FILED
July 19, 2021
STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK
SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
OF WEST VIRGINIA
State of West Virginia,
Plaintiff Below, Respondent
vs.) No. 20-0170 (Fayette County 15-F-61)
Rodney M. Crawford,
Defendant Below, Petitioner
MEMORANDUM DECISION
Petitioner Rodney M. Crawford, by counsel Katherine H. Arritt, appeals the Circuit Court
of Fayette County’s February 5, 2020, “Order Relating to Adjudication and Disposition of Alleged
Probation Violations” and February 24, 2020, dispositional probation revocation and commitment
order. Respondent the State of West Virginia, by counsel Lara K. Bissett, filed a response to which
petitioner submitted a reply.
This Court has considered the parties’ briefs and the record on appeal. The facts and legal
arguments are adequately presented, and the decisional process would not be significantly aided
by oral argument. Upon consideration of the standard of review, the briefs, and the record
presented, the Court finds no substantial question of law and no prejudicial error. For these reasons,
a memorandum decision is appropriate under Rule 21 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
Petitioner was indicted in May of 2015 of one count of embezzlement from The Pawn Shop
One, LLC, and thirteen counts of “taking the identity of another person.” On July 1, 2015,
petitioner pled guilty to one count of embezzlement. On September 21, 2015, he was sentenced to
one to ten years of incarceration, but that sentence was suspended and petitioner was placed on
supervised probation for sixty months. Petitioner was also ordered to pay restitution. While on
probation, in May of 2017, he was arrested and charged with nine counts of forgery and nine counts
of obtaining money under false pretenses. In October of 2018, petitioner pled guilty to a single
count of “fraudulent schemes” in Fayette County Case No. 18-F-13. In the interim, a notice of
revocation was filed in May of 2017, citing petitioner’s recent arrest and a positive drug test that
occurred on April 27, 2017. The notice also alleged that petitioner had been living in Kanawha
County without informing his probation officer; at that time, petitioner had not paid any of the
ordered restitution. 1 On November 7, 2018, petitioner was sentenced to one year in the Southern
1
The notice provided that a preliminary hearing had been set for June 5, 2017; neither party
nor the circuit court address why that hearing did not take place.
1
Regional Jail on the fraudulent scheme conviction (18-F-13), though petitioner’s probation was
not addressed at that time. Further, the sentencing order did not indicate whether the term of
imprisonment was to be served concurrently or consecutively with petitioner’s pre-existing
probation.
Petitioner was released from the Southern Regional Jail on March 30, 2019, and returned
to probation. On October 18, 2019, a new revocation notice was filed, referencing the criminal
charges from 2017, drug-related violations, and failure to pay restitution as ordered. A preliminary
hearing was held on November 14, 2019, at which time petitioner waived the hearing and the
matter was set for adjudication. He was, however, released on bond following that hearing.
Thereafter, a bench warrant was issued on November 22, 2019, after petitioner tested positive for
methamphetamines and amphetamines on November 21, 2019. Petitioner was picked up on that
bench warrant on November 27, 2019, and remained in the regional jail.
A combined adjudicatory and dispositional revocation hearing was held on January 13,
2020, during which petitioner admitted that he had been convicted in October of 2018 of a
misdemeanor crime of fraudulent schemes, using methamphetamine, and lying about his drug use
to his probation officer. He further admitted that he never asked the court or his probation officer
to modify his monthly restitution payment obligation or made any effort to reduce his personal
monthly expenses in order to allow him to make the required restitution payments. Petitioner’s
probation officer testified that he was new to the job when petitioner was indicted in January of
2018 and had intended to address the probation violation issues raised by the new criminal charge
when he prepared the presentence investigation report for that charge. However, according to his
testimony, he learned from the circuit court that the probation violation would have to be addressed
separately. Further, he did not file a notice of revocation at the time of petitioner’s sentencing in
18-F-13 because petitioner “was already going to jail.” Following the hearing, petitioner filed a
supplemental pleading to request that he be sanctioned under West Virginia Code § 62-12-10(a)(2)
and be permitted to attend rehabilitation at Recovery Point in Bluefield, West Virginia.
In its February 5, 2020, “Order Relating to Adjudication and Disposition of Alleged
Probation Violations,” the circuit court found that there was “no question that [petitioner’s]
criminal conviction alone would justify revocation of probation.” It also found that the State was
not required to await disposition of the new charges before pursuing revocation of the existing
probation as a result of the new charges. Petitioner argued that the passage of time and the
completion of his subsequent sentence following his misdemeanor conviction without any prior
revocation of his then-existing probation should prohibit the circuit court from using that
conviction as a basis for revocation of probation. The circuit court noted that Rule 32.1 of the West
Virginia Rules of Criminal Procedure requires that final revocation proceedings must take place
within a reasonable time, stating that it had located several West Virginia cases dealing with the
issue of reasonable time when the probation revocation final hearing took place after the
defendant’s term of probation had expired. In its order, the circuit court discussed this Court’s
findings in State v. Inscore, 219 W. Va. 443, 634 S.E.2d 389 (2006), and Mangus v. McCarty, 188
W. Va. 563, 425 S.E.2d 239 (1992). The circuit court found that “[w]hile Mangus is instructive
that the State’s lack of due diligence could serve to waive a probation violation, the case before
the [circuit c]ourt is distinguishable from Inscore and Mangus because those cases involved
revocation proceedings after expiration of the term of probation.”
2
After considering numerous United States Supreme Court cases and cases from other
jurisdictions, the circuit court found that
the delay in not proceeding with the probation revocation directly after [petitioner]
was charged with the new offense and while he was incarcerated was not prejudicial
to [petitioner]. [] Therefore, the focus for this case is the delay in pursuing the
probation revocation based upon [petitioner’s] new conviction after his release
from his jail sentence.
The circuit court further found that the State had not offered
any significant justification for this delay and no evidence was presented from
which the [c]ourt could find that [petitioner] caused or contributed to the delay
following his release from incarceration. After [petitioner’s] release from
incarceration, the State did not immediately take any steps to pursue the first Notice
of Revocation[,] which had been filed shortly after [petitioner] received the new
charges. [Petitioner] was, however, clearly on notice of the State’s intent to revoke
based on the new charges initially in June of 2017. The second Revocation Notice
was filed nearly seven (7) months after [petitioner’s] release from incarceration.
According to the circuit court, petitioner did not seek clarification as to the status of his probation
or ask for a hearing on the first notice of revocation following his release from incarceration.
Because the delay following the completion of petitioner’s sentence could not be attributed to
petitioner, the circuit court found that the focus was whether the delay had prejudiced petitioner.
In addressing that issue, the circuit court found that, aside from the mere delay itself, “[petitioner]
presented no evidence to show that he was prejudiced by the delay in moving forward with the
revocation proceedings.”
While the circuit court found “the delay and the procedural history of this case []
unfortunate,” it held that petitioner “must demonstrate that he has somehow been prejudiced by
the delay. Because of the plea, loss of witness memory, stale evidence, or defenses to the charges
in [] 18-F-13 are not an issue.” It went on to find that, under these circumstances, petitioner had
not demonstrated the requisite prejudice, and merely having to defend against the allegation over
a year after his plea to a charge did not, by itself, establish prejudice. The circuit court determined
that petitioner’s conviction for “fraudulent schemes” was more than a minor traffic violation or
simple possession of a controlled substance so, consistent with West Virginia Code § 62-12-
10(a)(1) and State v. Halcomb, 178 W. Va. 455, 360 S.E.2d 232 (1987), the court had discretion
to revoke petitioner’s probation and impose the previously suspended sentence.
The circuit court acknowledged that, at the hearing, petitioner’s counsel correctly argued
that petitioner’s failure to pay restitution must be willful before the court could use such violation
to revoke petitioner’s probation. The court went on to find that while it was uncontroverted that
petitioner had failed to pay as ordered, based upon the evidence before the court it could not find
that the State had met its burden to show that petitioner had willfully, with a rebellious attitude,
failed to pay the restitution when his financial means are taken into consideration. Thus, while
3
petitioner had failed to comply with the terms of his probation, the court could not revoke
petitioner’s probation based upon his failure to pay restitution.
Further, it found that the drug-related violations fall under West Virginia Code § 62-12-
10(a)(2), so if only those violations were at issue, the court would be bound by the graduated
sanctions. However, petitioner’s new offense falls under West Virginia Code § 62-12-10(a)(1),
which gives the court discretion to revoke petitioner’s probation and reinstate the previously
suspended sentence. Finally, the circuit court found that upon review of petitioner’s file, petitioner
had
consistently and repeatedly violated the terms and conditions of his probation. . . .
[T]he Updated Case Summary and the prior Notice of Revocation outline numerous
instances of failure to report, other drug related issues, and a general lack of effort
to comply with the terms and conditions of probation. More importantly,
[petitioner] has been charged and ultimately convicted of another crime while on
probation. [] While on bond awaiting these revocation proceedings, [petitioner]
failed drug screens resulting in revocation of his bond. . . . [Petitioner’s] substance
abuse issues have manifested throughout his probation. Unfortunately, now at this
late juncture with his suspended sentence looming over him, [petitioner], for the
first time, desires to address his substance abuse issues. [Petitioner] has wasted over
four (4) years of probation at this point with little to no noticeable progress or
commitment to complying with the terms and conditions imposed. [] At this late
stage of his probation and based on [petitioner’s] historical performance, the [c]ourt
lacks confidence that [petitioner] would fully participate in the rehab and comply
with the terms and conditions of probation as amended.
In conclusion, the circuit court found as follows: (1) the appropriate disposition of
petitioner’s violations under West Virginia Code § 62-12-10 is revocation of his probation and
imposition of the penitentiary sentence previously suspended pursuant to the September 24, 2015,
sentencing order; (2) petitioner shall be given credit for time served awaiting disposition of the
revocation proceedings; (3) the probation officer shall prepare an updated report to provide to all
counsel and the court with petitioner’s appropriate jail credit; (4) petitioner shall not be given credit
for time served on his sentence in 18-F-13; (5) following the receipt of the update from the
probation officer, the prosecutor’s office was to prepare an appropriate sentencing order consistent
with the circuit court’s order; and (6) petitioner was remanded to the custody of the Division of
Corrections and Rehabilitation for completion of his sentence.
On February 24, 2020, the circuit court entered its dispositional probation revocation and
commitment order, sentencing petitioner to one to ten years of incarceration for the felony offense
of embezzlement. The effective sentence date is November 27, 2019, and petitioner was credited
with seventy-two days’ time served while awaiting disposition in the underlying matter. Petitioner
appeals from the February 5 and February 24, 2020, orders of the Circuit Court of Fayette County.
We stated in Syllabus Point 1 of State v. Duke, 200 W.Va. 356, 489 S.E.2d 738
(1997):
4
When reviewing the findings of fact and conclusions of law of a
circuit court sentencing a defendant following a revocation of
probation, we apply a three-pronged standard of review. We review
the decision on the probation revocation motion under an abuse of
discretion standard; the underlying facts are reviewed under a
clearly erroneous standard; and questions of law and interpretations
of statutes and rules are subject to a de novo review.
Inscore at 447, 634 S.E.2d at 393.
On appeal, petitioner sets forth two assignments of error: (1) The trial court erred in “not
disregarding the allegation of violation of rule no. one” of the October 18, 2019, notice of
revocation, as this accusation originally appeared in the May of 2017 notice of revocation, and the
court failed to schedule a prompt preliminary hearing, as required by Rule 32.1 of the West
Virginia Rules of Criminal Procedure, depriving petitioner of due process; and (2) the trial court
erred in revoking petitioner’s probation on the basis of his conviction in Indictment No. 18-F-13,
as the State waived its right to pursue revocation on these grounds due to its lack of due diligence.
However, petitioner’s brief fails to comply with the West Virginia Rules of Appellate
Procedure. As the State points out, and petitioner admits, his brief does not comply with Rule
10(c)(7), as it does not contain a single citation to the record. 2 Rule 10(c)(7) requires that
[t]he brief must contain an argument exhibiting clearly the points of fact and law
presented, the standard of review applicable, and citing the authorities relied on,
under headings that correspond with the assignments of error. The argument must
contain appropriate and specific citations to the record on appeal, including
citations that pinpoint when and how the issues in the assignments of error were
presented to the lower tribunal. The Court may disregard errors that are not
adequately supported by specific references to the record on appeal.
(Emphasis added). Additionally, in an Administrative Order entered December 10, 2012, Re:
Filings That Do Not Comply With the Rules of Appellate Procedure, this Court specifically noted
that “[b]riefs that lack citation of authority [or] fail to structure an argument applying applicable
law” are not in compliance with this Court’s rules. In addition to the complete lack of citation to
the record, petitioner refers to some cases without full citations or including those cases in the table
2
In petitioner’s reply brief, his counsel asserts that she inadvertently filed a “draft” version
of the petition and did not realize the error until it was pointed out by the State in its responsive
brief. However, petitioner did not move to amend the brief in order to comply with this Court’s
rules.
5
of authorities, as required by Rules 10(c)(2) 3 and 10(c)(7). For these reasons, we decline to address
the merits of petitioner’s assignments of error.
Affirmed.
ISSUED: July 19, 2021
CONCURRED IN BY:
Chief Justice Evan H. Jenkins
Justice Elizabeth D. Walker
Justice Tim Armstead
Justice John A. Hutchison
Justice William R. Wooton
3
Rule 10(c)(2) provides: “If the brief exceeds five pages it must include a table of
authorities with an alphabetical list of cases, statutes, and other authorities cited, and references to
the pages of the brief where they are cited. The table of authorities does not count toward the page
limit for briefs.”
6