STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, UNPUBLISHED
January 26, 2017
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v Nos. 328711; 329070
Wayne Circuit Court
JUSTIN MILTON BELL, LC No. 15-002172-01-FH;
15-002170-01-FC
Defendant-Appellant.
Before: BECKERING, P.J., and SAWYER and SAAD, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
A jury convicted defendant, Justin Milton Bell, for armed robbery, MCL 750.529,
possession of a short-barreled shot gun, MCL 750.224b(1), and possession of a firearm while
committing a felony (felony-firearm), MCL 750.227b(1). The trial court sentenced him to prison
terms of 18 to 40 years for the armed-robbery, 3 to 5 years for possession of a short-barreled
shotgun, and two years for felony-firearm. Defendant appeals by right these convictions and
sentences in Docket No. 329070. In Docket No. 328711, defendant appeals by right his jury
conviction for a second, separate charge of possessing a short-barreled shotgun, for which the
trial court also sentenced him to 3 to 5 years’ imprisonment. We consolidated these appeals for
administrative purposes. People v Bell, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, issued
February 10, 2016 (Docket Nos. 328711, 329070). For the reasons set forth below, we remand
to the trial court for the issuance of an amended judgment of sentence vacating one of
defendant’s sentences for possession of a short-barreled shotgun and for further proceedings
consistent with the process set forth in People v Lockridge, 498 Mich 358, 398; 870 NW2d 502
(2015), United States v Crosby, 397 F3d 103 (CA 2, 2005), and People v Steanhouse, 313 Mich
App 1, 46-49; 880 NW2d 297 (2015). We affirm the trial court in all other respects.
I. PERTINENT FACTS
Defendant’s convictions in these consolidated appeals arise from events that occurred on
the night of February 20, 2015. At defendant’s trial, Detroit Police Department (PD) Officer
Brian Gibbings testified that he and his partner, Officer Michael Bridson, were on patrol near
Wyoming Street and Grand River Avenue in Detroit when Gibbings observed defendant with “a
long metal object in his left sleeve.” When Gibbings turned around his patrol vehicle to
investigate further, defendant fled. Gibbings and his partner followed footprints in the fresh
snow to a vacant house, where Gibbings found a shotgun behind an old television stand. Bridson
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testified that a third officer found defendant hiding in a closet on the first floor of the house, and
that a pat down of defendant yielded $16 and a wallet that contained a Social Security card and
other paperwork bearing the name “Larry Verse.” The officers did not know at the time who
Verse was, but learned shortly after defendant’s arrest that Verse had been the victim of a recent,
nearby armed robbery involving a shotgun.
Verse testified that on February 20, 2015, at approximately 8:00 p.m., he was walking on
Wyoming Street near Grand River Avenue when he heard footsteps behind him, turned around,
and saw a person with a shotgun wearing what appeared to be a ski mask. Verse said the person
pointed the shotgun at him and told him that “this is a robbery, don’t make him shoot.” He
further recounted that the assailant ordered him to go into an alley and to lie on the ground, and
that the assailant took two of his three wallets, which contained his Social Security card, medical
cards, and a spare house key, and $16 and change out of the third wallet.
Detroit PD Lieutenant Tharadrous White testified that he and Detective Anthony Smith
interrogated defendant at approximately 2 a.m. on February 21, 2015, at the Detroit Detention
Center. According to White, defendant did not appear to be injured or under the influence of
narcotics or alcohol. White explained that he wrote down the questions he asked defendant and
the answers defendant gave, and then had defendant review the document; after making one
correction and adding a handwritten apology, defendant initialed the statement. White testified
that defendant admitted that he had a shotgun while he was walking down Wyoming and that he
ran from police. The witness said defendant also admitted that, before running from the police,
he had seen a man who “looked as if he had a little money,” so he “pulled out a shotgun and told
him no one will get hurt if he just did what [defendant] said.” White said that defendant
explained that he made the man go to an alley and lie down, and then he took $10 to $15 and a
wallet from him. White recounted that, in defendant’s handwritten apology, defendant said he
was sorry, that he understood he was wrong, that he had a baby on the way and was going
through rough times, and that he never meant to hurt anyone. The information defendant gave in
his statement regarding the armed robbery of Verse led White and Smith to interrogate him
subsequently about a similar armed robbery that occurred in the same vicinity on January 24,
2015. 1 White said he assumed the interrogations were being recorded by audiovisual equipment
and that the recordings would be stored for at least 30 days, but when he went to obtain copies of
them approximately 14 days later, he was unable to locate them.
1
The prosecutor charged defendant for the January armed robbery, and defendant’s trial on these
charges (first trial) preceded by two weeks his trial for the charges stemming from the armed
robbery of Verse (second trial). A jury convicted defendant for armed robbery and felony-
firearm for the January armed robbery, and the trial court sentenced him to terms of
imprisonment of 18 to 40 years for the armed robbery, and two years for felony-firearm.
Defendant appeals by right these convictions and sentences in Docket No. 328710. All three
appeals were submitted together.
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During his testimony, defendant admitted that he had a drug problem and acknowledged
possessing a shotgun,2 but denied robbing Verse. He said that he ran from the police because he
was “paranoid” and did not know why they were “casing” him, and because he was scared of
“police brutality or being shot for having a weapon.” Regarding the money and wallet
containing Verse’s documents that police found on him, defendant explained that he had loaned
his shotgun to a fellow crack addict earlier that evening, and that the addict had returned the gun
to him around 9:00 p.m., at which time the addict gave him $15 and a wallet. Defendant said he
was walking home from this exchange when he saw the police and ran. He further stated that he
was injured and under the influence of cocaine and marijuana at the time of his arrest, and that he
had no memory of his interrogation. He stated on cross-examination that he did not dispute that
a portion of his “alleged” statement was written in his hand, but insisted that he did not recall
writing it or making any of the comments about the robbery attributed to him in the statement.
Defendant offered a closing statement on his own behalf in which he sought to undermine
the credibility of the police witnesses by arguing that, without a video recording of his
interrogation, there was no proof that he had made the confession police attributed to him. He
also sought to undermine the victim’s credibility by drawing the jury’s attention to how neither
he nor his shotgun matched the victim’s description of the assailant or his weapon. He attempted
to undermine the credibility of witnesses further by pointing out the lapse of time between when
Verse was robbed and defendant was arrested (which he said was approximately ninety minutes),
and by stressing that police found only one wallet on him, when Verse testified that he usually
carried three.
II. ANALYSIS
A. JURY INSTRUCTION PURSUANT TO MCL 763.9
Defendant first argues that trial counsel was constitutionally ineffective for failing to ask
the trial court to instruct the jury that interrogations for major felonies must be recorded, MCL
763.8, and that jurors could consider the absence of such recording when evaluating the evidence
in this case, MCL 763.9. Defendant raised the same issue in Docket No. 328710, for which the
facts and the parties’ arguments were the same as those presented in this case. Accordingly, we
adopt for purposes of the present appeal the following analysis and conclusion that we set forth
in our decision in Docket No. 328710:
Whether defendant was entitled to a jury instruction is a question of law
that we review de novo. See People v Dobek, 274 Mich App 58, 82; 732 NW2d
546 (2007). MCL 763.8 states that a “law enforcement official interrogating an
individual in custodial detention regarding the individual’s involvement in the
commission of a major felony shall make a time-stamped, audiovisual recording
2
The parties stipulated that the shotgun fulfilled the statutory criteria that make a shotgun “short-
barreled.” MCL 750.222(l).
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of the entire interrogation.”3 Major felonies include felonies that are punishable
by imprisonment for life or any term of years. MCL 763.7(d). Failure to record a
major-felony interrogation does not preclude a police officer from testifying about
the interrogation or the content of a statement. MCL 763.9. However, if the
statutorily required recording is not available, “the jury shall be instructed that it
is the law of this state to record statements of an individual in custodial detention
who is under interrogation for a major felony and that the jury may consider the
absence of a recording in evaluating the evidence relating to the individual’s
statement.” Id.
It is undisputed that police interrogated defendant regarding his
involvement in the commission of an armed robbery, that armed robbery is a
major felony, and that they interrogated defendant in a room properly equipped
with the necessary recording system. Consequently, MCL 763.8 was applicable.
Therefore, because no recording was available for trial, the trial court should have
instructed the jury pursuant to MCL 763.9 that a recording was mandatory and
that it may consider the absence of a recording in evaluating the nature of
defendant’s statement.
Plaintiff argues that, because police testimony established that the
recording equipment was not properly storing videos and that the recording of
defendant’s interrogation could not be accessed, the recording equipment was not
“operational or accessible” as provided in MCL 763.11(3) or (4),4 and that,
3
An exception to this requirement occurs when the individual police are interrogating has
objected to having the interrogation recorded, and the individual’s objection is properly noted.
MCL 763.9. This exception does not apply in the instant case.
4
MCL 763.11(3) and (4) directs that MCL 763.8 and 763.9, as well as other provisions of the
statutory scheme, must be adhered to once the law enforcement agency acquires access to
recording equipment, or within certain time periods after receiving funds for recording
equipment. Specifically, the provisions read as follows:
(3) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (4), law enforcement
agencies shall implement [MCL 763.7 through MCL 763.10] and this section
within 120 days after receiving funds under this section from the Michigan
commission on law enforcement standards or acquiring access to audiovisual
recording equipment as directed by the standards set forth by that commission.
(4) Notwithstanding subsection (3), a law enforcement agency shall
comply with the provisions of the amendatory act that added this subsection
within 60 days after the date the commission adopts the standards for audiovisual
recording equipment required by this section if the law enforcement agency has
audiovisual recording equipment that complies with those standards on that date,
or within 60 days after the date the law enforcement agency subsequently obtains
audiovisual recording equipment that complies with the adopted standards.
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consequently, MCL 763.9 did not apply.5 We find this argument unpersuasive
because it fails to consider the statutory scheme as a whole. See Mayor of the
City of Lansing v Mich Pub Serv Comm, 470 Mich 154, 168; 680 NW2d 840
(2004) (noting that a “law is not properly read as a whole when its words and
provisions are isolated and given meanings that are independent of the rest of its
provisions.”). Read in the context of the statutory scheme as a whole, the
reference in MCL 763.8(1) to equipment that is “operational or accessible” clearly
indicates equipment procured or possessed within the relevant timeframes,
according to the cited conditions. Once the agency has the mandated equipment,
the equipment is operational and accessible for purposes of the statutory scheme,
and the agency must follow the relevant provisions. An agency is not exempt
from the requirements of MCL 763.8 simply because its installed equipment later
becomes inoperable or the recordings inaccessible.
Because the necessary recording equipment was operational and
accessible for purposes of MCL 763.8, the police should have recorded and made
available their interrogation of defendant. In the absence of such a recording,
defendant was entitled to the jury instruction mandated by MCL 763.9. The trial
court did not give this instruction, and trial counsel waived the court’s error by
expressly agreeing to the jury instructions as given. See People v Kowalski, 489
Mich 488, 503; 803 NW2d 200 (2011) (noting, “[w]hen defense counsel clearly
expresses satisfaction with a trial court’s decision, counsel’s action will be
deemed to constitute a waiver.”). Defendant claims on appeal that his counsel
was ineffective for failing to handle properly the issue of the required jury
instruction.
Because defendant did not raise this issue in the trial court, this Court’s
review is limited to errors apparent on the record. People v Matuszak, 263 Mich
App 42, 48; 687 NW2d 342 (2004). To prevail in his claim of ineffective
assistance of counsel, defendant must establish (1) that counsel’s performance fell
below an objective standard of reasonableness and (2) that the defendant was
prejudiced because of counsel’s performance. People v Vaughn, 491 Mich 642,
669; 821 NW2d 288 (2012). A prejudice showing means that “ ‘there is a
reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of
the proceeding would have been different.’ ” Id., quoting Strickland v
Washington, 466 US 668, 694; 104 S Ct 2052, 2068; 80 L Ed 2d 674 (1984).
By waiving the trial court’s error in failing to give the jury instruction to
which defendant was entitled under MCL 763.9, and by failing to request an
applicable jury instruction that would have allowed the jury to draw a negative
5
MCL 763.8 applies only where “the law enforcement agency has audiovisual equipment that is
operational or accessible as provided in section 11(3) or (4) or upon the expiration of the relevant
time periods set forth in section 11(3) or (4), whichever occurs first.” MCL 763.8(1).
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inference regarding the police’s testimony about defendant’s confession,
defendant’s trial counsel arguably performed below an objective standard of
reasonableness. Vaughn, 491 Mich at 669. Nevertheless, defendant has not
shown that he was prejudiced by this deficiency. Id. The record shows that
defendant’s trial counsel cross-examined several police witnesses extensively
regarding their failure to secure a recording of the interrogation, and argued
during his closing statement that jurors should view the police account of
defendant’s alleged confessions skeptically, given the absence of the mandated
recording. Further, defendant testified at length to his inability to remember
anything about his interrogation other than the means officers used to coerce a
confession out of him. Between defendant’s testimony and trial counsel’s
thorough cross-examination of police witnesses, defendant presented the jury with
a coherent theory that evidence regarding the statement was unreliable, and that
defendant’s account of the interrogation was more credible than that of the police
officers. Because the issue of the credibility of police accounts of defendant’s
confession was squarely before the jury, we cannot say that there is a reasonable
probability of a different outcome had defendant’s trial counsel requested an
instruction pursuant to MCL 763.9. Vaughn, 491 Mich at 669.
B. ADJOURNMENT
Defendant next argues that the trial court erred by denying his request to adjourn the trial.
We disagree. We review a trial court’s decision on a request to adjourn for an abuse of
discretion. People v Snider, 239 Mich App 393, 421; 608 NW2d 502 (2000). A trial court
abuses its discretion “when its decision falls outside the range of principled outcomes or when it
erroneously interprets or applies the law.” People v Lane, 308 Mich App 38, 51; 862 NW2d 446
(2014).
As we explained in our decision in Docket No. 328710:
“[T]o invoke the trial court’s discretion to grant a continuance or adjournment, a
defendant must show both good cause and diligence.” People v Coy, 258 Mich
App 1, 18; 669 NW2d 831 (2003). “ ‘Good cause’ factors include ‘whether
defendant (1) asserted a constitutional right, (2) had a legitimate reason for
asserting the right, (3) had been negligent, and (4) had requested previous
adjournments.’ ” Id, quoting People v Lawton, 196 Mich App 341, 348; 492
NW2d 810 (1992); see also People v Wilson, 397 Mich 76, 81; 243 NW2d 257
(1976). In addition, the defendant must demonstrate prejudice because of the trial
court’s decision. Coy, 258 Mich App at 18-19.
On the first day of trial, defendant informed the court that he was not prepared for trial
because he did not have the transcripts from his first trial,6 his “discovery packet,” his
“paperwork,” or Verse’s testimony from the preliminary examination. Defense counsel gave
6
I.e., the trial on charges stemming from the January 24, 2015 armed robbery.
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defendant a copy of the charging document, stating that it had “all of the information,” and said
he would provide defendant with a copy of Verse’s preliminary examination testimony prior to
the start of testimony in this trial. The trial court explained to defendant that discovery for this
trial was essentially the same as that for his first trial. Consequently, the only item remaining
that defendant insisted he needed were the transcripts from the first trial. The trial court
informed defendant that no one had ordered or prepared the transcripts, and that it would not
adjourn the trial to wait for them.
Assuming for the sake of argument that defendant’s request for the transcripts from his
first trial constitutes good cause, and that waiting until the first day of his second trial to make
that request is consistent with diligence, defendant has not demonstrated the prejudice necessary
for us to conclude that the trial court abused its discretion by denying an adjournment.
Defendant implied that the transcripts contained “[a]ll the evidence that’s been falsified
and brought up in [the] courtroom,” thus suggesting that he wanted to use the transcripts for
impeachment purposes to undermine the credibility of the police witnesses and the victim.
However, even without the transcripts, defendant placed the credibility of the prosecution’s
witnesses squarely at issue when his trial counsel cross-examined White regarding the
unavailability of the statutorily required audiovisual recording of defendant’s interrogation, and
when defendant himself gave a closing argument attempting to persuade the jury of various
presumed inconsistencies and incongruities in the prosecution’s case. In his brief to this Court,
defendant fails to demonstrate how he would have prepared differently for his defense had he
had the transcripts. In sum, defendant provides neither evidence nor argument in support of his
contention that he was prejudiced by the trial court’s decision to move forward with the trial
before he had obtained the transcripts from his first trial. Absent such showing, defendant
cannot prevail on his claim that the trial court abused its discretion by failing to adjourn his trial.
Coy, 258 Mich App at 18.
C. USE OF JUDICIAL FACT-FINDING TO SCORE OFFENSE VARIABLES
Finally, defendant asserts that the trial court violated his Sixth Amendment rights by
using judicial fact-finding to score offense variables (OVs) 1, 8, and 10 at the time of his July 17,
2015 sentencing, which mandatorily increased his guidelines minimum range, and that he is
therefore entitled to a Crosby remand. The prosecution agrees, as do we. Defendant did not
preserve this claim of error by raising it in the trial court, see People v Stokes, 312 Mich App
181, 198; 877 NW2d 752 (2015), or by filing a motion with this Court seeking a Crosby remand,
MCR 6.429(C). Therefore, our review is for plain error affecting substantial rights. See
Lockridge, 498 Mich at 392. “To establish entitlement to relief under plain-error review, the
defendant must establish that an error occurred, that the error was plain, i.e., clear or obvious,
and that the plain error affected substantial rights.” Id. at 392-393.
Defendant raised the same issue on the same facts in Docket No. 328710, and we
provided the following analysis, which we now adopt for resolution of the issue in this appeal:
The Lockridge Court held that Michigan’s sentencing guidelines are
“constitutionally deficient” to “the extent [that they] require judicial fact-finding
beyond the facts admitted by the defendant or found by the jury to score offense
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variables that mandatorily increase the floor of the guidelines minimum sentence
range . . . .” Id. at 364. Any fact that, by law, increases the penalty for a serious
crime is an “element” that must be submitted to the jury and found beyond a
reasonable doubt. Alleyne v United States, 570 US ___; 133 S Ct 2151, 2159-
2163; 186 L Ed 2d 314 (2013).
In order to determine whether defendant is entitled to relief under
Lockridge, we must determine whether facts admitted by defendant or found by
the jury were sufficient to access the minimum number of OV points necessary
for “defendant’s score to fall in the cell of the sentencing grid under which he . . .
was sentenced.” Lockridge, 498 Mich at 394. If they were not, then an
“unconstitutional constraint actually impaired the defendant’s Sixth Amendment
right[,]” id. at 395, and the defendant is entitled to have the case “remanded to the
trial court to determine whether that court would have imposed a materially
different sentence but for the constitutional error[,]” id. at 395-397.
In this case, defendant argues that the trial court incorrectly used judicial
fact-finding to score OVs 1, 8, and 10. OV 1 refers to the “aggravated use of a
weapon.” MCL 777.31. Fifteen points are scored where a “firearm was pointed
at or toward a victim or the victim had a reasonable apprehension of an immediate
battery when threatened with a knife or other cutting or stabbing weapon.” MCL
777.31(1)(c). A jury found defendant guilty of armed robbery, MCL 750.529, the
essential elements of which are “(1) an assault, and (2) a felonious taking of
property from the victim’s person or presence, while (3) the defendant is armed
with a weapon described in the statute[,]” People v Allen, 201 Mich App 98, 100;
505 NW2d 869 (1993). The elements of armed robbery do not require the jury to
find that defendant pointed a firearm at the victim, nor did defendant admit to so
doing.7 See MCL 750.529. Accordingly, OV 1 was scored using judicial fact-
finding.
The trial court also scored OV 8 and OV 10 at 15 points each. OV 8 is
scored where the victim of a crime was asported, i.e., carried away, or taken
captive, MCL 777.38, and is scored at 15 points where a “victim was asported to
another place of greater danger or to a situation of greater danger or was held
captive beyond the time necessary to commit the offense.” MCL 777.38(1)(a).
OV 10 addresses the “exploitation of a vulnerable victim,” MCL 777.40, and is
scored at 15 points where predatory conduct is involved. The jury did not make
either finding.
7
OV 1 also allows a 5-point score if a “weapon was displayed or implied,” MCL 777.31(1)(e),
but that score is not to be imposed if the offender was convicted of armed robbery, MCL
777.31(2)(e).
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If these OVs had not been scored, defendant would have had a total OV score of 35, not
80. The guideline minimum sentencing range for a defendant who is a Class A offender with a
total PRV score of 47 and a total OV score of 35 is 81 to 135 months. MCL 777.62. This range
is lower than the guideline minimum sentencing range of 135 to 225 months calculated by the
trial court using judicial fact-finding. Hence, defendant is entitled to a Crosby remand. See
Lockridge, 498 Mich at 395-399.
Lastly, the prosecution charged defendant with one count of possession of a short-
barreled shotgun in each of two separate charging documents that initiated the two lower-court
cases at issue here (Case Nos. 15-002170-01-FC and 15-002172-01-FH). One of the charges
arose from the armed robbery of Verse (Case No. 15-002170-01-FC), while the other arose from
defendant’s possession of a short-barreled shotgun when police arrested him in a vacant house on
the night of February 20, 2015 (Case No. 15-002172-01 FC). The trial court “merged” these
cases for purposes of trial. At trial, however, defendant was charged with only three counts:
armed robbery (Count I), possession of a short-barreled shotgun (Count II), and felony-firearm
(Count III). Further, the court instructed the jury only on one count of possession of a short-
barreled shotgun, the verdict form contained only one count of possession of a short-barreled
shotgun, and the jury foreperson referred only to one count of possession of a short-barreled
shotgun when delivering the jury’s verdict orally, in the courtroom. Although the verdict form
listed both of the aforementioned case numbers in its caption, the form provided guilty or not
guilty options only for the three counts listed above.8 Nothing expressly indicated to the jury
that, by finding defendant guilty of Count II, it would actually be finding him guilty of two
counts of possession of a short-barreled shotgun. The jury convicted defendant of one count of
possession of a short-barreled shotgun. Thus, when the trial court sentenced defendant on two
counts of possession of a short-barreled shotgun, it sentenced defendant on one count more than
had been presented to the jury, and for which the jury had rendered a verdict. Accordingly, we
instruct the trial court on remand to issue an amended judgment of sentence by vacating the
second count and accompanying sentence for possession of a short-barreled shotgun. We
acknowledge that vacating one of defendant’s convictions for possession of a short-barreled
shotgun will not affect the length of his sentence, given that his sentences on the two possession
charges were to run currently. We also acknowledge that neither party raised this issue on
appeal. Nevertheless, this Court may, in its discretion and on terms that are just, enter any order
that a case may require, MCR 7.216(A)(7), and we believe this correction is necessary to ensure
the integrity of the jury’s verdict and the trial court’s proceedings.
III. CONCLUSION
We remand the matter so the trial court can vacate one of defendant’s convictions for
possession of a short-barreled shotgun and issue a corresponding amended judgment of sentence.
8
We also note that what appears to be a copy of the jury’s completed and signed verdict form
from Case No. 15-002170-01-FC (armed robbery, possession of a short-barreled shotgun, felony-
firearm) was placed in the case file for Case No. 17-002172-01-FC (possession of a short-
barreled shotgun and felony firearm).
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In addition, because defendant has established that his guidelines minimum sentencing range was
actually constrained by a violation of the Sixth Amendment and the trial court sentenced him
within those guidelines, we order a Crosby remand. We affirm in all other respects.
We do not retain jurisdiction.
/s/ Jane M. Beckering
/s/ David H. Sawyer
/s/ Henry William Saad
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