[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
FILED
________________________ U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
July 09, 2004
No. 04-13244
THOMAS K. KAHN
________________________ CLERK
IN RE: WILL C. DEAN, JR.,
Petitioner.
__________________________
Application for Leave to File a Second or
Successive Motion to Vacate, Set Aside, or
Correct Sentence, 28 U.S.C. §§ 2255, 2244(b)(3)(A)
_________________________
(July 9, 2004)
Before ANDERSON, CARNES and BARKETT, Circuit Judges.
B Y T H E P A N E L:
Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 2255 and 2244(b)(3)(A), as amended by §§ 105
and 106 of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA),
Will C. Dean, Jr. has filed an application seeking an order authorizing the district
court to consider a second or successive motion to vacate, set aside, or correct his
federal sentence, 28 U.S.C. § 2255. Such authorization may be granted only if this
Court certifies that the second or successive motion contains a claim involving:
(1) newly discovered evidence that, if proven and viewed in
light of the evidence as a whole, would be sufficient to establish by
clear and convincing evidence that no reasonable factfinder would
have found the movant guilty of the offense; or
(2) a new rule of constitutional law, made retroactive to cases
on collateral review by the Supreme Court, that was previously
unavailable.
28 U.S.C. § 2255. “The court of appeals may authorize the filing of a second or
successive application only if it determines that the application makes a prima
facie showing that the application satisfies the requirements of this subsection.”
28 U.S.C. § 2244(b)(3)(C).
In his application, Dean indicates that he wishes to raise one claim in a
second or successive § 2255 motion, namely, that the district court violated his
Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial by enhancing his sentence under the federal
Sentencing Guidelines based on his leadership role in the offense and his relevant
conduct, when the facts supporting those guideline enhancements were neither
mentioned during his Fed.R.Crim.P. 11 plea colloquy nor proved to a jury beyond
a reasonable doubt. Dean contends that his claim relies on a new rule of
constitutional law, citing the United States Supreme Court’s recent opinion in
Blakely v. Washington, No. 02-1632 (U.S. June 24, 2004).
2
In Blakely, the United States Supreme Court revisited the rule in Apprendi
v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 490, 120 S.Ct. 2348, 2362-63, 147 L.Ed.2d 435
(2000), which held that “[o]ther than the fact of a prior conviction, any fact that
increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must
be submitted to a jury and proved beyond a reasonable doubt.” Blakely,
No. 02-1632, slip op. at 5. The Court considered whether the sentencing
procedure followed by courts in the State of Washington deprived Blakely of his
“federal constitutional right to have a jury determine beyond a reasonable doubt all
facts legally essential to his sentence.” Id. at 4. The state sentencing guidelines
scheme under which Blakely was sentenced permitted sentencing judges to depart
upward from a “standard” sentencing range if the judge found “substantial and
compelling reasons justifying an exceptional sentence.” Id. at 3 (citing Wash.
Rev. Code Ann. § 9.94A.120(2)).
Blakely, having been charged with kidnaping his estranged wife, pleaded
guilty to second-degree kidnaping, a Class B felony under Washington law that
carried a ten-year statutory maximum sentence. Id. at 2 (citing Wash. Rev. Code
Ann. §§ 9A.40.030(3), 9A.20.021(1)(b)). Washington’s Sentencing Reform Act,
however, specified a “standard range” of 49 to 53 months for Blakely’s offense of
second-degree kidnaping with a firearm. Id. (citations omitted). At sentencing,
3
the court rejected this standard range and imposed an “exceptional sentence” of 90
months’ imprisonment on the ground that Blakely had acted with “deliberate
cruelty,” a statutorily enumerated ground for departure in domestic violence cases.
Id. at 3 (citing Wash. Rev. Code Ann. § 9.94A.390(2)(h)(iii)). Blakely objected to
the trial court’s sentencing procedure, and, in response, the court held a three-day
bench hearing featuring testimony from numerous witnesses. Id. at 4. After the
hearing, the court issued 32 findings of fact, ultimately reaffirming its original
decision to impose the 90-month enhanced sentence. Id.
On appeal, Blakely argued that the sentencing procedure deprived him of
his right to have a jury determine beyond a reasonable doubt all facts legally
essential to his sentence. Id. The state appellate courts rejected Blakely’s
argument and affirmed. Id. at 4-5. On certiorari review, the United States
Supreme Court reversed in a 5-4 decision, holding that Blakely’s enhanced
sentence violated Apprendi. Id. at 9. Notably, the Court rejected the state’s
argument that Blakely’s case was distinguishable from Apprendi because his 90-
month sentence did not exceed the 10-year statutory maximum for Class B
felonies, explaining that
[o]ur precedents make clear . . . that the “statutory maximum” for
Apprendi purposes is the maximum sentence a judge may impose
solely on the basis of the facts reflected in the jury verdict or admitted
4
by the defendant. . . . In other words, the relevant “statutory
maximum” is not the maximum sentence a judge may impose after
finding additional facts, but the maximum he may impose without any
additional findings. When a judge inflicts punishment that the jury’s
verdict alone does not allow, the jury has not found all the facts
“which the law makes essential to the punishment ,” . . . and the judge
exceeds his proper authority.
Id. at 7 (emphasis in original) (citations omitted). In a footnote, the Court stressed
that “[the Federal Guidelines are not before us, and we express no opinion on
them.” Id. at 9 n.9.
No court has yet determined whether Blakely created a new rule of
constitutional law made retroactive to cases on collateral review. For a new rule
to be retroactive to cases on collateral review for purposes of authorizing a second
or successive § 2255 motion or 28 U.S.C. § 2254 petition, the Supreme Court
itself must make the rule retroactive. Tyler v. Cain, 533 U.S. 656, 662-63, 121
S.Ct. 2478, 2482, 150 L.Ed.2d 632 (2001). It is not enough that a new rule of
constitutional law is applied retroactively by this Court or that it satisfies the
criteria for retroactive application set forth by the Supreme Court in Teague v.
Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 109 S.Ct. 1060, 103 L.Ed.2d 334 (1989). In re Joshua, 224
F.3d 1281, 1283 (11th Cir. 2000). Additionally, the Supreme Court does not make
a rule retroactive through dictum. Tyler, 533 U.S. at 663 n.4, 121 S.Ct. at 2482
n.4. Multiple cases can, together, make a rule retroactive, but only if the holdings
5
in those cases necessarily dictate retroactivity of the new rule. Id. at 666, 121
S.Ct. at 2484.
Regardless of whether Blakely established a “new rule of constitutional
law” within the meaning of §§ 2244(b)(2)(A) and 2255, the Supreme Court has
not expressly declared Blakely to be retroactive to cases on collateral review. See
generally Blakely, No. 02-1632, slip op. at 1-18; Tyler, 533 U.S. at 662-63, 121
S.Ct. at 2482. Moreover, no combination of cases necessarily dictate retroactivity
of the Blakely decision. Tyler, 533 U.S. at 666, 121 S.Ct. at 2484. Blakely itself
was decided in the context of a direct appeal, and the Supreme Court has not since
applied it to a case on collateral review. See id. In fact, the Supreme Court has
strongly implied that Blakely is not to be applied retroactively. The same day the
Supreme Court decided Blakely, the Court also issued its decision in Schriro v.
Summerlin, No. 03-526 (U.S. June 24, 2004), holding that Ring v. Arizona, 536
U.S. 584, 122 S.Ct. 2428, 153 L.Ed.2d 556 (2002), which extended application of
Apprendi to facts increasing a defendant’s sentence from life imprisonment to
death, is not retroactive to cases on collateral review. Summerlin, No. 03-526, slip
op. at 10; see also Blakely, No. 02-1632, slip op. at 11 (O’Connor, J., dissenting)
(recognizing the Court’s holding in Summerlin “that Ring (and a fortiori
Apprendi) does not apply retroactively on habeas review”); see also McCoy v.
6
United States, 266 F.3d 1245, 1256-58 (11th Cir. 2001) (holding that Apprendi is
not retroactive to cases on collateral review); In re Joshua, 224 F.3d at 1283
(denying the retroactive application of Apprendi to permit second or successive
habeas petitions). Because Blakely, like Ring, is based on an extension of
Apprendi, Dean cannot show that the Supreme Court has made that decision
retroactive to cases already final on direct review. Accordingly, Dean’s proposed
claim fails to satisfy the statutory criteria. 28 U.S.C. § 2255.
Dean has failed to make a prima facie showing of the existence of either of
the grounds set forth in 28 U.S.C. § 2255. Accordingly, his application for leave
to file a second or successive motion is DENIED.
7