COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Chafin, Malveaux and Senior Judge Frank
PUBLISHED
Argued at Norfolk, Virginia
FRANCISCO HERNANDEZ, S/K/A
FRANCISCO ALBERTO HERNANDEZ
OPINION BY
v. Record No. 1544-15-1 JUDGE ROBERT P. FRANK
DECEMBER 6, 2016
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF HAMPTON
Wilford Taylor, Jr., Judge
Charles E. Haden for appellant.
Stephen L. Forster, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. Herring,
Attorney General; Kathleen B. Martin, Assistant Attorney General,
on brief) for appellee.
Francisco Hernandez, appellant, appeals his convictions of breaking and entering, two
counts of attempted robbery, four counts of use of a firearm in the commission of felonies, and
abduction. Appellant contends the trial court abused its discretion by denying his motion to
withdraw his guilty pleas prior to sentencing. We find that the trial court erred by denying the
motion because appellant’s counsel misadvised her client concerning a valid insanity defense. For
the reasons that follow, we reverse the judgment of the trial court.
Background
This case originated as three separate proceedings in the lower courts: (1) a probation
violation to revoke a suspended sentence imposed in a prior grand larceny conviction;
Kathleen B. Martin became an employee of this Court on August 10, 2016. She has had
no involvement in the Court’s review of this case.
(2) multiple felony charges with an offense date of May 28, 2011; and (3) a felony charge of
assault and battery of a law enforcement officer with an offense date in July 2011. The trial
court eventually consolidated the new May and July 2011 charges that are the subject of this
appeal.
In May 2011, appellant was released from incarceration, having served the active term of
imprisonment for the prior grand larceny conviction. Within approximately a week of his release
from incarceration, appellant allegedly committed new offenses. Appellant was indicted for
breaking and entering, conspiracy to commit robbery, three counts of attempted robbery,
malicious wounding, two counts of abduction, and seven counts of using a firearm in the
commission of those felonies, all occurring on May 28, 2011. While in jail on those charges,
appellant was charged with assaulting a law enforcement officer on July 13, 2011. The general
district court ordered a mental health evaluation to determine appellant’s competency to stand
trial and sanity at the time of the July 2011 offense. Dr. Earle H. Williams, II, a clinical
psychologist, examined appellant on August 30, 2011 and concluded appellant was not
competent to stand trial because of his inability to understand issues relating to courtroom and
trial personnel, procedures, and concepts. He made no findings of sanity or insanity. Appellant
was transferred to Central State Hospital and restored to competency in October 2011.
Dr. Williams later determined appellant was legally insane at the time of the July 2011 offense.
When appellant was released from incarceration on the prior grand larceny charge, he
failed to report to the probation office, prompting his probation officer to seek a probation
violation. At a January 17, 2012 revocation hearing, the trial court granted appellant’s motion to
evaluate his sanity at the time of the probation violation.1 Dr. Williams issued a report on
1
The date on the order reads, “January 3, 2012.” Since the hearing was held on January
17, 2012, the January 3, 2012 date appears to be a clerical error.
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February 13, 2012 in which he concluded appellant was sane at the time of the May 2011
offenses.2 This report contained the case number for the probation violation, but discussed the
May 2011 offenses. The report notes that one of the “sources of data” Dr. Williams used was a
packet of information from the Commonwealth’s Attorney containing the warrants for the May
2011 offenses.
At a January 23, 2012 hearing on the May 2011 charges, the trial court granted
appellant’s motion to evaluate appellant’s sanity at the time of the May 2011 offenses.
Dr. Williams prepared a new report, dated March 19, 2012, and concluded appellant was insane
during the time period alleged in the probation violation, May 24, 2011 – May 30, 2011, which
encompassed May 28, 2011, the date of the new felony offenses. Dr. Williams did not mention
his report of February 13, 2012, which was inconsistent with the new report. In the March 19,
2012 report, Dr. Williams concluded the following:
Given these facts it is possible that Mr. Hernandez was psychotic
during the first week of his release from jail. The nature of his
disorder is such that his reality testing abilities were compromised.
It appears that he did not have the ability to tell right from wrong
nor the capacity to understand the nature, character or
consequences of his behavior at the time of his alleged offense.
This is a case where he had considerable difficulty confining his
actions to the limit of the law. Because of his assumed psychotic
episode the requirements for an insanity defense are met.
Mr. Francisco Hernandez was insane at the time of the alleged
offense of probation violation.
On May 18, 2012, appellant pled guilty to eight of the charges arising from the May 28,
2011 offenses and the charge of assault on a law enforcement officer. On July 18, 2012
appellant filed a pro se motion to withdraw his guilty pleas, alleging poor communication with
counsel and counsel’s failure to provide him with “paper work.” On November 9, 2012, new
counsel, Nikeva S. Bailey, filed a motion to withdraw appellant’s guilty pleas, noting the
2
Williams later testified he was addressing the felony charges in this report.
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inconsistencies in Dr. Williams’ report of February 13, 2012 (sane) and his report of March 19,
2012 (insane) and citing excerpts from each report. Bailey argued that in light of the March 19,
2012 finding of insanity, appellant did not make a voluntary or informed decision as to his pleas.
Based on the conflicting reports, finding appellant both sane and insane, during the same time
period in May 2011, the Commonwealth agreed to, and the trial court granted, the motion to
withdraw the guilty pleas. At the hearing on the motion, appellant made a motion for a new
psychological evaluation and concurred in the Commonwealth’s request for the evaluation to be
performed by a different doctor. The trial court appointed Dr. William L. Pappadake, a clinical
psychologist, to conduct a new evaluation. Dr. Pappadake found appellant competent to stand
trial and sane at the time of the offenses.3
On June 11, 2013, approximately four months after the trial court granted appellant’s
motion to withdraw his first guilty pleas, appellant entered pleas of guilt, pursuant to North
Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25 (1970), to breaking and entering, two counts of attempted
robbery, four counts of use of a firearm in the commission of felonies, and abduction.4 The trial
court found that appellant’s pleas were “knowingly, freely, and intelligently made.”
On November 1, 2013, appellant appeared in the trial court, the cases having been set for
hearings on the probation revocation and sentencing for the May 2011 charges. Appellant
advised the trial court he wanted to plead not guilty by reason of insanity for the May 2011
3
Dr. Pappadake stated appellant “admitted that on the day of the alleged incident he was
not experiencing any symptoms of psychosis,” “while under the influence of cocaine and
marijuana” he “was convinced to commit a burglary,” and “he knew this was wrong but was
reportedly afraid to go against the other individual.” Dr. Pappadake concluded that while
appellant suffered from mental illness, his use of “illicit substances on that day . . . could have
influenced his thoughts and behaviors.” By refusing to answer certain questions, and his
concession that he “knew it was wrong and wanted to leave,” Dr. Pappadake found appellant
understood the difference between right and wrong.
4
Alford pleas of guilt have the “same preclusive effect as a guilty plea.” Zebbs v.
Commonwealth, 66 Va. App. 368, 379, 785 S.E.2d 493, 498 (2016) (quoting Ramsey v.
Commonwealth, 65 Va. App. 593, 596 n.1, 779 S.E.2d 241, 243 n.1 (2015)).
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offenses and the probation revocation proceeding. On December 20, 2013, Bailey filed a written
“Motion for Judgment of Acquittal by Reason of Insanity or New Trial.”
In support of appellant’s motions, Bailey notified the trial court she noticed errors in
Dr. Williams’ reports while preparing for the probation violation proceeding. She determined
the reports and the trial court’s orders for evaluation did not coincide and that the reports
contained incorrect case numbers. Based on when the trial court issued orders for evaluation,
Bailey opined that the first report -- finding appellant was sane -- should have been for the
probation violation and that the second report -- finding appellant was insane -- should have been
for the robbery related charges. She asserted that these were substantial errors that caused her to
believe appellant could not present an insanity defense for the substantive charges.5 Bailey
represented that she misadvised appellant that he could not rely on the previous reports and that
Dr. Pappadake’s finding of sanity “trumped” Dr. Williams’ findings. She claimed she thought
appellant was “statutorily barred” from presenting the insanity defense because both doctors
found appellant was sane for the May 2011 offenses. She claimed that it was not until she noted
the errors in Dr. Williams’ reports that she realized appellant could have had a valid insanity
defense.
On September 10, 2014, the trial court conducted a hearing wherein Dr. Williams and
Dr. Pappadake testified. Dr. Williams explained the February 2012 and March 2012 reports
differed in opinion because, subsequent to his February report, he obtained additional
information concerning appellant’s medication. That information caused him to then believe
appellant was insane during the relevant time period encompassing the probation violation and
the May 2011 charges. Again, Dr. Williams opined, “[appellant] was very possibly insane
during the time of the [felony] offense[s].”
5
While Bailey highlighted additional discrepancies, the basic argument remained the
same.
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Dr. Pappadake, however, testified he believed appellant was not legally insane during the
felony time period because his mental illness did not influence his behavior, but rather his
volitional drug use and rational, poor, choices lead to the crimes. Dr. Pappadake stated appellant
was insane, but that diagnosis was not relevant to his behavior at the time of the felonies because
appellant knew what he was doing was wrong.
The trial court found that Dr. Pappadake was the more credible witness and denied
appellant’s motion to withdraw his guilty pleas. The trial judge made the following specific
findings:
I credit Dr. Pappadake in that his behavior at the time of the
offense was not influenced by his mental state. . . . [Appellant] told
him he thought it out. He said he knew what he was doing and that
what he was doing was wrong. He stands by his opinion, and
between Dr. Pappadake and Dr. Williams I credit Dr. Pappadake’s
testimony and his report. What I believe happened is that
Dr. Williams did opine that he was insane, but he was restored. . . .
Of course then we get to Dr. Williams’ two conflicting reports and
then Dr. Pappadake’s follow-up report. So, in light of all of this
. . . I’m satisfied that [appellant] . . . made a voluntary and
intelligent plea, and I’m going to exercise my discretion to not
allow him to withdraw [his guilty pleas].
This appeal follows.
Analysis
Appellant contends that since he entered his guilty pleas under an honest mistake of
material facts, the trial court erred in not granting his motion to withdraw his pleas. Bailey, his
trial counsel, admitted at the hearing on the motion that she misadvised appellant to enter the
guilty pleas, rather than plead not guilty by reason of insanity, because she thought the defense
was no longer available to him.
Code § 19.2-296 states, in pertinent part, that “[a] motion to withdraw a plea of guilty or
nolo contendere may be made only before sentence is imposed or imposition of a sentence is
suspended . . . .” The code section does not provide any standard by which the trial court should
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consider motions to withdraw guilty pleas. Nevertheless, the Supreme Court of Virginia has
determined the standard for withdrawing such pleas
requires the defendant (i) to establish a good-faith basis for making
the guilty plea and later seeking to withdraw it, and (ii) to proffer
evidence of a reasonable basis for contesting guilt. The first
requirement protects the integrity of the judicial process by
precluding defendants from using a guilty plea as a subterfuge to
manipulate the court. The second requirement defeats motions to
withdraw which would result in an essentially futile trial.
Cobbins v. Commonwealth, 53 Va. App. 28, 34, 668 S.E.2d 816, 819 (2008). The “good faith”
prong of the test requires proof that the plea was submitted “under an honest mistake of material
fact” or “was induced by fraud, coercion or undue influence and would not otherwise have been
made.” Parris v. Commonwealth, 189 Va. 321, 324, 52 S.E.2d 872, 873 (1949); see Pritchett v.
Commonwealth, 61 Va. App. 777, 787-90, 739 S.E.2d 922, 927-28 (2013).
Leave should ordinarily be given to withdraw a plea of guilty if it
was entered by mistake or under a misconception of the nature of
the charge; through a misunderstanding as to its effect; through
fear, fraud, or official misrepresentation; was made involuntarily
for any reason; or even where it was entered inadvisedly, if any
reasonable ground is offered for going to the jury.
Parris, 189 Va. at 325, 52 S.E.2d at 874.
The object of the Parris standard is to allow a defendant to
withdraw his guilty plea in situations where the defendant would
not have pled guilty but for some external circumstance such as
coercion, or poor or erroneous advice from counsel. The Supreme
Court in Parris did not, however, set about to enable
gamesmanship or mere regret.
Pritchett, 61 Va. App. at 788, 739 S.E.2d at 928.
A trial court’s decision to deny a motion to withdraw a guilty plea prior to sentencing is
reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard. Id. at 785, 739 S.E.2d at 926. The decision
“rests within the sound discretion of the trial court and is to be determined by the facts and
circumstances of each case.” Parris, 189 Va. at 324, 52 S.E.2d at 873. “Only when reasonable
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jurists could not differ can we say an abuse of discretion has occurred.” Williams v.
Commonwealth, 59 Va. App. 238, 246-47, 717 S.E.2d 837, 841 (2011) (quoting Tynes v.
Commonwealth, 49 Va. App. 17, 21, 635 S.E.2d 688, 689 (2006)). “[W]hen a decision is
discretionary . . . ‘the court has a range of choice, and . . . its decision will not be disturbed as
long as it stays within that range and is not influenced by any mistake of law.’” Landrum v.
Chippenham & Johnston-Willis Hosps., Inc., 282 Va. 346, 352, 717 S.E.2d 134, 137 (2001)
(quoting Kern v. TXO Prod. Corp., 738 F.2d 968, 970 (8th Cir. 1984)).
Whether the trial court abused its discretion “is to be determined by the facts and
circumstances of each case.” Hoverter v. Commonwealth, 23 Va. App. 454, 464, 477 S.E.2d
771, 775 (1996) (quoting Parris, 189 Va. at 324, 52 S.E.2d at 873). It is important to note that
this appeal addresses appellant’s second motion to withdraw his guilty pleas; he was afforded the
opportunity to withdraw his pleas once before. In appellant’s first motion, in 2012, Bailey
specifically cited the conflicting reports, recognizing at that time that Dr. Williams found
appellant to be both sane and insane during the same time period. Nevertheless, in 2013, Bailey
again notified the trial court appellant wanted to pursue an insanity defense. The only matter
Bailey claimed she did not know at the time appellant entered the second set of pleas was that
there were discrepancies concerning when the trial court ordered the reports, when and in what
order Dr. Williams received the court’s orders, and that the case numbers did not match the
content of the reports. With these additional minor discrepancies, appellant’s argument mirrored
the original motion. However, Bailey disclosed it was not until she noted these minor errors in
Dr. Williams’ reports that she realized appellant could have had a valid insanity defense.
Our first inquiry is whether appellant entered his guilty pleas based on an honest mistake
of material fact or whether they were made inadvisedly, i.e. whether his counsel misadvised him
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as to his plea.6 Bailey represented to the trial court she advised appellant he did not have a valid
insanity defense once Dr. Pappadake found appellant to be sane. The record reflects multiple
occasions where she conceded that she misadvised appellant that he could not assert an insanity
defense prior to entering the subject guilty pleas.
The Commonwealth cites Jones v. Commonwealth, 29 Va. App. 503, 513 S.E.2d 431
(1999), to support its position that there was no material mistake of fact. Jones attempted to have
his guilty pleas set aside because his pleas were based on a statement of an accomplice who gave
a “materially different” account of events. However, prior to the entry of the guilty pleas, Jones’
counsel had advised him of the inconsistencies in the accomplices’ testimony, and had discussed
with Jones the opportunity to attack the accomplices’ credibility and his plea alternatives. Jones,
in his motion to withdraw his pleas, maintained these inconsistencies caused him to enter his
pleas under an honest mistake of material fact. We held there was no honest mistake of material
fact because appellant was fully aware of the inconsistencies prior to the entry of his pleas.
Thus, the Commonwealth concludes that because appellant was aware of the inconsistent reports
prior to entering his pleas, the trial court was correct in denying the motion.
We find Jones is distinguishable on its facts. In Jones, prior to entering his pleas, he was
aware of the factual inconsistencies in the testimony and chose to enter the guilty pleas. Notably,
Jones’ pleas were not based on his counsel’s legal advice. Here, appellant’s pleas were based
solely on his counsel’s faulty legal analysis of the efficacy of an insanity defense. Although
appellant was aware he had previously been allowed to withdraw his earlier pleas because of a
possible insanity defense, and he knew of the conflict in Dr. Williams’ reports, appellant was
unable to evaluate the soundness of his counsel’s legal advice that the insanity defense was no
longer available.
6
Appellant does not contend his plea was entered through fear, fraud or official
misrepresentation.
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This Court has held that “poor or erroneous advice from counsel,” Pritchett, 61 Va. App.
at 788, 739 S.E.2d at 928, where “an attorney overlooked a viable defense,” id. at 790, 739
S.E.2d 928, constitutes grounds for withdrawing a guilty plea as being inadvised. Here, Bailey
admitted she gave appellant erroneous advice that caused him to enter the guilty pleas rather than
present a viable defense. The record established Bailey misadvised her client.
Having found that appellant was misadvised, we next consider whether appellant
presented a reasonable defense. The Commonwealth argues appellant’s defense was not
reasonable. In support of this argument, the Commonwealth, citing Williams v. Commonwealth,
59 Va. App. 238, 249, 717 S.E.2d 837, 842 (2011), asserts appellant is “challenging witness
credibility,” which is not a reasonable defense. Although the trial judge found Dr. Pappadake to
be a more credible witness than Dr. Williams, such was not a determination for the trial court to
make.
In a motion to withdraw a guilty plea, it is not the trial court’s role to evaluate credibility
of witnesses, nor to determine whether the proffered defense will be successful. The role of the
trial court is to determine whether the defendant has made a prima facie showing of a reasonable
defense. If the trial court finds as a matter of law, that the defendant has no reasonable defense,
it may then deny the motion. See Edmonds v. Commonwealth, ___ Va. ___, ___, 787 S.E.2d
860, 863 (2016) (duress defense, as a matter of law, not reasonable where “[t]he record is devoid
of a sufficient proffer of evidence that there was the threat of imminent danger”); Small v.
Commonwealth, ___ Va. ___, 788 S.E.2d 702 (2016) (duress defense, as a matter of law, not
supported by the record). However, if the defendant proffers sufficient facts to support the
asserted defense, such that it is reasonable to present it to the judge or jury trying the case, the
trial court should grant the motion. See Justus v. Commonwealth, 274 Va. 143, 645 S.E.2d 284
(2007) (trial court should have granted motion to withdraw guilty plea when, as a matter of law,
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defendant could not break into her own home); Bottoms v. Commonwealth, 281 Va. 23, 704
S.E.2d 406 (2011) (trial court should have granted motion to withdraw guilty plea when
defendant’s proffered facts supported asserted defense, justifying presentation to factfinder).
Here, the trial court’s threshold decision should have been whether appellant proffered a
reasonable, or prima facie, insanity defense that the jury could weigh as the factfinder. “The
issue is not whether a court thinks a jury or other factfinder would necessarily accept the defense,
but rather whether the proffered defense is one that the law would recognize as such if the
factfinder found credible the facts supporting it.” Hubbard v. Commonwealth, 60 Va. App. 200,
210, 725 S.E.2d 163, 167-68 (2012). “[T]he defendant is entitled to put on a reasonable defense
if he has one.” Id. at 210, 725 S.E.2d at 168. Thus, the trial court’s inquiry should have been
whether appellant proffered a valid defense recognized by the law, not the likely effectiveness of
the defense.
Here, Dr. Williams concluded appellant was insane at the time of the offenses; the jury,
as factfinder, would decide whether such conclusion was credible. As the Court found in
Hubbard, “[h]owever ineffective [the insanity defense] might ultimately prove to be,
[appellant’s] proffered defense is . . . neither merely dilatory nor formal.” Id. If the jury
accepted Dr. Williams’ explanation for his conflicting reports and found his testimony to be
credible, a jury could find appellant not guilty by reason of insanity. The trial court invaded the
province of the jury in determining that appellant’s insanity defense was not credible. Therefore,
the record established that appellant proffered a reasonable defense.
Our final inquiry, then, is whether the Commonwealth suffered prejudice by the delay.
The Supreme Court of Virginia recently held that “prejudice to the Commonwealth [is] a
relevant factor that should be considered when reviewing a motion to withdraw a guilty plea.”
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Small, ___ Va. at ___, 788 S.E.2d at 705. The parties did not address prejudice in the trial court.
However, the Commonwealth, on brief, stated
[T]he Commonwealth agreed to nolle prosequi seven of the . . .
felonies as well as the charge of assault and battery of a law
enforcement officer. While the Commonwealth could reinstate the
offenses, they were committed in 2011, and obtaining the
necessary witnesses to prosecute the cases five years later might
prove difficult.
(Emphasis added.)
[A]n appellee may argue for the first time on appeal any legal
ground in support of a judgment so long as it does not require new
factual determinations, see [Harris v. Commonwealth, 39 Va. App.
670,] 676, 576 S.E.2d [228,] 231 [(2003) (en banc)], or involve an
affirmative defense that must be “asserted in the pleadings,” Eason
v. Eason, 204 Va. 347, 352, 131 S.E.2d 280, 283 (1963), or serve
as a subterfuge for a constitutionally prohibited crossappeal in a
criminal case, Hart v. Commonwealth, 221 Va. 283, 290, 269
S.E.2d 806, 811 (1980).
Blackmon v. Commonwealth, 45 Va. App. 633, 642, 613 S.E.2d 460, 465 (2005) (footnote
omitted). Although this Court may consider the potential prejudice to the Commonwealth,
though it was not raised in the trial court, the record in this case does not contain any factual
findings to suggest any prejudice to the Commonwealth.
The Commonwealth is speculating that the passage of time “might” hamper its ability to
find and call witnesses. The record does not contain facts, nor does the Commonwealth cite to
any in the record, to support this contention. The Commonwealth did not identify any witnesses
as likely being unavailable, see Howell v. Commonwealth, 60 Va. App. 737, 732 S.E.2d 722
(2012) (elderly witness likely unavailable), or charges that could not be prosecuted due to the
delay, see Ramsey v. Commonwealth, 65 Va. App. 593, 779 S.E.2d 241 (2015) (statute of
limitations to prosecute dropped misdemeanor expired). Although the Small Court affirmed the
trial court’s determination that the passage of time itself constituted prejudice, the record
contained statements by the trial judge weighing the equities of granting the motion against the
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prejudice to the Commonwealth caused by the delay. The Hubbard Court approved denying
pre-sentencing motions to withdraw guilty pleas when “the record indicates that there has been
some form of significant prejudice to the Commonwealth.” Hubbard, 60 Va. App. at 211 n.4,
725 S.E.2d at 168 n.4 (emphasis added). Here, the trial court did not make any findings
concerning the length of delay causing any prejudice to the Commonwealth. Therefore, this
Court cannot find that the passage of time itself was so prejudicial to the Commonwealth as to
outweigh the benefit to appellant of allowing him to withdraw his pleas and proceed to trial on
an insanity defense.
Accordingly, we conclude the trial court abused its discretion in not allowing appellant to
withdraw his guilty pleas, based on a material mistake of fact, having been erroneously advised
by his attorney concerning the availability of an insanity defense. We reverse the trial court’s
decision and remand for a new trial, if the Commonwealth be so advised.
Reversed and remanded.
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