Filed 4/17/17
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
(Yolo)
----
In re the Marriage of FRANK and DEANNA
HUNTLEY.
FRANK HUNTLEY, C080534
Respondent, (Super. Ct. No. FL11001946)
v.
DEANNA HUNTLEY,
Appellant.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Yolo County, Kathleen M.
White, Judge. Reversed.
Matthew B. Smith for Appellant.
BAIR & BAIR and Pamela A. Bair for Respondent.
Deanna Huntley challenges the trial court‟s denial of her motion to divide
unadjudicated community property under Family Code section 2556.1 Deanna filed her
1 Undesignated statutory citations are to the Family Code.
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motion more than two years after entry of a default judgment that dissolved her marriage
to Frank Huntley.2 The trial court denied the motion on grounds Deanna had not first
moved to set aside the default judgment.
On appeal, Deanna contends (1) section 2556 confers the trial court with
continuing jurisdiction to adjudicate omitted community property without having
to first move to set aside the judgment, (2) the dissolution judgment‟s silence as to the
division of any property means all of the community property remains to be divided,
and (3) the trial court‟s error requires reversal for proper division of the parties‟
community property.
We conclude section 2556 provided the trial court with continuing jurisdiction to
divide omitted or unadjudicated community property. The default judgment‟s silence as
to any division of property requires reversal and remand for further proceedings under
sections 2550 and 2556.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
The Parties’ Community Property
The facts of this case are undisputed. Frank and Deanna married in 2000 and
separated in June 2011. As the trial court found, “Both parties were employed during
their marriage and [Deanna] was in charge of the parties‟ finances. She paid the bills.
She was employed with the City of Woodland and was aware of her own employment
benefits. [Deanna] was also aware of all of the parties‟ assets, their debts, their furniture,
vehicles, and other assets. [Frank] retired approximately 15 months before the parties
separated and began receiving retirement benefits. [Deanna] was well aware of these
benefits and was also aware of [Frank‟s] Deferred Benefit Account, because the parties
withdrew substantial funds from that account during their marriage.”
2 For the sake of clarity, we refer to the parties by their first names.
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The trial court further found that “there were other assets, namely household
furnishings, vehicles, [Deanna‟s] PERS retirement, and [Frank‟s] Union Pension Plan
and Deferred Compensation Plan. [Frank‟s] Pension Plan and Deferred Compensation
Plan were both in pay status with monthly payments being received by the parties each
month. At one of the hearings in this case, [Deanna] admitted she was aware of all of
these assets.”
Petition for Dissolution of Marriage and Default Judgment
In December 2011, Frank served Deanna with a petition for dissolution of
marriage, an income and expense declaration, and a community and quasi-community
property declaration. Frank‟s petition stated all community and quasi-community
property was listed in his accompanying declaration. However, the declaration did not
list any property other than a house with a negative value of $89,000.
Deanna was served with the petition and attached declarations, but did not
respond. In July 2012, Frank filed a request for default and served Deanna with
a copy of the request. In October 2012, the trial court entered a default judgment.
The default judgment dissolved the marriage but did not mention any community
property.
At some point after Deanna received the request to enter a default judgment, she
signed a grant deed conveying all title and interest in the house to Frank.
Deanna’s Motion to Adjudicate Omitted Assets
In November 2014, Deanna filed a motion to adjudicate omitted community
property. After conducting several hearings, the trial court denied the motion. In
denying the motion, the trial court reasoned that “[w]hen [Deanna] received Notice of the
Judgment, it was obvious that no property orders were made. She had the opportunity to
file a Motion to set aside the Judgment and take further action. She took no action.” The
trial court acknowledged, “the Judgment does not award assets to either party,” but found
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“those assets are now owned by the parties based on their actual title. Retirement
benefits and retirement accounts are titled in the sole name of the individual who earned
them. [Deanna] has signed a Grant Deed releasing her interest in the residence to
[Frank]. Vehicles have titles, which reflect their ownership and the parties apparently
divided their furniture and furnishings to their satisfaction.” The trial court further found
Deanna‟s signing of the grant deed to the house “seems to support [Frank‟s] contention
that the parties had an oral agreement as to how to divide their assets and debts.” There
is no indication the oral agreement was stated on the record in open court. Ultimately,
the trial court determined “this case is concluded.”
Deanna timely filed a notice of appeal.
DISCUSSION
Motion to Divide Omitted or Unadjudicated Community Property after Entry of a
Default Judgment
Deanna contends a motion to vacate the default judgment was not necessary
because section 2556 provided the trial court with continuing jurisdiction to hear her
“motion for adjudication of omitted assets.” The contention has merit.
A.
Standard of Review
We review questions of statutory interpretation under the independent standard of
review. (Connerly v. State Personnel Bd. (2006) 37 Cal.4th 1169, 1175.) “ „In doing so,
“ „our fundamental task is to “ascertain the intent of the lawmakers so as to effectuate the
purpose of the statute.” ‟ ” ‟ [Citation.] As always, we start with the language of the
statute, “giv[ing] the words their usual and ordinary meaning [citation], while construing
them in light of the statute as a whole and the statute‟s purpose [citation].” [Citation.]‟ ”
(Coker v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. (2016) 62 Cal.4th 667, 674, quoting Apple Inc. v.
Superior Court (2013) 56 Cal.4th 128, 135.)
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B.
The Trial Court’s Continuing Jurisdiction under Section 2556
“Generally, once a marital dissolution judgment has become final, the court loses
jurisdiction to modify or alter it.” (In re Marriage of Thorne and Raccina (2012) 203
Cal.App.4th 492, 499 (Thorne).) However, as the California Supreme Court has
explained, a dissolution judgment does not affect the disposition of community property
as to which the judgment is silent. “Under California law, a spouse‟s entitlement to a
share of the community property arises at the time that the property is acquired.
[Citations.] That interest is not altered except by judicial decree or an agreement between
the parties. Hence „under settled principles of California community property law,
“property which is not mentioned in the pleadings as community property is left
unadjudicated by decree of divorce, and is subject to future litigation, the parties being
tenants in common meanwhile.” ‟ (In re Marriage of Brown [1976)] 15 Cal.3d [838,]
850-851 . . . .) [Citations.] This rule applies to partial divisions of community property
as well as divorces unaccompanied by any property adjudication whatsoever.” (Henn v.
Henn (1980) 26 Cal.3d 323, 330 (Henn).)
At the time the California Supreme Court decided Henn, a former spouse
was required to file a new case in order to seek division of community property
assets that were omitted from a dissolution judgment. (Henn, supra, 26 Cal.3d at
p. 330.) To alleviate the burden of filing an entirely new action to divide community
property previously omitted in a dissolution judgment, the Legislature enacted Civil
Code section 4353 that was later recodified without substantive change at Family
Code section 2556. (Lakkees v. Superior Court (1990) 222 Cal.App.3d 531, 540,
fn. 5 (Lakkees); see also West‟s Fam. Code, § 2556, Law Revision Commission
Comment [“Section 2556 continues former Civil Code Section 4353 without substantive
change”].)
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Section 2556 provides: “In a proceeding for dissolution of marriage, for nullity
of marriage, or for legal separation of the parties, the court has continuing jurisdiction
to award community estate assets or community estate liabilities to the parties that
have not been previously adjudicated by a judgment in the proceeding. A party may
file a postjudgment motion or order to show cause in the proceeding in order to obtain
adjudication of any community estate asset or liability omitted or not adjudicated by
the judgment. In these cases, the court shall equally divide the omitted or unadjudicated
community estate asset or liability, unless the court finds upon good cause shown that
the interests of justice require an unequal division of the asset or liability.” (Italics
added.)
In providing courts with continuing jurisdiction, section 2556 imposes no time
limit on former spouses to seek to adjudicate omitted or unadjudicated community
property after a dissolution judgment was entered. In Lakkees, supra, 222 Cal.App.3d
531, the Court of Appeal noted arguments “that a dilatory party who suffers an
involuntary dismissal should be barred from the postjudgment relief available under Civil
Code section 4353 are not supported by any statutory language.” (Id. at p. 540, fn. 5.)
The same observation holds true for Civil Code section 4353‟s successor: there is no
statute of limitations imposed by section 2556 on a former spouse who seeks adjudication
of omitted or unadjudicated community property. Section 2556 also imposes no
limitation for default judgments such as that entered in this case. Accordingly, section
2556 applies to require adjudication of the omitted assets.
Section 2556 applies even when former spouses were aware of the community
property at the time the dissolution judgment was entered. In Huddleson v. Huddleson
(1986) 187 Cal.App.3d 1564 (Huddleson), the appellate court rejected a contention that a
community property pension was immune from post-judgment division because the
moving party had known of the asset at the time of judgment. The Huddleson court
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explained, “Regardless of whether the parties know of, or discuss, the vested pension, if
the „court was not called upon to award it, and did not award it, as community property,
separate property, or any property at all‟ [citation], then the pension is a missed asset
subject to a post-dissolution claim.” (Huddleson, at p. 1569, citing Henn, supra, 26
Cal.3d at p. 330.)
Although Code of Civil Procedure section 473 generally governs the finality of
most default judgments, it does not control in this case. Section 2556 is the more specific
statute in specifically addressing assets omitted from a dissolution of marriage. As the
California Supreme Court has held, “ „It is the general rule that where the general statute
standing alone would include the same matter as the special act, and thus conflict with it,
the special act will be considered as an exception to the general statute whether it was
passed before or after such general enactment.‟ ” (People v. Gilbert (1969) 1 Cal.3d 475,
479, quoting In re Williamson (1954) 43 Cal.2d 651, 654; accord Stone Street Capital,
LLC v. California State Lottery Com.’ (2008) 165 Cal.App.4th 109, 118. The
Legislature‟s specific provision in section 2556 for adjudication of assets omitted from
a marital dissolution judgment is the more specific statute and supplies the governing
rule here.
In sum, section 2556 applies to community property not actually adjudicated in the
previously entered dissolution judgment. “The mere mention of an asset in the judgment
is not controlling. [Citation.] „[T]he crucial question is whether the [community
property] benefits were actually litigated and divided in the previous proceeding.‟ ” (In
re Marriage of Georgiou and Leslie (2013) 218 Cal.App.4th 561, 575, quoting Thorne,
supra, 203 Cal.App.4th at p. 501.)
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C.
Motion to Divide Omitted or Unadjudicated Community Property
The trial court erred in ruling Deanna was required to move to set aside the default
judgment before availing herself of the continuing jurisdiction provided by section 2556
for division of unadjudicated community property. The dissolution judgment did not
divide – or even mention – any community property. Consequently, the parties‟
community property remained “subject to future litigation.” (Henn, supra, 26 Cal.3d
323, 330, § 2556.) Even though Deanna waited more than two years after entry of the
default judgment before bringing her motion for adjudication of omitted assets, the trial
court had jurisdiction under section 2556 to hear the motion. (See Lakkees, supra, 222
Cal.App.3d at p. 540, fn. 5.) Although it is undisputed Deanna handled the finances
during the marriage and was aware of the very community property she sought to have
divided under section 2556, her knowledge did not provide a basis for denying her
motion. (Huddleson, supra, 187 Cal.App.3d at p. 1569.) Consequently, the trial court
should have adjudicated the omitted community property as requested in Deanna‟s
motion.
Frank argues the trial court correctly determined that, even if cognizable,
Deanna‟s motion was properly denied because all of the community property had actually
been divided by the parties according to their informal agreement. As the trial court
noted, Deanna‟s signing of a grant deed to the marital residence in favor of Frank after
entry of the default judgment indicated the parties had actually reached an informal
agreement as to the disposition of their property.
Former spouses may divide their community property by agreement, even if the
division is not equal. “As long as such agreement is based upon a complete and accurate
understanding of the existence and value of community and separate assets that are
material to the agreement, the parties are free to decide on an unequal distribution.” (In
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re Marriage of Brewer v. Federici (2001) 93 Cal.App.4th 1334, 1349.) However, to be
valid, even an agreement to divide community property equally must comply with
section 2550. Section 2550 provides: “Except upon the written agreement of the parties,
or on oral stipulation of the parties in open court, or as otherwise provided in this
division, in a proceeding for dissolution of marriage or for legal separation of the parties,
the court shall, either in its judgment of dissolution of the marriage, in its judgment of
legal separation of the parties, or at a later time if it expressly reserves jurisdiction
to make such a property division, divide the community estate of the parties equally.”
(Italics added.)
The requirement of section 2550 that an agreement either be written or orally
stated in open court is strictly construed. In re Marriage of Dellaria & Blickman-
Dellaria (2009) 172 Cal.App.4th 196 explains that “strictly enforcing . . . section 2550‟s
requirements will actually promote the policy of encouraging the parties to arrive at an
out-of-court resolution containing sufficiently definite terms to be enforced by the court
without further litigation. Requiring the parties‟ settlement agreement to be committed to
writing or recited in court, as mandated by . . . section 2550, prevents the risk of the court
enforcing an agreement that never was made.” (Id. at pp. 203-204.)
In this case, the parties neither reduced their agreement to writing nor did they
state terms of the agreement on the record in open court. Consequently, at the time of
its judgment of dissolution of marriage, the trial court had the statutory duty to equally
divide Frank and Deanna‟s community property or make a property division based on
the written agreement of the parties or on oral stipulation of the parties in open court.
(§ 2550.) It is undisputed the judgment of dissolution of marriage did not include any
property orders. And there is no evidence of any written agreement or an oral stipulation
of the parties in open court. In its statement of decision on Deanna‟s motion, the trial
court found the parties had divided all of their community property and these assets
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were “now owned by the parties based on their actual title.” But this later finding does
not address or remedy the absence of any division of community property in the
judgment. For this reason, the trial court did not fulfill its duty to divide the parties‟
community property as required by section 2550 and under the continuing jurisdiction
provided by section 2556.3
DISPOSITION
The judgment is reversed, and the matter is remanded for further proceedings
under Family Code sections 2550 and 2556. The parties shall bear their own costs on
appeal. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.278(a)(1) & (5).)
/s/
HOCH, J.
We concur:
/s/
BUTZ, Acting P. J.
/s/
RENNER, J.
3 We express no opinion as to the factual question of whether the informal division
of community property by Frank and Deanna was equal or unequal within the meaning of
sections 2550 and 2556.
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