Filed
Washington State
Court of Appeals
Division Two
March 14, 2017
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II
STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 47326-7-II
Respondent, PART PUBLISHED OPINION
v.
KEVIN A. RIVERA,
Appellant.
BJORGEN, C.J. — Kevin Rivera appeals his convictions for second degree assault and
third degree malicious mischief and his sentencing condition forfeiting property.
In the published portion of this opinion, we hold that (1) the trial court lacked statutory
authority to impose the sentencing condition forfeiting property. In the unpublished portion we
hold that (2) Rivera waived his claim of improper elicitation of opinion testimony by failing to
object, (3) the State did not misstate the law relating to intent, (4) the State did not shift the
burden of proof, and (5) Rivera’s counsel did not render ineffective assistance. Accordingly, we
affirm Rivera’s convictions but reverse and remand his sentence to the trial court to strike the
forfeiture condition.
No. 47326-7-II
FACTS
On September 20, 2014, Alicia Clements arrived at Rivera’s home to serve him papers
concerning a civil matter. Clements exited her vehicle to tape the documents to a post near
Rivera’s driveway. While Clements was posting the paperwork, Rivera and his wife came out
the front door and into the driveway. Rivera yelled at Clements that she was trespassing and
needed to leave.
As Clements was getting back into her car, Rivera took down the documents Clements
had posted and approached her car in order to return them. In the process of returning the
documents, Rivera shattered the driver’s side window on Clements’s car, causing glass to
cascade into the car and onto the street, injuring both Rivera and Clements in the process.
Clements claimed that her window was completely rolled up and that Rivera had deliberately
punched through the window with the documents in hand, striking her twice with his fist in the
process. Rivera stated that Clements’s window was still open when he returned the documents,
but that because Clements was attempting to roll up her windows, his fingers caught the edge of
the window causing it to shatter. Both Rivera and Clements called 911, and Pierce County
Sheriff’s Deputies Montgomery Minion and Jonathan Collins responded to the incident. Deputy
Minion ultimately arrested Rivera for assault.
The State charged Rivera with second degree assault by battery under RCW
9A.36.021(1)(a), felony harassment, and third degree malicious mischief. At trial, Rivera
conceded that he had broken Clements’s window, but argued he did so accidently rather than
intentionally.
2
No. 47326-7-II
The State called Deputy Minion and Clements as witnesses. The prosecutor questioned
Deputy Minion about his arrest of Rivera and questioned Clements about whether Rivera’s
conduct appeared accidental to her. Defense counsel did not object to this questioning. In
closing argument, the State challenged Rivera’s credibility and argued that his claim that his
physical conduct was accidental was belied by the evidence presented at trial, including Rivera’s
intentional acts just before breaking the window. Defense counsel did not object to this
argument.
The jury convicted Rivera of second degree assault and third degree malicious mischief.
As part of his sentence, Rivera was required to forfeit “[a]ll property.” CP at 74. Rivera appeals.
ANALYSIS
I. FORFEITURE
Rivera argues that the trial court lacked authority to order property forfeiture as a
sentencing condition. We agree.
We review whether the trial court had statutory authority to impose a sentencing
condition de novo. State v. Roberts, 185 Wn. App. 94, 96, 339 P.3d 995 (2014). A trial court
has no inherent power to order forfeiture of property in connection with a criminal conviction.
Id. The authority to order forfeiture of property as part of a judgment and sentence is purely
statutory. Id. The State has the burden to show that the trial court had statutory authority to
order the forfeiture. Id. at 96-97.
The State argues that we should decline to consider Rivera’s challenge because he has not
identified any property that was improperly seized and failed to make a CrR 2.3(e) motion. We
recently considered and rejected an identical argument in an unpublished case, State v. Trevino,
3
No. 47326-7-II
noted at 195 Wn. App. 1002, 2016 WL 3866082. In Trevino, the defendant challenged the
property forfeiture condition of his judgment and sentence. Id. at *1. The State responded by
arguing that the record was insufficient for review because Trevino had failed to identify any
seized property or file a motion under CrR 2.3(e). Id. We disagreed, explaining that under
Roberts, the State had the burden to produce a record demonstrating that the sentencing court had
statutory authority to include a forfeiture provision in the appellant’s judgment and sentence. Id.
at *2. Because the State could not demonstrate that the trial court had the authority to order
forfeiture, we reversed the trial court and remanded to strike the forfeiture condition. Id. at *2.
In this case, the State makes the same arguments as it did in Trevino and does not cite any
statute that would authorize the trial court to order forfeiture as a sentencing condition.
Therefore, we hold that the trial court erred by ordering forfeiture of seized property as a
sentencing condition.
A majority of the panel having determined that only the foregoing portion of this opinion
will be printed in the Washington Appellate Reports and that the remainder shall be filed for
public record pursuant to RCW 2.06.040, it is so ordered.
II. PROSECUTORIAL MISCONDUCT
Rivera argues that the State committed prosecutorial misconduct by eliciting improper
opinion testimony from its witnesses, misstating the law relating to intent, and improperly
shifting the burden of proof during closing argument. We disagree.
To establish a claim of prosecutorial misconduct, Rivera must demonstrate that the
4
No. 47326-7-II
prosecutor’s conduct was both improper and prejudicial in the context of the entire record and
circumstances at trial. In re Pers. Restraint of Glasmann, 175 Wn.2d 696, 704, 286 P.3d 673
(2012), cert. denied, 136 S. Ct. 357 (2015). To establish prejudice, there must be a substantial
likelihood that the misconduct affected the jury verdict. Id. Because Rivera did not object at
trial, his arguments are waived unless he can establish that the misconduct was so flagrant and
ill-intentioned that an instruction would not have cured the prejudice. Id.
A. Improper Elicitation of Opinion Testimony
Rivera argues that the State elicited improper opinion testimony on his credibility,
veracity, and guilt from Deputy Minion and Clements. We disagree.
In general, a witness may not testify regarding the guilt or veracity of the defendant,
because to do so would unfairly prejudice the defendant and usurp the function of the jury. State
v. Demery, 144 Wn.2d 753, 759, 30 P.3d 1278 (2001). Rivera asserts that the following
exchange with Deputy Minion was tantamount to a comment on his credibility, veracity, and
guilt:
Q. [Prosecutor] :[D]id he [Rivera] say anything as to what he did with the
paperwork?
A [Deputy Minion] : He said that he had grabbed the paperwork off the post.
Q: What, if anything, after that did he explain that he did?
A: He approached the vehicle and told her [Clements] that she was
trespassing, that she needed to leave immediately.
Q: And did he claim to, shall we say, return the documents to her?
A: Yes he did. He – as he went to put his – put the documents back
into her vehicle, she was rolling up the window. And he –
5
No. 47326-7-II
Q: That’s okay. Here’s what I was kind of asking. I apologize. At
some point in time, he returned the documents to her?
A: Yes.
Q: Did he acknowledge that a window, her driver’s window, was
broken?
A: Yes.
Q: And did he admit that he was the cause of that?
A. Yes.
Q: So it’s at this point you have determined what as it relates to Mr.
Rivera and the incident with Ms. Clements?
A: Well, it’s to my understanding that he was involved in an
altercation with her, and that he broke her window out and struck
her with his fist.
Q: And what, if anything, did that cause you to do regarding your
contact with Mr. Rivera?
A. I placed Mr. Rivera under arrest for assault.
Verbatim Report of Proceedings (VRP) (Feb. 11, 2015) at 129-31. Similarly, Rivera argues that
the following testimony from Clements was effectively a comment on his credibility, veracity,
and guilt:
[Prosecutor] Q: Based upon what you observed of the defendant’s conduct
directed toward you, did you consider, and did his behavior
and actions appear to be intentional from what you could
see?
[Defense]: Objection, leading.
6
No. 47326-7-II
[The Court]: I am going to ask you to rephrase, please.
[Prosecutor] Q: Can you describe for us the nature of the defendant’s actions
directed toward you?
[Clements] A: He seemed to be – I mean, he was mad.
Q: Who was he focusing on?
A: Me.
Q: At the time that he struck the windows, was this also the
same time in which he was saying those threats to you?
A: To me, yes.
Q: Any way they could have been accidental?
A: No.
VRP (Feb. 12, 2015) at 31.
Under the facts of this case, we need not determine whether the testimony elicited from
Deputy Minion and Clements was improper because Rivera has not demonstrated that he was
prejudiced by the prosecution’s conduct. A defendant who fails to object to alleged misconduct
at trial must show that the prosecutor’s conduct was so flagrant and ill-intentioned that an
instruction could not have cured the error and that the misconduct caused prejudice. Glasmann,
175 Wn.2d at 704. To establish prejudice, there must be a substantial likelihood that the
misconduct affected the jury verdict. Id. We review allegedly improper arguments in the
context of the total argument, the issues in the case, the evidence addressed in the argument, and
the instructions given. State v. Russell, 125 Wn.2d 24, 85-86, 882 P.2d 747 (1994). Our
ultimate focus is not on “whether the prosecutor’s misconduct was flagrant or ill intentioned,”
7
No. 47326-7-II
but rather “whether the resulting prejudice could have been cured.” State v. Emery, 174 Wn.2d
741, 762, 278 P.3d 653 (2012).
In State v. Montgomery, 163 Wn.2d 577, 594, 183 P.3d 267 (2007), our Supreme Court
found that a chemist’s testimony that a defendant possessed pseudoephedrine with the intent to
manufacture methamphetamine was improper opinion testimony. However, the court found that
even though the testimony was improper, the defendant had not established prejudice. Id. at 595-
96. The court reasoned that a timely objection would have likely been sustained and curative
instructions could have been given to mitigate any prejudice caused by the improper testimony.
Id. at 596. The court also noted that the jury was properly instructed that it is the sole judge of
witness credibility. Id. at 595.
Without deciding whether Deputy Minion’s or Clements’s testimony was improper, we
conclude that Rivera’s challenge is waived because he has not demonstrated that the challenged
conduct was so flagrant or ill-intentioned that a timely objection and instruction could not have
cured any error. Glasmann, 175 Wn.2d at 704. Therefore, the claimed improper elicitation of
opinion testimony cannot serve as a basis for a claim of prosecutorial misconduct.
B. Burden of Proof
Rivera argues that the prosecutor improperly lowered the State’s burden of proof by
urging the jury to reach a verdict based on whether they found the State’s narrative more credible
than Rivera’s. During closing argument the prosecutor stated:
These are just a few things you can consider when it comes to having to
pick and choose as to who you believe, that’s what it comes down to. You are the
ones that are going to have to decide if you find the defendant’s version credible or
if you find the victim’s explanation of what occurred on September 20th, 2014.
8
No. 47326-7-II
VRP (Feb. 12, 2015) at 122-23. Rivera asserts that the State’s argument urging the jury to
“believe” one side or the other essentially asks the jury to decide the case on the basis of
preponderance of the evidence rather than beyond reasonable doubt. Br. of Appellant at 22. We
disagree.
A prosecutor has wide latitude in closing argument to draw reasonable inferences from
the evidence and may comment on witness credibility based on the evidence. State v. Lewis, 156
Wn. App. 230, 240, 233 P.3d 891 (2010). Considering the record as a whole, the State did not
improperly comment on Rivera’s credibility or urge the jury to decide the case solely on the
basis of credibility. Rivera argued at trial that while he did break Clements’s window, he did so
accidentally. Because Rivera and Clements gave different accounts of the incident, the State
argued that Clements’s narrative was more credible in light of the evidence admitted at trial and
the testimony of the witnesses. Furthermore, the State repeatedly emphasized that it bore the
burden “to prove every element beyond a reasonable doubt” and that the jury must determine if
there was evidence “sufficient to prove the elements beyond a reasonable doubt of the three
crimes.” VRP (Feb. 12, 2015) at 131-32.
Consequently, we hold that the prosecutor’s argument was proper. Therefore, Rivera’s
claim of misconduct on this basis fails.
C. Misstatement of the Law
Rivera argues that the State misstated the law of assault in the second degree to the jury
with respect to intent.
9
No. 47326-7-II
During closing argument, the State stated:
[Rivera] decides intentionally, again, to come out from behind the gate. His gate.
He’s now leaving his property. He is coming to [Clements]. This is what we call
intentional. This is one of the things you can look at to determine whether or not
this was an accident, whether or not he acted intentionally. Every one of these acts
is leading up to what eventually occurs. Every one of these things I read out for
you is something that he has intentionally done.
VRP (Feb. 12, 2015) at 136. Rivera asserts that the State’s explanation of intent to the jury
during closing argument was improper because “the [State] was required to prove that [he]
intended the assault.” Br. of Appellant at 20. Rivera contends that the claimed misconduct
“went to the only issue in the case—whether the prosecution proved that Rivera had the required
intent for second-degree assault.” Br. of Appellant at 8. Rivera does not argue that the State
misstated or failed to prove the remaining elements of assault in the second degree.
The State charged Rivera under RCW 9A.36.021(1)(a), assault by battery, and had the
burden only to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Rivera “[i]ntentionally assault[ed] another
and thereby recklessly inflict[ed] substantial bodily harm.” We have held that second degree
assault by battery is a general intent crime that requires “‘an intent to do the physical act’” itself
rather than the specific intent “‘to produce a specific result.’” State v. Esters, 84 Wn. App. 180,
184-85, 927 P.2d 1140 (1996) (quoting State v. Davis, 64 Wn. App. 511, 515, 827 P.2d 298
(1992), reversed on other grounds, 121 Wn.2d 1, 846 P.2d 527 (1993). More precisely, in
Esters, we determined that “second degree assault by battery requires an intentional touching that
recklessly inflicts substantial bodily harm. It does not require specific intent to inflict substantial
bodily harm.” Id. at 185 (emphasis omitted). In State v. Baker, Division Three of our court
10
No. 47326-7-II
similarly reasoned that in the context of assault by battery, the “actual battery consists of an
intentional touching or striking, whether or not any physical injury results.” 136 Wn. App. 878,
883-84, 151 P.3d 237 (2007). The court clarified that “the State need show only the intention to
touch or strike, not the intent to injure.” Id. at 884. Therefore, the State was required to prove
beyond a reasonable doubt that Rivera intended to touch or strike Clements.
The State’s references to Rivera’s intentional actions just prior to breaking the window
are consistent with an attempt to argue the required intent for assault by battery in the second
degree. To establish that Rivera “intentionally assaulted” Clements, the State argued that
Rivera’s breaking the car window, causing glass to cut Clements, and punching Clements were
the intentional physical acts constituting assault. At trial, Rivera conceded that he had broken
the window, but denied that he did so intentionally or that he struck Clements:
[Prosecutor] Q: My question is: You threw these documents back into
[Clements’] vehicle, correct?
[Rivera] A: Yes, ma’am, I did.
Q: You thought that was the best thing to do?
A: No, actually, after I did it, I thought it was a pretty stupid
thing to do.
Q: Now, I know your – you have indicated your version of
tipping or hitting the, the top of the window. Is that your--
A: Yes, ma’am, the edge.
Q: It was an accident?
11
No. 47326-7-II
A: Yes, ma’am.
Q: The window exploded because you touched the top of the
window?
A: Don’t say touch. No. Because my fingertips slammed up
against the top of the window because it was perfect
timing; as the window was coming up, my fingers hit the
edge.
Q: But not literally just the fingertips?
A: My fingertips right here hit the edge of the glass, window
blew up. I have a cut on the palm of my hand. No fist
involved in anything. No glass on my knuckles or anything
like that.
Q: You believe by merely putting some force on the window
that you say was down caused it to completely explode?
A: That is exactly what happened.
VRP (Feb. 12, 2015) at 70-71.
In response, the State presented evidence of Clements’s injuries, arguing that they were
consistent with being struck in the head by a fist. In order to prove Rivera’s mental state,
whether or not he intended to unlawfully touch or strike Clements, the State argued that
circumstantial evidence supported the inference that Rivera intentionally punched Clements and
her window. The State drew the jury’s attention to the force necessary to shatter a window,
argued that Rivera was angry about the impending foreclosure of his home, and asserted that
Rivera channeled his anger towards Clements, culminating in Rivera intentionally striking both
the window and Clements. The State also argued that the damage to the window was indicative
12
No. 47326-7-II
of an intentional act, reasoning that the nearly complete shattering of the window was “most
consistent with somebody taking two fists and going right at it through the center,” rather than
accidentally hitting the window as Rivera claimed. VRP (Feb. 12, 2015) at 115. The State also
reminded the jury of Clements’s testimony that her window was only rolled down a few inches
because she smokes, and that she had already rolled up her window as Rivera approached her
car.
In context, the State’s argument regarding Rivera’s actions supported the conclusion that
he intended to touch or strike Clements. This, in turn, is the nature of the intent needed for
assault by battery. Esters, 84 Wn. App. at 185; Baker, 136 Wn. App. at 883-84. In addition, the
State’s argument was intended to undermine Rivera’s credibility by highlighting the apparent
inconsistency between his intentional actions prior to breaking the window and his claim that his
physical act was accidental. As such, we hold that the State did not misstate the law of intent
during closing argument. Because Rivera has not established that the State’s conduct was
improper, he has not established prosecutorial misconduct with respect to this issue.
D. Cumulative Error
Rivera argues that even if a single act of prosecutorial misconduct did not result in
prejudice, the cumulative effect of different instances of misconduct resulted in prejudice that
merits reversal. We disagree.
Where several trial errors standing alone may not merit reversal, but when combined may
deny a defendant a fair trial, we may reverse under the doctrine of cumulative error. State v.
13
No. 47326-7-II
Greiff, 141 Wn.2d 910, 929, 10 P.3d 390 (2000). This doctrine does not apply where the errors
are few and have little to no effect on the outcome of the trial. Id. In this case, the State did not
misstate the law of intent or advocate for a standard of guilt in the trial court beyond a reasonable
doubt. That leaves only the claimed improper elicitation of opinion testimony by the State. As
we conclude below in the discussion of ineffective assistance of counsel, even if we assume
impropriety, Rivera has not demonstrated prejudice from that elicitation. Therefore, Rivera’s
claim of cumulative prejudice fails.
III. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL
Rivera argues that he received ineffective assistance of counsel as a consequence of his
attorney’s failure to object to the State’s misstatement of the law, improper burden shifting, and
elicitation of improper opinion testimony. We disagree.
To establish ineffective assistance of counsel, Rivera must demonstrate that: (1) his
counsel’s performance was deficient in that it fell below an objective standard of reasonableness
under the circumstances, and (2) he was prejudiced as a result of his counsel’s performance.
State v. Larios-Lopez, 156 Wn. App. 257, 262, 233 P.3d 899 (2010). A defendant is prejudiced
by counsel’s deficient performance if but for counsel’s errors, there is a reasonable probability
that the result of the proceeding would have been different. State v. McFarland, 127 Wn.2d 322,
334-35, 889 P.2d 1251 (1995). We presume that defense counsel’s representation was effective
and Rivera must demonstrate that there was no legitimate or strategic reason for defense
counsel’s conduct. McFarland, 127 Wn.2d at 335-36. Where a claim of ineffective assistance
14
No. 47326-7-II
of counsel is predicated on defense counsel’s failure to object, the defendant must also show that
the objection would have likely been sustained. State v. Fortun-Cebada, 158 Wn. App. 158,
172, 241 P.3d 800 (2010). Failure to establish either deficient performance or prejudice resulting
from such deficiency is fatal to an ineffective assistance of counsel claim. Strickland v.
Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 700, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984).
We conclude above that the State did not misstate the law of intent or improperly shift or
lower the burden of proof through its argument. Thus, an objection to those elements of the
State’s case would likely not have been sustained, and the failure to make such objections cannot
serve as the basis for an ineffective assistance claim.
We did not, however, rule above on whether the State improperly elicited opinion
testimony, but held that defendant’s claim of misconduct on that basis was waived by his failure
to object. Assuming, without deciding, that counsel’s failure to object to the claimed elicitation
of opinion testimony was deficient, Rivera has not demonstrated that the deficiency resulted in
prejudice. The State’s question that most easily could be deemed improper on this ground was,
“Any way they [Rivera’s actions] could have been accidental?”, to which the witness replied,
“No.” VRP (Feb. 12, 2015) at 31. Rivera does not show, however, that the result of the trial
would probably have been different without that question. In addition, the jury was properly
instructed on the burden of proof, intent, assault, credibility, and assault in the second degree.
Therefore, Rivera has not demonstrated that he was prejudiced by the State’s claimed elicitation
of opinion testimony. For these reasons, Rivera’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim fails.
15
No. 47326-7-II
CONCLUSION
We affirm Rivera’s convictions but reverse and remand his sentence to the trial court to
strike the forfeiture condition.
BJORGEN, C.J.
We concur:
JOHANSON, J.
MELNICK, J.
16