NOTICE: NOT FOR OFFICIAL PUBLICATION.
UNDER ARIZONA RULE OF THE SUPREME COURT 111(c), THIS DECISION IS NOT PRECEDENTIAL
AND MAY BE CITED ONLY AS AUTHORIZED BY RULE.
IN THE
ARIZONA COURT OF APPEALS
DIVISION ONE
In re the Matter of:
BRITTANY GALLO, Petitioner/Appellant-Cross Appellee,
v.
T.J. GALLO, Respondent/Appellee-Cross Appellant.
No. 1 CA-CV 20-0642 FC
FILED 11-16-2021
Appeal from the Superior Court in Maricopa County
No. FC2018-051534
The Honorable Dawn M. Bergin, Judge (Retired)
AFFIRMED
COUNSEL
The Cavanagh Law Firm, P.A., Phoenix
By Christina S. Hamilton
Counsel for Petitioner/Appellant-Cross Appellee
Berkshire Law Office, PLLC, Tempe
By Keith Berkshire, Erica Leavitt
Counsel for Respondent/Appellee-Cross Appellant
GALLO v. GALLO
Decision of the Court
MEMORANDUM DECISION
Presiding Judge D. Steven Williams delivered the decision of the Court, in
which Judge David B. Gass and Judge James B. Morse Jr. joined.
W I L L I A M S, Judge:
¶1 Brittany Gallo (“Mother”) appeals the superior court’s equal
parenting time, child support, and debt division orders. TJ Gallo (“Father”)
cross appeals the superior court’s child support order. For the following
reasons, we affirm all orders.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
¶2 Mother and Father married in 2012 and have two minor
children together. In 2018, Mother petitioned for divorce, requesting joint
legal decision-making authority and equitable parenting time with her
designated as the primary custodial parent. After agreeing to participate in
the collaborative law process under Arizona Rule of Family Law Procedure
(“Rule”) 67.1, the parties entered into two Rule 69 agreements. In the first,
the parties agreed to joint legal decision-making authority of the children
and a parenting time schedule with Father having the children every other
Wednesday overnight, as well as every other weekend Friday through
Sunday overnight. The second agreement mainly dealt with finances and
safety for the children, including an agreement to share equal responsibility
for “the outstanding community debt owed to Mother’s parents[].”
¶3 In late 2018, Mother obtained an order of protection against
Father but withdrew it once Father challenged the order. The following
month, Mother opted out of the collaborative law process and moved for a
pre-decree temporary order without notice requesting sole legal decision-
making authority and custody based upon an incident that occurred during
the parties’ parenting time exchange. The superior court initially granted
Mother’s motion, but after holding an evidentiary hearing, vacated the
temporary order and instead ordered Father have a supervised visit to
allow him to apologize to the children for the incident and then parenting
time would revert to the parties’ previously agreed to schedule.
¶4 Mother later moved for Father’s parenting time to be
supervised based upon concerns of Father’s excessive use of prescription
pain medications. The superior court denied Mother’s motion but ordered
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Decision of the Court
an expert in pain medication management to examine Father. Mother filed
a similar motion the following month, alleging Father left the children in a
running car in a doctor’s office parking lot. Because of the incident, Mother
sought, and obtained, an order of protection against Father for her and the
children. Following a resolution management conference, the superior
court accepted the parties’ agreement and ordered that, in exchange for
removing the children from the amended protective order, Father was
precluded from driving with them and would have up to twelve hours of
parenting time per week that had to be either supervised or in a public
place.
¶5 After the court-appointed pain medication management
expert issued a report, Father moved for unsupervised and equal parenting
time. Following an evidentiary hearing, the superior court issued an order
lifting the driving restrictions, awarding Father unsupervised parenting
time, and issuing other orders related to Father’s use of pain medications
while with the children. Months later, the superior court again increased
Father’s parenting time to every Wednesday evening and every other
weekend.
¶6 The parties subsequently filed a joint pretrial statement, and
the superior court held a two-day dissolution trial. At trial, Mother’s
accounting expert estimated Father’s income exceeded $200,000 annually
based, in part, upon Father’s reported expenses in his affidavit of financial
information and the expert’s projections for Father’s rental income. Father
disagreed with the expert’s future projected earnings from the vacation
rental home, and stated he had financed his expenses using “every last
penny of his lifetime savings,” and that his assets and savings [were]
entirely extinguished.” Father acknowledged he had some income from his
rental property, but asked the court to calculate his income at $50,000.
¶7 After trial, the court reviewed the best interests of the children
factors enumerated in A.R.S. § 25-403 and found both parents had a close
relationship with the children in the past and expected that to be the same
in the future. The court found Father “did not use the best judgment” and
“behaved inappropriately” at times, but it also found Mother “engaged in
a relentless campaign to undermine Father’s relationship with the children
and to convince [the court] to limit his parenting time.” The court found
Mother damaged her credibility with her “exaggerations and distortions.”
¶8 The superior court further found that, though the rebuttable
presumption against awarding Father legal decision-making authority
under A.R.S. § 25-403.04 existed because of Father’s past excessive use of
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Decision of the Court
pain medications, Father rebutted that presumption where his physician
imposed hard refill dates and by taking a variety of other steps. Regarding
debt division, the court found insufficient evidence established the funds
provided by Mother’s parents constituted a loan rather than a gift.
¶9 Based upon its findings, the superior court awarded the
parties joint legal decision-making authority of the children, with Mother
having final authority subject to specific limitations, and equal parenting
time. The court also ordered Father to pay Mother $1,077 per month in child
support.
¶10 Mother timely appealed, and Father timely cross-appealed.
We have jurisdiction under Article 6, Section 9, of the Arizona Constitution
and A.R.S. § 12-2101(A)(1).
DISCUSSION
¶11 Mother challenges the superior court’s parenting time, debt
division, and child support orders, arguing the court erred in not enforcing
both Rule 69 agreements and in calculating Father’s income. Father cross-
appeals the child support orders, arguing the court erred when, solely
based on Mother’s testimony, it included in the child support worksheet
$581 per month in insurance costs and $700 per month in childcare costs.
¶12 We review the superior court’s parenting time and child
support orders for an abuse of discretion. Engstrom v. McCarthy, 243 Ariz.
469, 471, ¶ 4 (App. 2018) (parenting time orders); In re Marriage of Robinson,
201 Ariz. 328, 331, ¶ 5 (App. 2001) (child support orders). An abuse of
discretion occurs either when the court commits an error of law in reaching
a discretionary decision or when the record does not support the court’s
decision. Engstrom, 243 Ariz. at 471, ¶ 4. “We accept the [superior] court’s
findings of fact unless they are clearly erroneous but review conclusions of
law and the interpretation of statutes de novo,” DeLuna v. Petitto, 247 Ariz.
420, 423, ¶ 9 (App. 2019), including Rule 69 agreements and the Arizona
Child Support Guidelines, A.R.S. § 25-320 app. (“Guidelines”), McNutt v.
McNutt, 203 Ariz. 28, 31, ¶ 10 (App. 2002) (applying “the same rules of
construction in interpreting the Guidelines that we use in construing
statutes”).
I. Rule 69 Agreements
¶13 Mother contends the superior court approved and adopted
the first Rule 69 agreement as an enforceable order before trial and,
consequently, the agreement was binding on the court regarding parenting
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Decision of the Court
time. Father argues the court’s issuance of multiple orders modifying the
first Rule 69 agreement’s terms at the parties’ requests voided it and,
regardless, the court “still had an obligation, pursuant to A.R.S. §§ 25-317
and -403 to ensure that the parenting time plan was in the children’s best
interest.” Father also argues the court was within its discretion to find there
was insufficient evidence to prove the money Mother alleged was
community debt owed to Mother’s parents because the debt amount and
repayment terms were vague under the second Rule 69 agreement.
¶14 A.R.S. § 25-317(A) provides that “parties may enter into a
written separation agreement containing provisions for disposition of . . .
support, custody and parenting time of their children.” “An agreement
between the parties is valid and binding on the parties,” but “is not binding
on the court until it is submitted to and approved by the court as provided
by law.” Ariz. R. Fam. Law P. (“ARFLP”) 69. “[The] court has discretion to
reject a Rule 69 agreement if it is not ‘reasonable’ as to custody and
parenting time.” Engstrom, 243 Ariz. at 472, ¶ 8 (quoting A.R.S. § 25-317(D)).
However, if the court finds that the agreement is “reasonable as to support,
custody and parenting time of [the] children, the [Rule 69] agreement shall
be set forth or incorporated by reference in the decree of dissolution.” A.R.S.
§ 25-317(D). Regarding other terms of a Rule 69 agreement, the court must
apply general contract principles as to the agreement’s construction and
enforcement. Emmons v. Superior Ct., 192 Ariz. 509, 512, ¶ 14 (App. 1998).
a. Parenting Time
¶15 Here, as part of the collaborative law process, the parties
entered into a Rule 69 agreement that contained parenting time provisions.
The parties were at the time bound by this agreement under Rule 69(B).
However, until the superior court approved the agreement as an
enforceable order, it retained authority to exercise its independent
discretion regarding parenting time orders pursuant to A.R.S. § 25-317. See
ARFLP 69(B) (“An agreement under this rule is not binding on the court
until it is submitted to and approved by the court as provided by law.”); cf.
Engstrom, 243 Ariz. at 472, ¶ 9 (providing the court no longer retained its
authority where it had previously approved the parties’ Rule 69 agreement
as an enforceable order).
¶16 The superior court issued its first temporary custody and
parenting time order when it granted Mother’s motion (without notice) for
sole legal decision-making and physical custody of the children and no
parenting time for Father. Following an evidentiary hearing, the court
vacated its temporary ruling and instead ordered a supervised visit for
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GALLO v. GALLO
Decision of the Court
Father to apologize to the children and, barring another request to modify
parenting time, the parties would revert back to their Rule 69 agreement.
Mother argues under Engstrom the court’s order for a return to parenting
time under the Rule 69 agreement indicates the court’s acceptance of the
Rule 69 agreement. But Engstrom is distinguishable. In Engstrom, the court
made an express finding at a resolution management conference that the
Rule 69 agreement was “fair and equitable,” and “in the best interest of the
parties’ minor children.” 243 Ariz. at 471, ¶ 6. The court there also approved
the agreement “as an enforceable order of th[e] Court.” Id. (alteration in
original). No such express finding or order was made here. Rather, without
addressing the merits of the Rule 69 agreement, including whether its terms
were in the best interests of the children, the court simply indicated that
parenting time would revert, temporarily, to the schedule the parties had
previously agreed upon. We cannot say the court’s actions here indicated
its intent to accept the agreement as an enforceable order of the court.
¶17 Because the court retained its authority to exercise its
independent discretion pursuant to A.R.S. § 25-317, we reject Mother’s
argument that the court erred when it failed to enforce the parenting time
schedule under the Rule 69 agreement. See ARFLP 69.
b. Debt Division
¶18 Similarly, Mother argues the superior court erred when it
failed to enforce the second Rule 69 agreement. The record shows the
parties entered into a second Rule 69 agreement in which they agreed to be
equally responsible for debt owed to Mother’s parents. In its decree, the
court found the parties’ Rule 69 agreement was “no longer applicable”
because the collaborative law process ended. For debt division, the court
found there was “insufficient [evidence presented at trial] to establish that
the funds provided by Mother’s parents to Mother and Father during their
marriage constituted a loan, rather than a gift.”
¶19 Though we disagree with the superior court’s assertion that
the second Rule 69 agreement was no longer applicable once the
collaborative law process ended, the court committed no error in failing to
enforce the debt provision because its terms relating to debt owed to
Mother’s parents were vague and disputed. While Mother testified her
parents provided her and Father with a $160,000 loan, Father argued no
such debt existed, instead any monies received from Mother’s parents
constituted a gift. On this issue, the court made a credibility determination
based upon the conflicting evidence and ultimately found the evidence
wanting. Mother has shown no error in the court’s debt division order.
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Decision of the Court
II. Child Support
¶20 Mother and Father both argue insufficient evidence supports
various parts of the superior court’s child support orders. Mother contends
that the court erred in determining Father’s income for child support
purposes, arguing no evidence supported the court’s finding that Father’s
income was $77,160 per year. Father challenges the superior court’s
inclusion of Mother’s payment of $581 per month in insurance costs and
$700 per month in childcare costs in the child support worksheet, arguing
no evidence supported such costs.
¶21 “Arizona has adopted the Arizona Child Support Guidelines
for, among other things, the purpose of establishing a standard of support
for children consistent with their needs and the ability of parents to pay,
and to make child support awards consistent for persons in similar
circumstances.” Cummings v. Cummings, 182 Ariz. 383, 385 (App. 1994)
(citing Guidelines § 1). In determining a child support award, the superior
court considers the parents’ gross income, which includes income from any
source. Guidelines § 5(A). “[G]ross income for child support purposes is not
determined by the gross income shown on the parties’ income tax returns,
but rather on the actual money or cash-like benefits received by the
household which is available for expenditures.” Sherman v. Sherman, 241
Ariz. 110, 113, ¶ 14 (App. 2016) (quoting Cummings, 182 Ariz. at 385).
¶22 Mother claimed her current income was $42,000 per year and
she spends $581.12 per month on the children’s medical insurance and $700
per month on childcare costs. Father claimed to be unemployed but
acknowledged he recently began earning an income from renting out his
home; Father estimated his 2020 income at that point to be $13,000. As noted
supra ¶ 6, Mother’s accounting expert estimated Father’s annual income
exceeded $200,000. In its decree, the court found problems with the
calculations provided by Mother’s expert because the figures did not
account for vacation rental cancellations, fees, lodging costs, and
differences in seasonal rates. The court noted its difficulty in accepting
either parties’ position regarding Father’s income. The court ultimately
calculated Father’s annual income as $77,160 after adding $61,728 for eight
months of rental fees it categorized as the busy months plus $15,432 for the
remaining four months it categorized as the slow months. The court has
broad discretion in determining income and reached a number somewhere
between Father’s position and Mother’s. See Cummings, 182 Ariz. at 385;
Sherman, 241 Ariz. at 114, ¶ 14 (providing the Guidelines do not “expressly
define ‘income,’ and the question to what extent ‘income’ may include loan
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proceeds is an open one in Arizona”). The court also explained its reasoning
for its findings. Reasonable evidence supports the court’s finding.
¶23 As to Father’s cross-appeal and assertion that the superior
court’s inclusion of $581 per month in insurance costs and $700 per month
in childcare costs in the child support worksheet is not supported by the
record, we disagree. Mother testified as to both costs and Father offered no
testimony to the contrary. Record evidence supports the court’s findings.
CONCLUSION
¶24 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the superior court’s
parenting time, debt division, and child support orders. In the exercise of
our discretion, we deny both parties’ requests for costs, as well as attorney’s
fees pursuant to A.R.S. § 25-324.
AMY M. WOOD • Clerk of the Court
FILED: AA
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