In the Interest of T.H., Minor Child

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 21-1444
Filed January 12, 2022

IN THE INTEREST OF T.H.,
Minor Child,

G.F., Father,
Appellant.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Lee (North) County, Daniel P.

Kitchen, District Associate Judge.

The father appeals from the termination of his parental rights. AFFIRMED.

Reyna L. Wilkens of Wilkens Law Office, Fort Madison, for appellant father.

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Toby J. Gordon, Assistant Attorney

General, for appellee State.

Justin Stonerook, Assistant State Public Defender, Burlington, attorney and

guardian ad litem for minor child.

Considered by Bower, C.J., and Greer and Badding, JJ.
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GREER, Judge.

The biological father,1 G.F., appeals from the termination of his parental

rights to his child, born in 2013.2 He argues (1) there was insufficient evidence to

show termination was the least-restrictive disposition, (2) the State did not make

reasonable efforts to help reunite the family, and (3) the court should have given

him a six-month extension of services. Because termination proceedings are not

bound by choosing the least-restrictive disposition and the father has not pointed

to specific services he was not provided nor changes he could make to achieve

reunification in six additional months, we affirm the juvenile court’s termination of

his parental rights.

I. Statement of Facts.

The child first came to the attention of the Iowa Department of Human

Services (DHS) in August 2015 while living with her biological mother, H.H., and

two half-siblings. The three children were adjudicated children in need of

assistance (CINA). The children were placed in foster care. While incarcerated,

the father sent DHS a letter stating he was T.H.’s biological father and, once

paternity was confirmed in November, the State initiated services. Although he

was then out of jail, the father did not engage. Yet, later the father did engage and

began contact with the child in June 2016. The child remained under the

jurisdiction of DHS because of the unsafe conditions related to her mother’s and

1We refer to G.F., the biological father, as “father” in this opinion.
2The mother’s parental rights and those of the child’s legal father were terminated
on August 12, 2020.
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father’s disruptive behaviors.3 But, the father made progress with services

provided and took over physical care of the child in July 2019. The father claims

services were not adequate to help him from the time the child moved into his

home in July until DHS removed her in February 2020. Yet, at the time of the

termination hearing, DHS involvement with the child spanned nearly six years, and

the father had been given the opportunity for services since November 2015—a

total of sixty-six months.

Even with supportive services, in January 2020, DHS received reports that

the child had been sexually abused by an older child also living with the father.

The older child had a history of sexually inappropriate behavior, and the father was

cautioned by DHS that the children should always be supervised when together.

He did not follow this instruction, and the older child acted out against T.H. when

they were left alone together. At the same time, DHS found out the father

assaulted his then-wife, K.L-F., and hit one of the other children in the home hard

enough to leave a baseball-sized bruise. The father was charged with domestic

assault.

During DHS’s investigation of the incident, workers entered the home and

found a number of safety hazards, including prescription medication within a child’s

reach, dirty dishes and trash on the counters and floor, undisclosed individuals

living in the home, dirty diapers on the floor, clutter blocking the stairs, electrical

cords on the floor, and cleaning detergent in a child’s crib. As the investigation

3 Home studies in 2016 and in 2017 concluded it was not safe for the child to be in
the father’s home. The child was returned to the mother’s care in 2017, but DHS
again removed the child from the mother’s home in January 2018.
 4

escalated, the father sent T.H. across state lines to live with her paternal

grandparents to avoid the State involvement.4 While incarcerated for domestic

assault, the father told workers that he felt unable to care for all of the children at

once and hoped T.H. would be placed with the paternal grandmother.

In February 2020, the child was removed from the father’s care and placed

with a foster family. At the review hearing, the father “stipulated that substantial

evidence exist[ed] to believe the removal of the child [was] necessary to avoid

imminent risk to the child’s life or health.” The juvenile court ordered the father to

complete a substance-abuse evaluation and any recommended treatment; find

and keep employment; show the ability to consistently keep a clean and stable

home; address safety concerns in the home; undergo mental-health treatment and

take prescribed medication; attend the child’s medical, counseling, and

educational appointments; and participate in services and visitation as directed. A

number of these concerns went unheeded.

As 2020 progressed, the father’s lack of engagement was glaring. For

example, he was resistant to participating in drug-related services. Before taking

in the child, the father reported a history of methamphetamine use. While it had

been several years since he last tested positive or admitted to use, in the months

leading up to the termination hearing, he repeatedly rebuffed drug testing and

insisted on being given warning ahead of his testing dates. In the months before

the termination hearing, he went so far as to shave all the hair on his body to avoid

4 The father’s Facebook page has posts discussing K.L-F’s family taking the
children out of state to hide them from DHS.
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giving a hair sample.5 The father reported marijuana use in past medical

appointments, though he later denied it.

The State argued the father lacked the ability to maintain clean and stable

housing. In the months between removal and the termination hearing, the father

had stints in jail and out-of-state shelters. When back in Iowa, the father returned

to the same apartment DHS found unsafe, now leased by his sister. The home

still posed a number of concerns. Workers reported that the space was too

unsanitary for the child to have visits there, citing dirty dishes, trash, piles of

clothing, and rodents. Still, the father argued that the mess was made by others

in the home and so was not his responsibility to clean. Other houseguests were

also a source of regular conflict, including even physical violence, which the child

witnessed in her time there.

As an additional concern, the father consistently struggled with his mental

health. Soon after the child’s removal, the father failed to participate in mental-

health services or regularly attend counseling appointments. He repeatedly

stopped taking his medication, either lying about his doctor’s instructions or

ignoring them altogether. In January 2021, the father underwent a mental-health

committal resulting in a court-ordered requirement to participate in mental-health

services and medication management. Following a slow start with missed

appointments, he began to comply more consistently as of February 2021.

Services for the child included counseling following her removal from the

father’s care. In these sessions, the child discussed some traumatic experiences

5At trial, the DHS caseworker testified hair samples can show drug use for a longer
period of time than a urinalysis.
 6

from her time in G.F.’s care, such as being hung from a nail on the wall by her

clothing. She also shared examples where the father was physically or verbally

aggressive toward her, K.L-F., and other children in the home. The child told her

counselor she would prefer not to see the father or attend visitation with him.

Because of T.H.’s fear of the father, the counselor recommended visitations remain

fully supervised. The father denied he ever hung T.H. on a wall, and he chastised

the child during visits for telling people she was afraid of him. T.H.’s counselor

requested the father work toward participating in the child’s sessions to try and

resolve the situation—but G.F. never called to set an appointment.

Other concerns over the father’s ability to reunite with the child exist. G.F.

struggled to maintain consistent visitation with the child. Besides the barrier of

clean housing for visits, the father cancelled visits because of work, out of anger,

because he had no food to feed the child, or because he only wanted to see the

child if he could see his other children as well. Visits never progressed from being

fully supervised, in part because the child did not want to be left alone with her

father.

Barriers existed because the father has been generally hostile towards

DHS’s involvement. He threatened providers, lashed out at the foster parents,

repeatedly refused services, failed to sign releases, and seemed unable to grasp

why his behavior would be unsafe for the child. And when he did engage, the

conversations were described as “unproductive,” making it difficult to move

towards reunification.

Yet, the father made some progress. At the May 2021 termination hearing,

he had a job that he had maintained for about five months. He was reported to
 7

have made positive budgeting choices. He also recently engaged in mental-health

treatment and medication management. In the positive column, the father

provided a clean drug test in March 2021 and did not have any behavioral

indicators of continued drug use.

Still, as the juvenile court wrote in the termination order:

By February of 2021, [the father] had received or refused services to
his family for six (6) years.[6] His home continued to be unsafe for
[the child]. [The father] demonstrated no interest in making the
changes necessary to provide [the child] a safe, sanitary, and stable
home free from abuse.
....
. . . [The Father] ha[d] been unable or unwilling to make
sufficient progress (with the support of [DHS]) toward consistently
providing a safe and nurturing home during the marathon [CINA]
case.

A termination trial was held in May 2021. While the father was present, he

did not testify or present any evidence. The juvenile court ordered termination of

the father’s parental rights in September of 2021 citing grounds under Iowa Code

section 232.116(1)(e) and (f) (2021).

II. Standard of Review.

We review termination-of-parental-rights proceedings de novo. In re L.T.,

924 N.W.2d 521, 526 (Iowa 2019). We give weight to the juvenile court’s findings

of fact, particularly toward the credibility of witnesses, but are not bound by them.

In re D.W., 791 N.W.2d 703, 706 (Iowa 2010).

6For a portion of this time, G.F. was receiving two sets of services—one for T.H.
and another for his children with K.L-F.
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III. Waiver.

In his petition on appeal, the father lists various facts he believes the

juvenile court incorrectly found, yet he offers no rebuttal evidence to confront those

facts. While we recognize this is an expedited appeal process, we are still limited

to what was properly raised for our review. See Iowa Rs. App. P. 6.201(1)(d) (“The

petition on appeal shall substantially comply with form 5 in rule 6.1401.”); 6.1401–

Form 5 (“[S]tate what findings of fact or conclusions of law the district court made

with which you disagree and why, generally referencing a particular part of the

record, witnesses’ testimony, or exhibits that support your position on appeal . . . .

General conclusions, such as ‘the trial court’s ruling is not supported by law or the

facts’ are not acceptable.”); see also In re C.B., 611 N.W.2d 489, 492 (Iowa 2000)

(“A broad, all-encompassing argument is insufficient to identify error in cases of de

novo review.”); cf. Iowa R. App. P. 6.903(2)(g)(3) (“Failure to cite authority in

support of an issue may be deemed waiver of that issue.”). Instead, his focus only

relates to arguments that termination was not the least restrictive option, that DHS

failed to make reasonable efforts to reunify him and the child, and that he should

have been granted a six-month extension before his rights were terminated. Other

issues are considered waived.7

7 One of the issues the father does not address is the best interests of the child.
This consideration is typically the second step of our review of a termination of
parental rights. D.W., 791 N.W.2d at 706–07. But, as the father does not contest
the district court’s finding on the issue in this appeal, we do not address it. See In
re C.Y., No. 19-1806, 2020 WL 1049541, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Mar. 4, 2020)
(“Because the father does not challenge the juvenile court’s determination that
terminating his parental rights is in the child’s best interests . . . we do not consider
the second [step].” (citing In re P.L, 778 N.W.2d 33, 40 (Iowa 2010))).
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IV. Discussion.

The father’s challenge boils down to wanting more time to prove he can

reunite with the child. He argues that the court could not have found termination

was the least restrictive option and that he was not provided the services he

needed to achieve reunification. Because of this, he asks for a six-month

extension rather than termination.

A. Least-Restrictive Disposition.

In framing his argument, the father asserts termination is not the least-

restrictive disposition. He cites Iowa Code sections 232.99(4) and 232.102(4)(a),

which state a preference for keeping children with their parents. But, these

statutes deal with dispositional hearings for CINA proceedings, not for permanency

hearings—so, they are not relevant to our review today. See Iowa Code

§ 232.102(4)(a) (“Whenever possible the court should permit the child to remain at

home with the child’s parent, guardian, or custodian.”). Instead, with termination

hearings, “[o]ur caselaw has recognized that the interests of the child take

precedence over family reunification. Our primary concern in termination

proceedings has always been the best interests of the child.” L.T., 924 N.W.2d at

529. Because the least-restrictive standard defined by the father does not relate

to the issues in this appeal, we do not consider this argument and instead focus

on the father’s reasonable-efforts argument and his request for an extension.

B. Reasonable Efforts.

As noted, the father does not directly challenge the specific grounds

supporting the termination. Instead, he argues that reasonable efforts to reunify

him with the child were not made. See id. at 527 (“‘[T]he reasonable efforts
 10

requirement is not viewed as a strict substantive requirement of termination.’ Still,

where the elements of termination require reasonable efforts by DHS, the scope

of DHS’s efforts after removal impacts the burden of proving those elements.”

(alteration in original) (citation omitted)). In particular, he believes he was not

provided services when the child was first placed with him. Our statutes require,

if custody is transferred to DHS, that DHS “make every reasonable effort to return

the child to the child’s home as quickly as possible consistent with the best

interests of the child.” Iowa Code § 232.102(7). “‘[R]easonable efforts’ means the

efforts made to preserve and unify a family prior to the out-of-home placement of

a child in foster care or to eliminate the need for removal of the child or make it

possible for the child to safely return to the family’s home.” Id. § 232.102(10)(a).

Nevertheless, “[a]lthough DHS must make reasonable efforts in furtherance

of reunification, with some exceptions not applicable here, parents have a

responsibility to object when they claim the nature or extent of services is

inadequate.” In re L.M., 904 N.W.2d 835, 839–40 (Iowa 2017) (footnote omitted).

Without such a flag for the court, the issue is considered waived. And while the

termination hearing transcript reflects that there was some point in the past where

the father told the court reasonable efforts were not being made, it was only a

general statement. We do not have a record of any specific request for services

that went unmet. So, we cannot determine if error was preserved. See Meier v.

Senecaut, 641 N.W.2d 532, 537 (Iowa 2002) (“It is a fundamental doctrine of

appellate review that issues must ordinarily be both raised and decided by the

district court before we will decide them on appeal.”). Even if he had preserved

error, though, he has not pointed us to specific services he was not provided—as
 11

such, we cannot provide a remedy. See In re S.B., No. 17-0221, 2017 WL

2184830, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. May 17, 2017). Additionally, the father has not

explained how these services would have made him a safer parent and enabled

reunification with T.H. See In re E.W., No. 19-0163, 2019 WL 2369901, at *1 n.2

(Iowa Ct. App. June 5, 2019). Instead, we find from the record that the father

thwarted the services offered at each step of the process. The juvenile court

described the efforts made by DHS as “extraordinary,” and we agree.

Taking another approach, the father argues that he was not provided

services for the same length of time as T.H.’s mother. While it is true the mother

had years of services, similar opportunities for services were offered the father

around the same time. And, at least since early 2020, when the child was removed

from the father’s home, services were solely focused on the father—he just chose

not to participate. As his circumstances were different than those of the mother,

the services offered or time frames provided need not be identical. Cf. In re M.P.,

No. 19-0995, 2019 WL 5063337, at *4 (Iowa Ct. App. Oct. 9, 2019) (“But the

reasonable-efforts mandate does not create a menu from which discerning parents

may order specific services. Rather, it is intended to provide services that facilitate

reunification given the parent’s circumstances.”). The father has not established

that DHS failed to make reasonable efforts for reunification.

C. Six-Month Extension.

Finally, the father argues that he should have been granted a six-month

extension rather than having his rights terminated. Iowa Code section

232.104(2)(b) allows a six-month extension when the court can enumerate

“specific factors, conditions, or expected behavioral changes which comprise the
 12

basis for the determination that the need for removal of the child from the child’s

home will no longer exist at the end of the additional six-month period.” Other than

some references to a six-month extension during cross-examination at the

termination trial, we find no request for an extension below, and the juvenile court

was not asked to award an extension of time. On appeal, the father fails to identify

how any specific changes over an additional six months could solve the complex

issues that have earlier prohibited reunification. And, while he might not believe

that the additional time is harmful to the child, our case law has long recognized

that children require permanency. See In re A.C., 415 N.W.2d 609, 613 (Iowa

1987) (“The crucial days of childhood cannot be suspended while parents

experiment with ways to face up to their own problems. Neither will childhood

await the wanderings of judicial process.”); see also In re O.W., No. 20-0923, 2020

WL 5651688, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Sept. 23, 2020) (“Because the child requires the

permanency that termination affords, we affirm the termination of the father’s

parental rights.”). The child is in a pre-adoptive home with a sibling with whom she

is bonded, a situation that can provide her with the sort of permanency she

deserves. See D.W., 791 N.W.2d at 709. We agree with the juvenile court’s choice

not to delay any further.

V. Conclusion.

Because the father cannot point to either reasonable efforts not made or

changes that could result in reunification if given a six-month extension, we affirm

the termination of his parental rights.

AFFIRMED.