the

program is optional. It is clear that the words “if any” have additional meaning to the

parties, since the other provisions of Section 4.2.7 for which Target will continue to

have some liability for pro rata contribution (maintenance of utility lines, insurance,

maintenance of signs) do not contain the phrase “if any.” As the trial court noted,

Appellant’s interpretation would require a supervisory program to exist under all

circumstances, thus rendering the phrase “if any” meaningless.

{¶15} Further, the OEA prohibits Appellant from recovering Common Area

maintenance costs from its tenants for administrative costs, but Appellant’s proposed

definition directly attempts to recover administrative costs. Section 4.2.2 states:

Operator shall operate and maintain the Common Area in accordance

with the requirements of Section 4.2.1. Operator shall expend only

such funds as are reasonably necessary for the operation and

maintenance of the Common Area * * *. For the purpose of this OEA,

Common Area Maintenance Costs shall not include:

***
 -10-

(H) Operator’s profit, administrative and overhead costs including, but

not limited to: * * * legal, accounting and administrative service; * * *.

{¶16} Appellant’s proposed definition would make administrative costs part of

the Common Area Maintenance Costs in reference to Section 4.2.7 of the OEA, the

opt-out provision, when they are clearly excluded as Common Area Maintenance

Costs in Section 4.2.2. Administrative costs, and the recoupment of administrative

costs, are dealt with in other sections of the OEA. One cannot rely on common

dictionary definitions of undefined words or phrases to make a contract mean the

opposite of what it clearly expresses in another section of that same contract.

{¶17} The trial court’s interpretation of the phrase “Common Area supervisory

program” as “any program implemented for policing or securing the Common Area

within the Shopping Center” is completely consistent with the remainder of the OEA

and gives plain meaning to the language of the contract. Section 4.2.1(H) defines

“Supervisory Personnel” as “[p]roviding professional supervisory personnel for the

Common Area, if reasonably required.” Although this is a somewhat circular

definition, it does include the idea that supervisory personnel, in the context of the

OEA, are professionals of some sort, who would not be administrative professionals

because administrative costs are not part of Common Area Maintenance Costs. One

common online dictionary defines “supervise” as “keep watch over (someone) in the

interest of their or others’ security” and includes the following sentence as an

example of usage: “prisoners were supervised by two officers”. Oxford Dictionaries,

http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/supervise
 -11-

(accessed August 23, 2016). The trial court’s definition, consistent with the Oxford

Dictionary, allows the phrase “Common Area supervisory program” to have a

common and usual meaning without distorting other aspects of the OEA in the

process.

{¶18} Appellant would have us resort to extrinsic evidence to assist in defining

the phrase under review. Extrinsic evidence is relevant only when the language of a

contract is ambiguous. “Only when the language of a contract is unclear or

ambiguous, or when the circumstances surrounding the agreement invest the

language of the contract with a special meaning will extrinsic evidence be considered

in an effort to give effect to the parties’ intentions.” Shifrin v. Forest City Enterprises,

Inc., 64 Ohio St.3d 635, 597 N.E.2d 499 (1992), at syllabus. Because the plain

ordinary usage of the words, in the context of the entire OEA, provides a clear,

unambiguous meaning, there is no need to rely on extrinsic evidence to determine

the meaning of the phrase in question.

{¶19} For all of these reasons, we overrule Appellant’s two assignments of

error. The trial court correctly granted partial summary judgment to Target in its

declaratory judgment counterclaim, and was also correct to overrule The Shops

LLC’s similar request. The court defined the phrase “Common Area supervisory

program” as “any program implemented for policing or securing the Common Area

within the Shopping Center,” which is consistent with the OEA and with the common

ordinary usage of the undefined words in the phrase. The judgment of the trial court

is affirmed. As this matter involves an interlocutory appeal, the case is hereby
 -12-

remanded to the trial court for further proceedings on any remaining claims between

the parties.

DeGenaro, J., dissents; see dissenting opinion.

Robb, J., concurs.
 -13-

DeGENARO, J., dissenting.

{¶20} In declaratory judgment actions, a court is required to completely
construe the documents at issue and then enter judgment specifying the rights and
responsibilities of the parties pursuant to the court's construction of the debated
terms in order to constitute a final appealable order. The trial court adopted Target's
proposed definition of the disputed language but did not further construe the
language to give effect to either party's rights or responsibilities under the Operation
and Easement Agreement. Since the judgment entry does not meet the
requirements for a final appealable order the appeal should be dismissed.
{¶21} When a declaratory judgment action is disposed of by summary
judgment, review of the trial court's resolution of legal issues is de novo. Hastings
Mut. Ins. Co. v. Halatek, 174 Ohio App.3d 252, 2007-Ohio-6923, 881 N.E.2d 897, ¶
29 (7th Dist.). As noted by the majority, appellate courts may only review final orders
on appeal, and inclusion of the language from Civ.R. 54(B) does not make a non-final
order final. Section 3(B)(2), Article IV of the Ohio Constitution; R.C. 2501.02; Civ.R.
54(B).
{¶22} Section 2505.02(B) of the Revised Code sets forth five categories of
final orders. Pertinent to this appeal are the following provisions:

(A) As used in this section:
(1) "Substantial right" means a right that the United States Constitution, the
Ohio Constitution, a statute, the common law, or a rule of procedure entitles a
person to enforce or protect.
(2) "Special proceeding" means an action or proceeding that is specially
created by statute and that prior to 1853 was not denoted as an action at law
or a suit in equity.
***
(B) An order is a final order that may be reviewed, affirmed, modified, or
reversed, with or without retrial, when it is one of the following:
***
 -14-

(2) An order that affects a substantial right made in a special proceeding[.]

{¶23} Declaratory judgment actions were not recognized at common law or in
equity, but created by statute, and as such are a special proceeding; therefore, an
order which affects a substantial right entered in a declaratory judgment action is a
final appealable order. General Acc. Ins. Co. v. Insurance Co. of North America, 44
Ohio St.3d 17, 22, 540 N.E.2d 266 (1989).
{¶24} However, Ohio courts have held that "[w]hen a trial court enters a
judgment in a declaratory judgment action, the order must declare all of the parties’
rights and obligations in order to constitute a final, appealable order." (Emphasis
added.) Stiggers v. Erie Ins. Group, 8th Dist. No. 85418, 2005-Ohio-3434, ¶ 5; see
also William Powell Co, v. OneBeacon Ins. Co., 1st Dist. No. C–130681, 2014-Ohio-
3528, ¶ 10 (declaratory judgment that does not "completely construe the documents
is not a final, appealable order even though the entry contains Civ. R. 54(B)
language"); Michaels v. Michaels, 9th Dist. 09CA009717, 2010-Ohio-6052, ¶ 7 ("in
order for a trial court to enter a judgment in a declaratory judgment action, it must
declare 'all of the parties' rights and obligations[.] ").
{¶25} Courts have also cautioned that moving for summary judgment in
declaratory judgment actions is a disfavored practice. See Griewahn v. United States
Fid. & Guar. Co., 160 Ohio App.3d 311, 2005-Ohio-1660, 827 N.E.2d 341, ¶ 9 (7th
Dist.). "The purpose of a declaratory judgment action is to set forth the rights and
responsibilities of the parties and does not contain any material issues of fact. But a
motion for summary judgment does not necessarily accomplish that goal since a trial
court might not set forth the rights and responsibilities of the parties when denying
such a motion." Id., quoting Am. Modern Home Ins. Co. v. Hagopian, 3d Dist. No.
03–02–23, 2003-Ohio-342, 2003 WL 173710, ¶ 7.
{¶26} In the present action, both Shops and Target sought declaratory relief,
asking the trial court to define the term "Common Area supervisory program." The
parties appear to have stipulated by their respective prayers for declaratory relief
that, as to this issue, there are no genuine issues of material fact, and that a
 -15-

declaratory judgment of contract construction under R.C. 2721.03 would aid in the
settlement of the dispute "quickly and conclusively."
{¶27} The Eighth District has decided two cases that parallel this action's
procedural posture. In Stiggers, supra, the court dismissed an action for lack of a
final, appealable order concerning a supplemental complaint filed by a party seeking
declaratory relief in addition to collecting a monetary judgment against an insurer.
The plaintiff had selected a local construction business to build an addition onto her
home. Id. at ¶ 2. The plaintiff did not believe that the work was satisfactory, and the
addition was never finished. Id. The plaintiff obtained a default judgment against the
construction company, who was insured at the time by the defendant. In a
supplemental complaint filed pursuant to R.C. 3929.06, the plaintiff sought the
enforcement of the judgment against defendant through a declaratory action under
R.C. 2505.02. After both parties filed for summary judgment on the declaratory
claim, the trial court granted summary judgment to the defendant insurance
company. The trial court reasoned that although the local construction company was
insured by the defendant, the present action only involved damage claims arising
from the new construction, and therefore, R.C. 3929.06 could not apply. Id. at ¶ 4.
Specifically, the trial court stated that the plaintiff’s claims were "in the nature of
breach of contract or breach of warranty and do not trigger coverage under the
insurance policy issue." Id.
{¶28} The Eighth District held that the trial court's summary judgment in favor
of the insurer on the declaratory judgment claim did not adequately set forth the
rights and responsibilities of the parties to constitute a final, appealable order. Id. at
¶ 9. The court determined that while there was "some reasoning" in the entry, i.e.,
the nature of the plaintiff’s initial claims against the construction company, the entry
itself was "too vague and unspecific" to "adequately advise the parties of their rights
and obligations under the contract." Id. Therefore, under Civ.R. 54(B) and R.C.
2505.02, the judgment was not a final appealable order. Id. at ¶ 10.
{¶29} Second, in Klocker v. Zeigler, 8th Dist. No. 92044, 2009-Ohio-3102, the
plaintiff, a private homeowner, filed a multi-count complaint that included a
 -16-

declaratory judgment claim seeking, inter alia, a declaration of his rights and
responsibilities under a clause contained in his deed granting him the right to pass
over and use adjacent land owned by defendants. The plaintiff’s claims arose from
the actions of the Trustees of the Clifton Lagoon Trust, which owned the adjacent
land referred to as the Strip. The plaintiff initiated this action when the defendants
removed allegedly nonconforming driveway pavers from the Strip in front of the
plaintiff’s home without notice. Id. at ¶ 6-7. The plaintiff moved for partial summary
judgment as to his declaratory judgment claim, and the defendants moved for
summary judgment on all ten counts. Id. at ¶ 9.
{¶30} The trial court stated in its judgment entry:

[t]he court hereby grants summary judgment in favor of Defendants
[(Trustees)]. The Strip of property at issue is owned by the Trustees
and the Plaintiff wishes to place nonconforming pavers on Defendants'
property. Plaintiff only has a limited right to pass over this property.
Trustees are ordered to return the nonconforming pavers to Plaintiff
immediately. This is a final appealable order.

Id.
{¶31} On appeal, the plaintiff argued that the trial court's judgment entry was
insufficient as to construe the documents at issue in his declaratory judgment action,
therefore rendering the order not final and appealable. Id. at ¶ 11. The Eighth
District agreed, stating that the trial court did not fulfill its function "because it did not
construe the documents at issue in the case and advise the parties of their rights and
obligations." Id. at ¶ 14.

Although the court attempted to set forth some reasoning in its entry, it
is undisputed that the Strip is owned by the Trustees and that Klocker
has a limited right to pass over the property. The issue in the case is
whether the Trustees, under the deeds at issue, have the authority to
impose a "rule and regulation" that requires Klocker to install red
 -17-

driveway pavers on the Strip of property in front of his home owned by
the Trustees, and further, if they have such authority, whether such rule
was ever properly promulgated. The trial court's order does not
construe the documents to resolve this issue.

Id. at ¶ 14.
{¶32} Here, as in Stiggers and Klocker, the appeal centers on a summary
judgment in a declaratory judgment action. And as in those cases, the judgment
entry herein does not completely set forth the rights and responsibilities of the parties
as required. It states that the definition of "Common Area supervisory program"
relates to policing and security. This language gives an indication as to what rights
and responsibilities are at issue in the Agreement, but fails to specifically define the
rights and responsibilities of the parties in this action. For example, it does not
explain how much is owed to Shops in light of this interpretation of the disputed term.
Additionally, there is no mention of future costs or cost allocations once Target
exercised its right to opt-out of the joint Common Area Maintenance program.
{¶33} Shops argues that even with Target's definition being the accepted
meaning of the disputed term, Target still owes Shops unpaid dues under the terms
of the Agreement. This argument reinforces the conclusion that the judgment is not a
final, appealable order. The context of the term "Common Area supervisory
program" arises in Section 4.2.7, which delineates the process and rights of the
parties upon Target's opt-out of any Common Area maintenance program. Assuming
that the trial court correctly identified the definition of "Common Area supervisory
program" as "any program implemented for policing or securing the Common Area
within the Shopping Center," the text of Section 4.2.7 would still provide textual
support for a monetary claim for Shops.
{¶34} Section 4.2.7 of the Agreement states in part "Upon such take-over and
assumption, Target shall be released from the obligation to contribute towards
Common Area Maintenance costs for the balance of the Common Area, except with
respect to those functions identified above for which continued participation is
 -18-

mandatory or elected." This clause modifies an enumerated list within the same
section. This list is preceded by the verb "shall." "Shall," amongst its varying
definitions, has a particular legal use. Merriam-Webster defines this use as "used in
laws, regulations, or directives to express what is mandatory." As such, it can be
reasoned that the intentions of the parties was that even if Target exercised its opt-
out provision, Shops would (and must) continue to provide specific functions and
have specific responsibilities as relating to the Target tract. As a corollary, Target
would not be released from its contributory obligation arising from Shops' mandatory
responsibilities. The requirement to maintain a "Common Area supervisory program,
if any" is one of the four specifically enumerated responsibilities within this section.
From this plain language, it is evident that these four specific provisions would be in
effect regardless of which party was responsible for maintenance of the Common
Area on the Target Tract.
{¶35} If Shops was required under the mandatory language of this section to
continue to provide "any program implemented for policing or securing the Common
Area within the Shopping Center," the language that excepts Target from release of
obligation in the same section would also render Target responsible for any costs.
While the definition itself could aid in the determination of the rights, responsibilities,
and intentions of the parties upon review of the contract, the definition standing alone
does not delineate the rights and responsibilities of the parties.
{¶36} I disagree with the majority's ultimate conclusion, which rests in its
interpretation of the Eighth District's Stiggers decision. A declaratory judgment is a
final appealable order when it completely construes the documents at issue as to the
rights and responsibilities of the parties in the action. In other words, the absence of
any indication of the rights or responsibilities of either party in the judgment entry
means that it not a final appealable order, and therefore it must be dismissed.
{¶37} The judgment entry here defined "Common Area supervisory program"
as set forth in the parties' contract, but failed to give additional reasoning or an
explanation of either party's rights or responsibilities in light of this definition. As the
trial court did not completely construe the document language at issue as to the
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rights and responsibilities of the parties as required in a declaratory judgment action,
the judgment entry on the declaratory judgment is not a final appealable order, and
this appeal should be dismissed.