State of Tennessee v. Zacheriah Holden

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE
August 16, 2011 Session

STATE OF TENNESSEE v. ZACHERIAH HOLDEN

Appeal from the Circuit Court for Warren County
No. F-11837 Larry B. Stanley, Judge

No. M2010-00811-CCA-R3-CD - Filed March 8, 2013

Appellant, Zacheriah Holden, was indicted by the Warren County Grand Jury for over thirty
offenses as a result of a drunk driving accident in which two people were killed. He pled
guilty to several offenses before trial and was found guilty of the remaining charges. After
the proper merger of offenses, Appellant’s convictions were two counts of aggravated
vehicular homicide, one count of reckless endangerment, driving on a revoked license,
evading arrest, resisting arrest, leaving the scene of the accident, five counts of failure to
render aid, failure to obey a traffic device and violation of the financial responsibility law.
The trial court sentenced Appellant to an effective sentence of thirty years and eight months.
Appellant appeals his convictions and his sentences. Appellant raises several issues on
appeal. He argues that: (1) the trial court erred in denying his request for change of venue;
(2) the trial court erred in denying his request for sequestration of the jury; (3) the trial court
erred in denying Appellant’s various motions to suppress his statements to law enforcement
and his seizure in a car; (4)the trial court erred in denying his motion to exclude the testimony
of the State’s accident reconstructionist as an expert witness; (5) the trial court erred in
allowing the State to present a photograph of the victims’ car; (6) the trial court erred in
failing to sever DUI, fourth offense from aggravated vehicular homicide; (7) the trial court
erred in excluding the testimony of Travis Battles who was going to testify to updates to the
traffic light since the accident; (8) the State did not sufficiently prove the chain of custody
of Appellant’s blood sample submitted for blood alcohol testing; (9) the evidence was not
sufficient to support his convictions; (10) the sentencing scheme for aggravated vehicular
homicide is unconstitutional; (11) the trial court erred in imposing the length of his sentences,
as well as imposing consecutive sentences; and (12) the trial court erred in its evidentiary
rulings on various pieces of evidence. We have thoroughly reviewed the record on appeal
and conclude that the issues raised do not warrant reversal of the judgments below.
Therefore, we affirm the judgments of the trial court.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Circuit Court are Affirmed
J ERRY L. S MITH, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which JOSEPH M. T IPTON, P.J., and
D ONALD P. H ARRIS, S R. J. , joined.

C. Brent Keeton, Manchester, Tennessee, for the appellant, Zacheriah Holden.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Lindsy Paduch Stempel, Assistant
Attorney General; and Lisa Zavogiannis, District Attorney General, for the appellee, State
of Tennessee.

OPINION

Factual Background

On July 7, 2008, Appellant and his girlfriend, Heather Heck, began their day by
loading his son and her son into Appellant’s white Chevrolet Blazer. Their first stop was a
Wal-Mart where Appellant purchased a case of beer. Appellant drove to Manchester,
Tennessee and took the boys swimming in a nearby creek. After swimming, Appellant drove
his girlfriend and the children to the home of Kenneth Maynard. They arrived at Mr.
Maynard’s home around 3:30 or 4:00 p.m. Mr. Maynard testified that Appellant entered his
house with a beer in his hand.

About an hour later, Appellant, Ms. Heck, the children, and Mr. Maynard drove to
visit Mr. Maynard’s mother, Vicky Durham. On the way to her house, they stopped at a
bridge 50 to 60 feet above the stream below. Appellant saw several teenagers jump off the
bridge, and he decided to do the same. According to Ms. Heck, after the jump, Appellant
was complaining about his neck. Appellant, Ms. Heck, and Mr. Maynard arrived at Ms.
Durham’s house where they continued to drink.

When they left Ms. Durham’s house, the group decided to stop at the grocery store to
purchase food for a cook-out. Appellant was driving. They returned to Mr. Maynard’s house
and cooked on the grill. Mr. Maynard testified that the adults continued to drink while
preparing the food. Ms. Heck testified that they all drank Kool-Aid, but Mr. Maynard said
that the adults continued to drink alcohol after the children went to bed. Mr. Maynard
testified that he believed that Ms. Heck, Appellant, and the children were going to spend the
night at his house. When he went to bed, at 9:30 p.m., Ms. Heck was asleep on the couch.
Mr. Maynard was awakened the next morning by Ms. Durham beating on his door. She had
heard that Appellant was involved in an accident, and Ms. Durham wanted to see if Mr.
Maynard also was involved.

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 Pamela Lawson testified she was returning home to McMinnville from Manchester
on the evening in question. As she left Manchester, she noticed a car approaching quickly
from behind. The car “got right up on [her] bumper.” She moved over so that the car could
pass her. She noticed that the car was a white Chevrolet Blazer. After the Blazer passed her,
she continued to Morrison. When she arrived at the red light in Morrison, she saw some
traffic congestion and realized that there had been an accident. She saw the white Blazer
sitting on the side of the road. Ms. Lawson stated that she traveled that road every day and
had never noticed a problem with the Morrison traffic light.

At around 10:50 p.m. on July 7, 2008, Kimberly Shea Miller and her brother, Noah
Drake were returning home from a friend’s house. As they approached the intersection at
Highways 55 and 287, they stopped at the Morrison red light. They noticed a white Blazer
coming from the opposite direction towards them. Ms. Miller testified that she noticed the
Blazer because the stop light was red, and she thought the vehicle was traveling too fast as
it approached the red light. She was turning right, and as she was turning, she saw another
car enter the intersection. Mr. Drake said that he also saw a car turning into the intersection
as Ms. Miller made her turn. After she turned, they both heard a “huge crash.” Mr. Drake
saw the cars slide through the intersection.

That same evening, Rayford and Vada Elam, the victims, were returning home from
their great-grandchild’s baseball game. Their car was in the intersection when Appellant
collided with their vehicle.

Ms. Miller turned into a nearby parking lot at Hullett’s gas station, and she and Mr.
Drake ran to the crash. Ms. Miller ran to the white Blazer in the intersection, and Mr. Drake
ran to the car in the ditch. When she got to the white Blazer, a man got out of the driver’s
side and said, “check my kids.” He also told her to call 911. Ms. Miller identified Appellant
as the man who got out of the vehicle. She did not know where he went after that, but she
said that he left the scene. She looked in the car and saw a woman in the passenger seat and
two children in the backseat. Ms. Miller ran to the other car, that was in the ditch, and saw
a man and a woman. They did not respond when she spoke to them. She testified that it was
obvious to her that they were dead or unconscious.

Mr. Drake first ran to the car that ended up in the ditch. He found two people in the
car, and he stated that he could tell that they were deceased. He ran back to the white Blazer
and saw the driver “stumble” out of the car. The driver said, “check on my babies.” Mr.
Drake stated that the driver had on a green shirt and shorts. He did not see the driver again.

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 Lisa Davidson, Jennifer Wright, and Chad Wright were meeting at Hullett’s gas
station after returning from a swim meet on July 7, 2008. When Ms. Davidson pulled out of
the gas station parking lot, she noticed a car coming really fast towards the intersection, so
she instinctively stayed in the turn lane. She saw that the nearby stop light was red. As she
turned, she heard a crash and immediately turned back into the parking lot. She attempted
to call 911 because several other people ran to the two vehicles involved. She was unable
to reach 911 and went to the Blazer. She saw a woman and two children in the Blazer. She
never saw a driver. She went to the other car involved and immediately determined that the
two occupants were dead.

Mr. and Mrs. Wright also witnessed the accident. Mrs. Wright pulled into Hullett’s
parking lot. After she parked, a man approached her and asked her to call 911. She replied
that her son was calling 911. The man walked toward her car, and she followed him because
her children were alone in her car. The man asked her son if he had called 911. He
responded that he was on the telephone with 911 at that time. Mrs. Wright did not see the
man again. When she arrived at the Blazer, there was no one in the driver’s seat. Mr. Wright
testified that he saw the white Blazer hit the car. He saw the other car go into a ditch and saw
the white Blazer slide to a stop. Mr. Wright went to check on the Blazer. There was no
driver in the vehicle. However, he recalled that he saw a man running across the highway
saying someone should call 911. At the time, Mr. Wright thought that it had been a
bystander.

Heather Roach was coming home from a softball game on the evening in question
when she reached the site of the accident. She pulled up near the accident and saw a man
wearing a green shirt get out of the Blazer. She asked if everyone was okay, and he said no.
She turned around, and when she turned back to the man, he was running from the scene.
At trial, Ms. Roach identified Appellant as the man wearing a green shirt that she saw get out
of the Blazer.

When emergency personnel arrived, they confirmed that the two victims in the car in
the ditch were dead. They noticed the driver’s side door of the Blazer was standing open.
The passenger and two children were examined. One child was flown out on lifelight. The
passenger and other child were taken to the hospital by ambulance.

The night in question, June Jones had been shopping with her daughter. She was
returning home and noticed some police officers standing in the road. She slowed down to
stop, but the officers motioned her to keep going. She turned down Jacksboro Road. She
saw a younger man waving at her to stop. She thought he might be in trouble, so she pulled
over and rolled down the window to ask him if he was alright. He opened the car door and
got inside. He told Ms. Jones that he needed a ride up the road. After driving a short way

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up the road, she asked if he needed to be let out. She testified that it was clear that the man
did not know where he was. About that time, an officer pulled her over. An officer
approached her car and took Appellant from her car and placed him in the patrol car. At trial,
Ms. Jones identified Appellant as the person who got into her car.

Warren County Sheriff’s Deputy Brad Myers was searching for the driver of the white
Blazer. He was on Jacksboro Road when he noticed a car pulled over on the side of the road.
Deputy Myers saw a person get into the car. Because he had received a call that the driver
of the Blazer had been seen walking on Jacksboro Road, Deputy Myers pulled the car in
question over onto the side of the road. At trial, Deputy Myers identified the individual in
the car as Appellant. Deputy Myers got Appellant out of the car and noticed that Appellant
smelled of alcohol, had slurred speech, and had red, glazed eyes. Deputy Myers opined that
Appellant “appeared to be impaired or intoxicated on some substance.”

Deputy Myers placed Appellant in the rear of his patrol car and returned to Ms. Jones
in order to get a statement from her. Deputy Myers looked back at his patrol car and saw
Appellant, still in handcuffs, running away from the patrol car. Deputy Myers and other
officers ran after Appellant across a bean field. Deputy Myers tackled Appellant and
apprehended him after chasing him for about 200 yards. When Appellant was apprehended
he was very combative. An officer informed Appellant that he had killed two people in the
accident, and Appellant responded that he “didn’t give a fuck.” When the officers returned
to the patrol car, they informed Appellant of his Miranda rights. In reply, Appellant said,
“Fuck you.”

Appellant was returned to the scene of the accident. Trooper Marty Terry, with the
Tennessee Highway Patrol, interviewed him. He said that Appellant was wearing a green
shirt and shorts. Appellant admitted that he had been driving the white Blazer. Appellant
told Trooper Terry that the victims had pulled out in front of him while he was driving down
the road. Trooper Terry asked Appellant where he was. Appellant said that he was on State
Route 64 in Lincoln County. When asked how much he had to drink, Appellant responded
that he had consumed three to five beers. He did not recall any passengers being in the
Blazer with him. Appellant told Trooper Terry that he ran from the scene because he “heard
the cops coming.” Trooper Terry asked Appellant to take some field sobriety tests.
Appellant responded that he would not be able to complete them. Trooper Terry testified that
Appellant’s assessment of his ability was correct. Appellant was unable to successfully
complete the tests.

Trooper Terry inventoried Appellant’s vehicle. He found multiple, empty Bud Light
cans in the Blazer. Trooper Terry found Appellant’s billfold in a pair of blue jeans. The
billfold did not contain a driver’s license. Instead, it contained a card that is like a driver’s

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license but is for identification only. The blue jeans also contained a bag in the watch pocket.
When Trooper Terry looked at the contents of the bag, he concluded that the substance
appeared to be marijuana. Trooper Terry sent the contents of the bag to the Tennessee
Bureau of Investigation (“TBI”) lab. After advising Appellant of his Miranda rights,
Trooper Terry asked Appellant about the marijuana, and Appellant admitted that it was
marijuana and that it belonged to him.

Trooper Randy Maynard, with the Tennessee Highway Patrol, transported Appellant
to River Park Hospital. Trooper Maynard explained the implied consent form to Appellant,
and Appellant appeared to understand the form. Appellant agreed to a blood test.

The laboratory assistant who drew Appellant’s blood testified at trial that she could
smell alcohol on Appellant. She stated that he appeared to be intoxicated. She drew
Appellant’s blood at 12:56 a.m. on July 8, 2008. This was roughly two hours after the
accident. The results of the toxicology report on this sample was a blood alcohol content of
0.21. A forensic toxicology expert, Dr. Kenneth Ferslew, testified at Appellant’s trial that
Appellant’s maximum blood alcohol content would have been 0.249, based upon the 0.21
result two hours after the incident. Dr. Ferslew stated that this level of intoxication would
result in “psycho motor impairment” which in reference to driving would affect reaction
times and change ones perception of environment, speed, distance, and time.

Dr. Nigel Fontinal was on duty as an emergency room physician the night of the
accident. He treated Appellant at 1:10 a.m. on July 8, 2008. Dr. Fontinal testified that
Appellant appeared intoxicated, but he was cooperative during the physical examination.
Appellant complained that he “hurt all over” and specifically stated that his knee hurt. Dr.
Fontinal ordered an x-ray, but he did not find any significant injuries. He also testified that
he found no signs of head trauma with regard to Appellant. Dr. Fontinal also treated Ms.
Heck, Appellant’s girlfriend. She had a one and a half inch long laceration on her head that
had to be closed with staples. For that reason, Dr. Fontinal was concerned about head
trauma. He ordered several tests, the results of which were all normal. Dr. Fontinal also
treated four-year-old Hunter Holden, who was a passenger in the car driven by Appellant.
Hunter had some abrasions and bruising, but he was not seriously injured. At 2:45 a.m., the
bodies of the victims arrived at the hospital where Dr. Fontinal drew blood samples from
both victims.

The Warren County Grand Jury indicted Appellant for four counts of vehicular
homicide; five counts of reckless endangerment; two counts of driving under the influence,
fourth offense; driving while license cancelled, suspended or revoked, third offense; evading
arrest; resisting stop, frisk, halt, arrest, or search; leaving the scene of an accident involving
death or personal injury; simple possession or casual exchange; five counts of violation of

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the duty to give information and render aid; failure to obey any required traffic-control
device; violation of the financial responsibility law; and eight counts of aggravated vehicular
homicide.

Appellant pled guilty before trial to driving while license cancelled, suspended, or
revoked, third offense; evading arrest; resisting arrest; simple possession; and five counts of
violation of the duty to give information and render aid. At the conclusion of a jury trial, the
jury found Appellant guilty of two counts of vehicular homicide; two counts of reckless
homicide; five counts of reckless endangerment; two counts of driving under the influence,
third offense; leaving the scene of an accident involving death or personal injury; failure to
obey any required traffic-control device; violation of the financial responsibility law; and six
counts of aggravated vehicular homicide. The trial court merged all five convictions for
reckless endangerment into one count. The trial court also merged the convictions of
vehicular homicide, reckless homicide, and DUI, third offense, and all but one of the
convictions of aggravated homicide into one conviction of aggravated vehicular homicide
for each victim. Therefore, for sentencing purposes, the trial court sentenced Appellant for
two convictions of aggravated vehicular homicide and one conviction for reckless
endangerment, as well as his other convictions. Appellant’s effective sentence was thirty
years and eight months. Appellant appeals both his convictions and his sentences.

Change of Venue

Appellant argues that the trial court erred in denying his pre-trial motion for a change
of venue. His motion was based upon the media publicity in the community connected with
his case. The State argues that Appellant has not shown that any jurors were biased or
prejudiced against him and, therefore, the trial court did not err.

A change of venue may be granted “when a fair trial is unlikely because of undue
excitement against the defendant in the county where the offense was committed or for any
other cause.” Tenn. R. Crim. P. 21(a) (2006). A motion for change of venue is left to the
sound discretion of the trial court, and the trial court’s ruling will be reversed on appeal only
upon a clear showing of an abuse of that discretion. State v. Howell, 868 S.W.2d 238, 249
(Tenn. 1993); State v. Hoover, 594 S.W.2d 743, 746 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1979). The mere fact
that jurors have been exposed to pretrial publicity will not warrant a change of venue. State
v. Mann, 959 S.W.2d 503, 531-32 (Tenn. 1997). Similarly, prejudice will not be presumed
on the mere showing of extensive pretrial publicity. State v. Stapleton, 638 S.W.2d 850, 856
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1982). In fact, jurors may possess knowledge of the facts of the case and
may still be qualified to serve on the panel. State v. Bates, 804 S.W.2d 868, 877 (Tenn.
1991). Before a conviction will be overturned on a venue issue, the appellant must
demonstrate on appeal that the jurors were biased or prejudiced against him. State v. Melson,

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638 S.W.2d 342, 360-61 (Tenn. 1982). The test is whether the jurors who actually sat on the
panel and rendered the verdict and sentence were prejudiced. State v. Kyger, 787 S.W.2d 13,
18-19 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1989). This Court has quoted the United States Supreme Court
stating the following:

“[E]xtensive knowledge in the community of either the crimes or the putative
criminal is not sufficient by itself to render a trial unconstitutionally unfair,”
and the court may not presume unfairness based solely upon the quantity of
publicity “in the absence of a ‘trial atmosphere . . . utterly corrupted by press
coverage.’”

State v. Crenshaw, 64 S.W.3d 374, 387 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2001) (quoting Dobbert v.
Florida, 432 U.S. 282, 303, 97 S. Ct. 2290, 53 L. Ed. 2d 344 (1977) (quoting Murphy v.
Florida, 421 U.S. 794, 798, 95 S. Ct. 2031, 53 L. Ed. 2d 344 (1975))). The burden of proof
is on the defendant to show that the jurors were biased or prejudiced against him. Id. at 394;
see also State v. Blackwell, 664 S.W.2d 686, 689 (Tenn. 1984); State v. Garland, 617 S.W.2d
176, 187 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1981).

We have also stated:

Furthermore, the scope and extent of voir dire is left to the sound discretion of
the trial court. State v. Smith, 993 S.W.2d 6, 28 (Tenn.1999). Jurors who have
been exposed to pretrial publicity may sit on the panel if they can demonstrate
to the trial court that they can put aside what they have heard and decide the
case on the evidence presented at trial. State v. Gray, 960 S.W.2d 598, 608
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1997).

State v. William Glenn Rogers, No. M2002-01798-CCA-R3-DD, 2004 WL 1462649, at *19
(Tenn. Crim. App., at Nashville, Jun. 30, 2004), reh’g denied, (Tenn. Aug. 27, 2004).

Relevant factors to consider in determining whether to grant a motion for a change of
venue include: (1) nature, extent, and timing of pre-trial publicity; (2) nature of publicity as
fair or inflammatory; (3) the particular content of the publicity; (4) the degree to which the
publicity complained of has permeated the area from which the venire is drawn; (5) the
degree to which the publicity circulated outside the area from which the venire is drawn; (6)
the time elapsed from the release of the publicity until the trial; (7) the degree of care
exercised in the selection of the jury; (8) the ease or difficulty in selecting the jury; (9) the
veniremen’s familiarity with the publicity and its effect, if any, upon them as shown through
their answers on voir dire; (10) the defendant’s utilization of his peremptory challenges; (11)
the defendant’s utilization of his challenges for cause; (12) the participation by police or by

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prosecution in the release of publicity; (13) the severity of the offense charged; (14) the
absence or presence of threats, demonstrations or other hostility against the defendant; (15)
size of the area from which the venire is drawn; (16) affidavits, hearsay, or opinion testimony
of witnesses; and (17) nature of the verdict returned by the trial jury. Hoover, 594 S.W.2d
at 746.

For there to be a reversal of a conviction based upon a claim that the trial court
improperly denied a motion for a change of venue, the “defendant must demonstrate that the
jurors who actually sat were biased or prejudiced against him.” State v. Evans, 838 S.W.2d
185, 192 (Tenn. 1992) (citing State v. Burton, 751 S.W.2d 440, 451 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1988)).

Consequently, we must examine the impartiality of the trial jurors in the case herein.
The trial court gave each person on the jury venire a questionnaire to complete. Potential
juror members who indicated that they knew the parties or knew of the case were called into
the trial judge’s chambers for questioning by both the State and Appellant. The trial court
allowed a thorough voir dire of potential jurors by attorneys for both Appellant and the State.
Fifteen of the potential jurors indicated that they had some knowledge of the case from the
newspaper. Only one of the fifteen jurors indicated he had a bias based upon the newspaper.
The trial court excused that juror from service. The remaining jurors claimed to have no
preconceived opinion on the guilt or innocence of Appellant. Appellant has provided no
evidence of bias other than his assertions that the media coverage created bias in the jury.
Appellant failed to show that the jury was actually biased or prejudiced against him. We
determine that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying the motion for change
of venue. Appellant is not entitled to relief on this issue.

Sequestration of Jurors

Appellant argues on appeal that the trial court erred in denying his motion requesting
the sequestration of the jury. The State argues that the trial court did not err in denying this
motion.

Our criminal code provides that “[i]n all criminal prosecutions, except those in which
a death sentence may be rendered, jurors shall only be sequestered at the sound discretion of
the trial judge, which shall prohibit the jurors from separating at times when they are not
engaged upon actual trial or deliberation of the case.” T.C.A. § 40-18-116. A trial court’s
denial of a request for sequestration of the jury is reviewed on an abuse of discretion basis.
See State v. John Fred Howard, No. W2008-00208-CCA-R3-CD, 2009 WL 1034506, at *8
(Tenn. Crim. App., at Jackson, Apr. 17, 2009), perm. app. denied, (Tenn. Sept. 28, 2009).

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 At the hearing on Appellant’s motion to sequester, the trial court stated the following:

The issue of sequestration I will probably also deal with after we get the jury,
while we’re picking the jury and find out how much they claim to know and
so forth. If we get a jury from here it may be that I grant that request. I think
it is certainly within my discretion and I would probably come as close to
granting that in this case as I would in any.

The trial court subsequently filed an order holding the issue in abeyance until the jury
was selected. Other than the pre-trial motion, we have been unable to locate any other
occasion where Appellant requested the sequestration of the jury. At the hearing on the
motion for new trial, the trial court stated with respect to sequestration, “I didn’t see any
problem with them going home at night. All of the jurors were warned not to listen to the
news, not to read the newspaper and I don’t find that any of them were affected by not being
sequestered.”

Our review of the record leads us to the conclusion that the trial court did not abuse
its discretion in denying Appellant’s request for a sequestered jury. The trial court was
aware of the media stories concerning Appellant. The trial court conducted individual voir
dire to examine the jurors who admitted on the questionnaire that they knew of the accident
from news coverage. The trial court and the parties asked questions to determine whether
the potential jurors who had read the news stories could remain objective and fair. The trial
court dismissed the one juror who stated he could not be impartial and appeared to be biased
by pretrial publicity. The trial court admonished the jury to steer clear of media coverage of
the trial. There was no indication that the jury was exposed to any media coverage during
the trial. There is no evidence in the record that the jury engaged in any improper extraneous
communications with non-jury members.

In light of these facts, we cannot find any prejudice suffered by Appellant as a result
of the trial court’s denial of his motion to sequester the jury. Under these circumstances, the
trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying Appellant’s request that the jury be
sequestered.

Motions to Suppress

Appellant argues that his incriminating statements to police should be suppressed as
well as the result of his blood alcohol test.

“This Court will uphold a trial court’s findings of fact in a suppression hearing unless
the evidence preponderates otherwise.” State v. Hayes, 188 S.W.3d 505, 510 (Tenn. 2006)

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(citing State v. Odom, 928 S.W.2d 18, 23 (Tenn. 1996)). On appeal, “[t]he prevailing party
in the trial court is afforded the ‘strongest legitimate view of the evidence and all reasonable
and legitimate inferences that may be drawn from that evidence.’” State v. Carter, 16
S.W.3d 762, 765 (Tenn. 2000) (quoting State v. Keith, 978 S.W.2d 861, 864 (Tenn. 1998)).
“Questions of credibility of the witnesses, the weight and value of the evidence, and
resolution of conflicts in the evidence are matters entrusted to the trial judge as the trier of
fact.” Odom, 928 S.W.2d at 23. Our review of a trial court’s application of law to the facts
is de novo, with no presumption of correctness. State v. Walton, 41 S .W.3d 75, 81 (Tenn.
2001) (citing State v. Crutcher, 989 S.W.2d 295, 299 (Tenn. 1999); State v. Yeargan, 958
S.W.2d 626, 629 (Tenn. 1997)). When the trial court’s findings of fact are based entirely on
evidence that does not involve issues of witness credibility, however, appellate courts are as
capable as trial courts of reviewing the evidence and drawing conclusions, and the trial
court’s findings of fact are subject to de novo review. State v. Binette, 33 S.W.3d 215, 217
(Tenn. 2000). Further, we note that “in evaluating the correctness of a trial court’s ruling on
a pretrial motion to suppress, appellate courts may consider the proof adduced both at the
suppression hearing and at trial.” State v. Henning, 975 S.W.2d 290, 299 (Tenn. 1998).

Suppression of Statements

Appellant argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress his
statements made both at the scene and two hours later at the hospital. Appellant argues he
was too intoxicated to understand his Miranda rights, and therefore did not freely and
voluntarily make his statements to police.

The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides in pertinent part that
“no person . . . shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself.” U.S.
Const. amend. V. Similarly, Article I, Section 9 of the Tennessee Constitution states that “in
all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall not be compelled to give evidence against
himself.” Tenn. Const. art. I, § 9. However, an accused may waive this right against
self-incrimination. Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694
(1966). The Supreme Court held that a suspect may knowingly and intelligently waive the
right against self-incrimination only after being apprised of these rights. Id. at 479.
Accordingly, for a waiver of the right against self-incrimination to be constitutionally valid,
the accused must make an intelligent, knowing, and voluntary waiver of the rights afforded
by Miranda. Id. at 444. In considering the totality of the circumstances a court should
consider:

[T]he age of the accused; his lack of education or his intelligence level; the
extent of his previous experience with the police; the repeated and prolonged

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 nature of the questioning; the length of the detention of the accused before he
gave the statement in question; the lack of any advice to the accused of his
constitutional rights; whether there was an unnecessary delay in bringing him
before a magistrate before he gave the confession; whether the accused was
injured intoxicated or drugged, or in ill health when he gave the statement;
whether the accused was deprived of food, sleep or medical attention; whether
the accused was physically abused; and whether the suspect was threatened
with abuse.

State v. Huddleston, 924 S.W.2d 666, 671 (Tenn. 1996) (quoting People v. Cipriano, 429
N.W.2d 781 (Mich. 1988)). However, no single factor is necessarily determinative. State v.
Blackstock, 19 S.W.3d 200, 208 (Tenn. 2000) (citing Fairchild v. Lockhart, 744 F.Supp.
1429, 1453 (E.D. Ark. 1989)). Further, “[a] trial court’s determination that a confession was
given knowingly and voluntarily is binding on the appellate courts unless the defendant can
show that the evidence preponderates against the trial court’s ruling.” State v. Keen, 926
S.W.2d 727, 741 (Tenn. 1994).

A court may conclude that a defendant voluntarily waived his rights if, under the
totality of the circumstances, the court determines that the waiver was uncoerced and that the
defendant understood the consequences of waiver. State v. Stephenson, 878 S.W.2d 530, 545
(Tenn. 1994). In order to be considered voluntary, the statement “must not be extracted by
any sort of threats or violence, nor obtained by any direct or implied promises, however
slight, nor by the exertion of any improper influence.” State v. Kelly, 603 S.W.2d 726, 727
(Tenn. 1980)(quoting Bram v. United States, 168 U.S. 532, 542-43, 18 S. Ct. 183, 42 L. Ed.
568 (1897)). However, “[a] defendant’s subjective perception alone is not sufficient to
justify a conclusion of involuntariness in the constitutional sense.” State v. Smith, 933
S.W.2d 450, 455 (Tenn. 1996). Instead, “‘coercive police activity is a necessary predicate
to finding that a confession is not voluntary . . . .’” Id. (quoting State v. Brimmer, 876
S.W.2d 75, 79 (Tenn. 1994)).

At the hearing on the motion to suppress, the trial court determined that Appellant
understood his Miranda warnings. The trial court stated the following:

Based on the testimony of everyone here today the defendant appeared to be
under the influence of an intoxicant but there were many questions asked,
sometimes numerous times that he was able to understand and he asked – he
gave his name. He understood. He told where he had been. When the
question was asked, how much have you had to drink, he gave an appropriate
response, whether it was accurate or not, I had X number of beers. He
remembered having an accident. He didn’t know exactly what town he was

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 in but he knew he did not have a license because of his driving under the
influence conviction, knew of those. Knew that his child was with him and
could not think of the other person. So I think based on the totality of the
circumstances, what he knew, what he didn’t know, the defendant was able to
give consent for the blood test and was able to understand his Miranda rights.

The record supports the findings of the trial court. The officers testified that
Appellant was intoxicated, but he was responding appropriately to the majority of the
questions they posed. Appellant has not shown that the evidence preponderates against the
findings of the trial court that he understood his Miranda rights.

Therefore, this issue is without merit.

Suppression of Blood Alcohol Results

Appellant argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress the test
results from the blood alcohol test because he did not have the capacity to consent to the
extraction of his blood because of his level of intoxication.

Appellant bases his argument on Tennessee Code Annotated section 55-10-406(e)
which provides that the results of a defendant’s blood alcohol test may be admissible in
criminal prosecutions for aggravated assault or vehicular homicide when the defendant’s
blood was “obtained by any means lawful,” even when the defendant did not consent to
having his blood withdrawn. See State v. Huskins, 989 S.W.2d 735, 738 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1998) (stating that subsection 55-10-406(e) addresses “the admissibility of otherwise lawfully
obtained test results where the sample was not voluntarily taken, i.e. when the defendant
refuses to submit voluntarily to testing or when the defendant is unconscious or otherwise
incapable of rendering consent at the time the sample is drawn”).

However, this statute is not applicable to this case. Appellant was not unconscious
and did not refuse to submit to the blood alcohol test. Appellant argues that he was too
intoxicated to consent. However, as noted above with respect to Appellant’s statements, the
trial court determined that despite Appellant’s intoxication, he was able to understand his
rights and to voluntarily and knowingly waive them. The evidence does not preponderate
against the conclusion that Appellant voluntarily consented to a blood alcohol test.

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 Re-Mirandized

Appellant argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress
Appellant’s statements and holding that Appellant did not need to be “re-Mirandized”
between statements he made at the scene of the wreck and the statement he made at the
hospital.

In Wyrick v. Fields, 459 U.S. 42, 103 S. Ct. 394, 74 L. Ed. 2d 214 (1982), the United
States Supreme Court decided against instituting a rule to require law enforcement to
re-advise a suspect of his Miranda rights when there has been a break between bouts of
questioning. The Court stated that such a rule would be “an unjustifiable restriction on
reasonable police questioning.” Id. at 49. Therefore, when a defendant makes a valid waiver
of his Miranda rights that waiver remains valid unless the circumstances change requiring
a new advice of rights. The circumstances must change to such an extent that the suspect’s
answers to police questioning are no longer voluntary or he is no longer making a knowing
and intelligent waiver of his rights. Id. at 47. Appellate courts must examine the totality of
the circumstances to determine whether renewed warnings are required. Id. at 48.

The following factors have been put forth for consideration when an appellate court
assesses the totality of the circumstances: 1) the amount of time that has passed since the
waiver; 2) any change in the identity of the interrogator, the location of the interview, or the
subject matter of the questioning; 3) any official reminder of the prior advisement; 4) the
suspect’s sophistication or past experience with law enforcement; and 5) any indicia that the
suspect subjectively understands and waives his rights. See People v. Mickle, 54 Cal.3d 140,
284 Cal. Rptr. 511, 814 P.2d 290, 305 (1991). This list of factors is not exhaustive because
there is an infinite variety of circumstances that may be presented. Also, the weight given
to different factors will vary depending on the particular facts of the case.

Tennessee cases have upheld the admissibility of statements made the day after
administration of Miranda warnings. See Reaves v. State, 523 S.W.2d 218, 220 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 1975); Mitchell v. State, 458 S.W.2d 630, 633 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1970). The change
in the location of the questioning did not mandate repeated Miranda warnings. See State v.
Aucoin, 756 S.W.2d 705, 709-10 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1988) (defendant made initial statement
at scene following waiver of Miranda rights and then gave subsequent statement at police
station without receiving additional warnings); State v. Pride, 667 S.W.2d 102, 104 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 1983)(defendant made initial statement at scene following waiver of Miranda
rights and then gave subsequent statement at police station without receiving additional
warnings).

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 In the case at hand, the trial court stated the following:

Lastly, I believe that [Appellant’s trial counsel] raised the question
about being re-Mirandized. This incident did not occur over a lengthy period
of time. It did not occur from one day to another. He was not transported
from cities to different cities across the state or something like that and so this
was all really it appears one event. There was the accident. He ran away.
They picked him up. Brought him back. Read him his Miranda Rights. Took
him very soon thereafter to the hospital and so I don’t find there was any need
to be re-Mirandized and also it appears that while Trooper Crain did continue
his questioning with the defendant and on occasion the defendant mentioned
that his knee was hurting and he needed some help, the defendant evidently
was able to respond, was being treated, was in the hospital and the doctor was
on his or her way because the doctor came in and I think the response was it
was about a 13 minute interview. The doctor finally walks in without having
an additional request for him or her to be there and so evidently treatment was
in the process and they were just questioning him in between the time that he
was checked in and the doctor responded. So I don’t find that to be wrong.

Deputy Myers advised Appellant of his Miranda rights and placed him in the patrol
car. Appellant was transported to the scene of the accident and subsequently taken to the
hospital by Trooper Maynard. About an hour and a half later, while at the hospital, Appellant
was questioned for approximately thirteen minutes on audiotape. We conclude under the
totality of the circumstances that a subsequent Miranda warning was not necessary. While
he was being questioned in a separate place and by new law enforcement officials, the span
of time was relatively short and Appellant was in custody of law enforcement at all times.
Nothing occurred between Appellant’s arrest and his trip to the hospital that would
necessitate new Miranda warnings.

As in the issues above, Appellant has failed to prove that the facts in evidence
preponderate against the findings of the trial court with respect to this issue.

Unconstitutional Seizure

Appellant argues that the trial court erred in determining that the stop of the driver’s
car in which he was riding constituted an unconstitutional seizure and, therefore, his arrest
and any evidence obtained therefrom was fruit of the poisonous tree. The State disagrees.

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 Both the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and article I, section
7 of the Tennessee Constitution protect individuals against unreasonable searches and
seizures by government agents. See U.S. Const. amend. IV; Tenn. Const. art. I, § 7. “These
constitutional provisions are designed to ‘safeguard the privacy and security of individuals
against arbitrary invasions of government officials.’” State v. Keith, 978 S.W.2d 861, 865
(Tenn. 1998) (quoting Camara v. Mun. Ct., 387 U.S. 523, 528, 87 S. Ct. 1727, 18 L. Ed. 2d
930 (1967)). The Tennessee Supreme Court has noted previously that “[a]rticle I, [section]
7 [of the Tennessee Constitution] is identical in intent and purpose with the Fourth
Amendment [of the United States Constitution],” and that federal cases applying the Fourth
Amendment should be regarded as “particularly persuasive.” Sneed v. State, 423 S.W.2d
857, 860 (Tenn. 1968).

Under both constitutions, “a warrantless search or seizure is presumed unreasonable,
and evidence discovered as a result thereof is subject to suppression unless the State
demonstrates that the search or seizure was conducted pursuant to one of the narrowly
defined exceptions to the warrant requirement.” Yeargan, 958 S.W.2d at 629 (citing
Coolidge v. New Hampshire, 403 U.S. 443, 454-55, 91 S. Ct. 2022, 29 L. Ed. 2d 564 (1971));
see also State v. Garcia, 123 S.W.3d 335, 343 (Tenn. 2003).

One of these narrow exceptions occurs when a law enforcement officer initiates an
investigatory stop based upon specific and articulable facts that the defendant has either
committed a criminal offense or is about to commit a criminal offense. Terry v. Ohio, 392
U.S. 1, 20-21, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 20 L. Ed. 2d 889 (1968); Binette, 33 S.W.3d at 218. This
narrow exception has been extended to the investigatory stop of vehicles. See United States
v. Brignoni-Ponce, 422 U.S. 873, 881, 95 S. Ct. 2574, 45 L. Ed. 2d 607 (1975); State v.
Watkins, 827 S.W.2d 293, 294 (Tenn. 1992). In evaluating whether the law enforcement
officer had reasonable suspicion to justify an investigatory stop, this Court must consider the
totality of the circumstances, which includes the personal observations and rational
inferences and deductions of the trained law enforcement officer making the stop. See Terry,
392 U.S. at 21; Binette, 33 S.W.3d at 218; Watkins, 827 S.W.2d at 294. Objective standards
apply, rather than the subjective beliefs of the officer making the stop. State v. Day, 263
S.W.3d 891, 903 (Tenn. 2008); State v. Norword, 938 S.W.2d 23, 25 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1996). “An officer making an investigatory stop must be able to articulate something more
than an ‘inchoate and unparticularized suspicion or hunch.’” Day, 263 S.W.3d at 902
(quoting Terry, 392 U.S. at 27). This includes, but is not limited to, objective observations,
information obtained from other police officers or agencies, information obtained from
citizens, and the pattern of operation of certain offenders. Id.; Watkins, 827 S.W.2d at 294
(citing United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 418, 101 S. Ct. 690, 66 L. Ed. 2d 621 (1981)).
A court must also consider the rational inferences and deductions that a trained police officer
may draw from the facts and circumstances known to him. Terry, 392 U.S. at 21.

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 The trial court made the following findings at the hearing on the motion to suppress:

I think under the circumstances the stop was extremely appropriate. Any time
you have a serious crime that appears to have just been committed, your
information is that someone is running from the scene, you get a description,
it’s late at night in a rural part of the county and you see a car stopped on a
rural road with someone getting in the vehicle then the vehicle pulling slowly
away, I think you have every obligation as a law enforcement officer to
conduct a brief investigatory stop to see if that person is there. Otherwise, if
somebody runs away as soon as they leave the scene, you can’t look for them
unless you actually see that person specifically up close. That would be
terribly difficult to investigate crime. So I think the stop was valid . . . .

We conclude that Appellant has not demonstrated that the evidence preponderates
against the findings of the trial court. Officer Myers was charged with the task of locating
the driver of the white Blazer late at night. He was given a description. As he was searching,
he noticed a car stop on a deserted country road and saw someone get in the car. Under the
totality of the circumstances, we conclude that the officer had a reasonable suspicion to
justify an investigatory stop. See id.

Therefore, this issue is without merit.

Expert Witness

Appellant argues that witness Trooper Johnny Farley, who testified as an accident
reconstructionist, did not have the necessary qualifications to testify as an expert witness.
Appellant argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to exclude Trooper Farley’s
testimony. The State argues that there was no abuse of discretion on the part of the trial
court.

Rule 702 of the Tennessee Rules of Evidence governs the admissibility of expert
testimony. It provides:

If scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will substantially assist
the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a
witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or
education may testify in the form of an opinion or otherwise.

Tenn. R. Evid. 702.

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 Rule 703 of the Tennessee Rule of Evidence provides that:

The facts or data in the particular case upon which an expert bases an opinion
or inference may be those perceived by or made known to the expert at or
before the hearing. If of a type reasonably relied upon by experts in the
particular field in forming opinions or inferences upon the subject, the facts or
data need not be admissible in evidence. . . . The court shall disallow
testimony in the form of an opinion or inference if the underlying facts or data
indicate lack of trustworthiness.

Determinations regarding the admissibility of expert testimony are left to the sound
discretion of the trial court. State v. Ballard, 855 S.W.2d 557, 562 (Tenn. 1993). On appeal,
our standard of review is whether the trial court abused its discretion by allowing the expert
testimony. Before reversing the trial court’s determination, we must determine that the
record shows that the trial court “applied an incorrect legal standard, or reached a decision
which is against logic or reasoning that caused an injustice to the party complaining.” State
v. Shirley, 6 S.W.3d 243, 247 (Tenn. 1999) (quoting State v. Shuck, 953 S.W.2d 662, 669
(Tenn. 1997)).

Rule 703 of the Tennessee Rules of Evidence contemplates three possible sources
from which an expert may base his/her opinion: (1) information actually perceived by the
expert; (2) information made known to the expert by others; and (3) information reasonably
relied upon by experts in the particular field. See Tenn. R. Evid. 703; see also Neil P. Cohen,
et. al., Tennessee Law of Evidence §§ 7.03(3), 7.03(4), 7.03(5). In other words, Rule 703
contemplates that inherently reliable information is admissible to show the basis for an
expert’s opinion, even if the information would otherwise constitute inadmissible hearsay.
See Tenn. R. Evid. 703. It is not uncommon for an expert witness’s opinion to be based on
facts or data that are not admissible into evidence but are reliable. See Cohen et al.,
Tennessee Law of Evidence § 7.03(4).

In McDaniel v. CSX Transportation, Inc., 955 S.W.2d 257 (Tenn. 1997), our supreme
court addressed the admissibility of scientific evidence under Tennessee Rules of Evidence
702 and 703. Citing Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 113 S.
Ct. 2786, 125 L. Ed. 2d 469 (1993), the court held that evidence and expert testimony
regarding scientific theory must be both relevant and reliable before it can be admitted.
McDaniel, 955 S.W.2d at 265. The court also listed several nonexclusive factors that trial
courts may consider when determining the reliability of scientific expert testimony,
including:

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 (1) whether the scientific evidence has been tested and the methodology with
which it has been tested; (2) whether the evidence has been subjected to peer
review or publication; (3) whether a potential rate of error is known; (4)
whether the evidence is generally accepted in the scientific community; and (5)
whether the expert’s research in the field has been conducted independent of
litigation.

Id.

Our review of Trooper Farley’s testimony incorporates both his testimony at the
hearing on the motion in limine and at the trial. At the hearing and trial, Trooper Farley
testified as to his qualifications, training, and the factual bases upon which he formulated his
opinions. He stated that he had been assigned to the Tennessee Highway Patrol Critical
Incident Response Team for two years. The Critical Incident Response Team is the arm of
the Tennessee Highway Patrol that responds to accidents with fatalities and to vehicular
homicides. As training for this assignment, Trooper Farley attended Basic Traffic Crash
Investigation, Advanced Traffic Crash Investigation, Traffic Crash Reconstruction,
Computer Collision Diagramming, Crash Date Retrieval Technician Course, and Crash Data
Retrieval Analyst Course. He took these classes at the Georgia Public Safety Training
Center, the Tennessee Highway Patrol Training Center, or at L.P.T.M. in Jacksonville,
Florida. At the time of the trial, Trooper Farley had completed 50 accident reconstructions.
He spends 95% of his time working on crash reconstructions.

Appellant’s trial counsel cross-examined Trooper Farley about his qualifications.
Trooper Farley stated that he did not have any mathematical or scientific training other than
what he had in high school. He agreed that he did not have a college degree. He admitted
that Appellant’s trial was his first time to testify as an expert. The trial court qualified
Trooper Farley as an expert in accident reconstruction.

Appellant argues that Trooper Farley was not qualified to testify as an expert witness.
Appellant states the following to support his argument:

In the trial, Johnny Farley testified . . that he did not have any college level
classes and did not hav[e] any training in physics, engineering, calculus. Mr.
Farley had no mathematical or scientific training other than what he took in
grade school. The trial was the first time that Johnny Farley had testified as
an expert witness. Mr. Farley had no other training other than a two (2) week
training course. Mr. Farley admitted at trial that in the motions hearing that he

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 could not work through his mathematical formula to calculate speed from
memory.

(citations to transcript on appeal omitted).

Appellant has not cited to any authority that requires an expert witness to have the
levels of higher education Appellant would require for expert witness or that the expert
witness must have previously been qualified as an expert witness. Furthermore, this Court
has approved officers with similar qualifications in accident reconstruction. See State v.
Darrell Anderson, No. W2008-00188-CCA-R3-CD, 2010 WL 1444319, at *23 (Tenn. Crim.
App., at Jackson, Apr. 9, 2010), perm. app. denied, (Tenn. Sept. 1, 2010); State v. David L.
Davis, No. 324, 1990 WL 198161, at *2 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Knoxville, Dec. 10, l990).

Therefore, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in determining
that Trooper Farley was qualified to testify as an expert in accident reconstruction.

Admissibility of Photograph

Appellant argues that the trial court erred in admitting a photograph of the accident
depicting the victims in the car before their bodies were removed. The State argues that the
trial court did not abuse its discretion in allowing the photographs into evidence.

To be admissible, evidence must satisfy the threshold determination of relevancy
mandated by Rule 401 of the Tennessee Rules of Evidence. See, e.g., State v. Banks, 564
S.W.2d 947, 949 (Tenn. 1978). Rule 401 defines “relevant evidence” as being “evidence
having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the
determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the
evidence.” Tenn. R. Evid. 401. However, relevant “evidence may be excluded if its
probative value is substantially outweighed by . . . the danger of unfair prejudice.” Tenn. R.
Evid. 403; see also Banks, 564 S.W.2d at 951.

Graphic, gruesome, or even horrifying photographs of crime victims may be admitted
into evidence if they are relevant to some issues at trial and probative value is not outweighed
by their prejudicial effect. Banks, 564 S.W.2d at 949-51. On the other hand, “if they are not
relevant to prove some part of the prosecution’s case, they may not be admitted solely to
inflame the jury and prejudice them against the defendant.” Id. at 951 (citing Milam v.
Commonwealth, 275 S.W.2d 921 (Ky. 1955)). The decision as to whether such photographs
should be admitted is entrusted to the trial court, and that decision will not be reversed on
appeal absent a showing of abuse of discretion. Id. at 949; State v. Dickerson, 885 S.W.2d
90, 92 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993).

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 The term “undue prejudice” has been defined as “ ‘[a]n undue tendency to suggest
decision on an improper basis, commonly, though not necessarily, an emotional one.’”
Banks, 564 S.W.2d at 951 (quoting Fed. R. Evid. 403, Advisory Committee Comments). In
Banks, the Supreme Court gave the trial courts guidance for determining the admissibility
of relevant photographic evidence and determined that a trial court should consider, (1) the
accuracy and clarity of the picture and its value as evidence; (2) whether the picture depicts
the body as it was found; (3) the adequacy of testimonial evidence in relating the facts to the
jury; and (4) the need for the evidence to establish a prima facie case of guilt or to rebut the
defendant’s contentions. Id. at 951.

Prior to trial, the State presented six photographs of the accident scene to use at the
trial. After viewing the photographs, the trial court determined that only one of the
photographs was admissible at trial. The trial court stated that the one admissible photograph
was “not overly prejudicial and it does give a pretty good description of the accident and the
damage to the car.” The trial court did state that “[t]here is severe damage to the car, and
there again, they know that there are decedents in the car. People died in the wreck.”

Although he photograph in question is of the victims’ vehicle before the victims’
bodies were removed, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
admitting the photograph. It was not overly prejudicial for the jury to see the victim’s bodies
in the car because the photograph was from a distance and angle such that only one of the
victim’s heads was visible, there was very little blood and, as stated by the trial court, the jury
already knew that the victims were deceased. The State was entitled to show the damage to
the victim’s car and position of the car as a result of the violent collision of the cars.

Therefore, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion with respect to
the issue.

Severance of Offenses

Appellant argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to sever the charge
of DUI, fourth offense from the charge of aggravated vehicular homicide. The State argues
that the trial court did not err.

Appellant primarily relies on Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-13-218(c) which
requires bifurcation of the jury proceedings when a defendant is charged with aggravated
vehicular homicide. Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-13-218(c) requires the jury to
consider whether a defendant has the requisite number of prior offenses and/or level of blood
alcohol concentration necessary for aggravated vehicular homicide “separately” from their
deliberation regarding a defendant’s guilt of vehicular homicide.

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 Appellant argues that the fact that the jury was presented with evidence of his blood
alcohol level to prove the charge of DUI, fourth offense, violated the provisions of Tennessee
Code Annotated section 39-13-218(c). Appellant maintains that this provision prohibits the
introduction of evidence of his .21 blood alcohol level in the proceeding to determine
whether he is guilty of vehicular homicide which occurs prior to the proceeding where the
jury determines whether he is guilty of aggravated vehicular homicide.

This Court has previously addressed this same basic argument in State v. Carl David
Burnette, No. M1999-2490-CCA-R3-CD, 2000 WL 1681075 (Tenn. Crim. App., at
Nashville, Nov. 9, 2000), perm. app. denied, (Tenn. May 14, 2001). In Carl David Burnette,
this Court stated the following:

Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-213(a), in pertinent part, defines vehicular
homicide as “the reckless killing of another by the operation of an automobile
. . . (1) [a]s the proximate result of conduct creating a substantial risk of death
or serious bodily injury to a person; or (2) [a]s the proximate result of the
driver’s intoxication as set forth in § 55-10-401. For purposes of this section,
‘intoxication’ includes alcohol intoxication as defined by § 55-10-408 . . . .”
Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-213(a) (1997). Section 55-10-401(a)(1) makes it
unlawful to drive while “under the influence of any intoxicant” and section
55-10-401(a)(2) proscribes driving while “[t]he alcohol concentration in such
[driver’s] blood or breath is ten-hundredths of one percent (10%) or more.”
Tenn. Code Ann. § 55-10-401(a)(1) and (2) (1997). Section 55-10-408 allows
an inference of intoxication for purposes of proving a violation of §
55-10-401(a)(1) where evidence shows there was .10% or more of alcohol in
defendant’s blood. Tenn. Code Ann. § 55-10-408(a) (1997). Where
applicable, as in this case, the jury must consider the driver’s blood alcohol
concentration for the crime of vehicular homicide because it is necessary to
prove as an element of the offense.

Aggravated vehicular homicide is a separate offense related to vehicular
homicide. The Tennessee state legislature enhanced the penalty for vehicular
homicide where the defendant has (1) two or more prior convictions for
driving under the influence of an intoxicant, vehicular assault, or any
combination of such offenses; (2) one or more prior convictions for vehicular
homicide; or (3) at the time of the offense, twenty-hundredths of one percent
(.20%) or more of alcohol in his or her blood and also a prior conviction for
driving under the influence of an intoxicant or vehicular assault. See Tenn.
Code Ann. § 39-13-218(a)(1)-(3) (1997). Aggravated vehicular homicide is
a Class A felony. Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-218(d) (1997). In essence, the

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legislature added an element to the crime of vehicular homicide to make it
“aggravated” which can be satisfied in one of the various ways enumerated
above. As in the case with vehicular homicide as a result of driver
intoxication, it is clear that the jury must find intoxication beyond a reasonable
doubt to convict for the aggravated offense under subsection (a)(3) (which
requires proof that (1) there was at the time of the offense twenty-hundredths
of one percent (.20%) or more of blood alcohol in the defendant’s blood and
(2) the defendant has one prior conviction for DUI or vehicular assault). Tenn.
Code Ann. § 39-13-218(a)(3) (1997). Since intoxication is an element of both
vehicular homicide and aggravated vehicular homicide and conviction for the
former is a prerequisite to finding guilt for the latter, the jury must consider
evidence of blood alcohol levels in both determinations.

Sub-section (c) of the statute for aggravated homicide requires that the
jury’s deliberations concerning this offense be bifurcated. It states:

If the defendant is charged with aggravated vehicular homicide,
the indictment, in a separate count, shall specify, charge and
give notice of the required prior conviction or convictions. If the
defendant is convicted of vehicular homicide under §
39-13-213(a)(2), the jury shall then separately consider whether
the defendant has the requisite number and types of prior
offenses and/or level of blood alcohol concentration necessary
to constitute the offense of aggravated vehicular homicide. If the
jury convicts the defendant of aggravated vehicular homicide,
the court shall pronounce judgment and sentence the defendant
from within the felony classification set out in subsection (d)
[for a Class A felony].

Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-218(c) (1997). Defendant contends that subsection
(c) enjoins the jury from considering blood alcohol content in a charge for
aggravated vehicular homicide where blood alcohol was previously considered
in the underlying charge of vehicular homicide. However, nothing in the
statutory language leads to this conclusion.

....

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 We therefore interpret § 39-13-218(c) to first require that the jury find
a defendant guilty of vehicular homicide under § 39-13-213(a)(2). Subsection
39-13-213(a)(2) states that the level of driver intoxication required for this
offense is “set forth in §§ 55-10-401” and includes alcohol “‘intoxication’ as
defined by § 55-10-408 . . . .” “Intoxication” under § 55-10-401(a) is satisfied
by proof that a defendant was driving while “(1) [u]nder the influence of any
intoxicant, marijuana, narcotic drug, or drug producing stimulating effects on
the central nervous system; or (2)[t]he alcohol concentration in such person’s
blood or breath is ten-hundredths of one percent (.10%) or more.” Section
55-10-408(a) allows an inference of “intoxication” sufficient to violate §
55-10-401(a)(1) when evidence is presented that there was, at the time alleged,
ten-hundredths of one percent (.10%) or more by weight of alcohol in the
defendant’s blood. See Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 55-10-401, -408 (1997). Clearly,
the level of intoxication which satisfies the crime of vehicular homicide is
substantially less than that level required for aggravated vehicular homicide.
In circumstances where the jury finds a defendant guilty of vehicular homicide,
the jury can then be required to separately determine whether the elements are
present for the enhanced offense. This involves finding sufficient proof to
show that the defendant’s blood alcohol level was .20%, again, a significant
increase over that level which satisfies vehicular homicide (.10%), in addition
to proof of at least one prior conviction for either driving under the influence
or vehicular assault. It is entirely plausible that a jury may find proof of blood
alcohol sufficient to find guilt of vehicular homicide only. This form of
deliberation, which we believe was contemplated by the legislature, requires
a second and distinct determination only after the first is completed and the
defendant is found guilty.

Carl David Burnette, 2000 WL 1681075 , at *7-9.

Therefore, there is no basis upon which to grant a severance of DUI, fourth offense
from the charges of aggravated vehicular homicide. To the contrary, the initial proof needed
for the DUI, fourth offense charge is also required for the initial proceedings under the
statutory required bifurcated proceeding to prove vehicular homicide.

Additionally, Appellant argues that his convictions for DUI, fourth offense and
aggravated vehicular homicide violate his protections against double jeopardy. However, the
trial court merged the DUI conviction into that of aggravated vehicular homicide. Therefore,
there is no double jeopardy issue present in the instant case. See State v. Rhodes, 917 S.W.2d
708, 713-14 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995).

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 Limitation of Testimony of Travis Battles

Appellant argues that the trial court erred when it prohibited Travis Battles from
testifying about modifications made after the accident to the traffic light at the intersection
where the accident occurred. The State argues that the trial court did not err.

The same rules with regard to admissibility of evidence and the determination as to
whether evidence is relevant set out above applies to this issue. We reiterate that a trial court
abuses its discretion in regards to the admissibility of evidence only when it “applie[s] an
incorrect legal standard, or reach[es] a decision which is against logic or reasoning that
cause[s] an injustice to the party complaining.” State v. Shirley, 6 S.W.3d 243, 247 (Tenn.
1999) (quoting State v. Shuck, 953 S.W.2d 662, 669 (Tenn. 1997)).

At the time of the trial, Travis Battles had been a city alderman from July 7, 2008,
through the time of trial. Appellant presented him as a witness at trial. The trial court
allowed Appellant to make an offer of proof outside the presence of the jury. Mr. Battles
testified that there had been a meeting of the city aldermen on November 3, 2008, in which
Mr. Battles requested that the city install strobe lights on all the stop lights along Manchester
Highway, which would include the light involved in the accident. The trial court had
previously ruled that Mr. Battles could not testify regarding this information. Appellant was
allowed to present the witness, and the witness agreed, in front of the jury, that something
could have been done to make the light more visible.

Initially, we point out that there was no evidence presented that the traffic light in
question was not working properly. Mr. Battles was presented to testify regarding
subsequent measures taken by the city to make the traffic light more visible after the
accident. This fact that the city attempted to make all the traffic lights on Manchester
Highway more visible to drivers does not make it more probable or less probable that
Appellant was intoxicated, ran the red light, and collided with the victims. In addition, Mr.
Battles testified during the offer of proof that the strobe lights were installed on all the lights
on that stretch of road, not just the light at the intersection where the accident occurred. This
information does not show, as we assume Appellant is attempting to argue, that the light
involved was somehow not visible which was an aberration. Clearly, by installing strobe
lights on all of the traffic lights, the alderman was attempting to make all of the lights more
visible. We conclude that this evidence was not relevant at trial. There was no abuse of
discretion by the trial court in excluding this testimony.

Therefore, this issue is without merit.

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 Chain of Custody

Appellant argues that the trial court erred in admitting evidence about the blood
sample because the State did not establish an unbroken chain of custody for the sample.
Appellant bases his argument on the fact that the State did not present the testimony of the
forensic technician who retrieved the sample from the drop box at the TBI agent laboratory.
The State argues that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the evidence. We
agree with the State.

Rule 901(a) of the Tennessee Rules of Evidence provides that “[t]he requirement of
authentication or identification as a condition precedent to admissibility [of evidence] is
satisfied by evidence sufficient to the court to support a finding by the trier of fact that the
matter in question is what its proponent claims.” The testimony of a witness with knowledge
“that a matter is what it is claimed to be” is sufficient. Tenn. R. Evid. 901(b)(1). Once this
foundation has been established, the “trier of fact then makes the ultimate decision of
whether the item is actually what it purports to be.” Cohen et al., Tennessee Law of
Evidence § 9.01[2][a].

This Court has stated, “As a condition precedent to the introduction of tangible
evidence, a witness must be able to identify the evidence or establish an unbroken chain of
custody.” State v. Goodman, 643 S.W.2d 375, 381 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1982). The purpose
of the chain of custody requirement is to “demonstrate that there has been no tampering, loss,
substitution, or mistake with respect to the evidence.” State v. Braden, 867 S.W.2d 750, 759
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1993). While the State is not required to establish facts which exclude
every possibility of tampering, the circumstances established must reasonably assure the
identity of the evidence and its integrity. State v. Ferguson, 741 S.W.2d 125, 127 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 1987). This rule does not require absolute certainty of identification. Ritter v.
State, 462 S.W.2d 247, 250 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1970). Absent sufficient proof of the chain
of custody, however, the “evidence should not be admitted . . . unless both identity and
integrity can be demonstrated by other appropriate means.” Cohen et al., Tennessee Law of
Evidence § 9.01[13][c]. A leading treatise on evidence explains:

The concept of a “chain” of custody recognizes that real evidence may be
handled by more than one person between the time it is obtained and the time
it is either introduced into evidence or subjected to scientific analysis.
Obviously, any of these persons might have the opportunity to tamper with,
confuse, misplace, damage, substitute, lose and replace, or otherwise alter the
evidence or to observe another doing so. Each person who has custody or
control of the evidence during this time is a “link” in the chain of custody.
Generally, testimony from each link is needed to verify the authenticity of the

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 evidence and to show that it is what it purports to be. Each link in the chain
testifies about when, where, and how possession or control of the evidence was
obtained; its condition upon receipt; where the item was kept; how it was
safeguarded, if at all; any changes in its condition during possession; and
when, where and how it left the witness’s possession.

Id. The issue addresses itself to the sound discretion of the trial court; its determination will
not be disturbed in the absence of a clearly mistaken exercise of such discretion. State v.
Beech, 744 S.W.2d 585, 587 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1987); State v. Johnson, 673 S.W.2d 877,
881 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1984). “Reasonable assurance, rather than absolute assurance, is the
prerequisite for admission.” State v. Kilpatrick, 52 S.W.3d 81, 87 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2000).

In the past this Court has examined factual scenarios that are similar to the case
herein. In State v. Terry Scott, No. E2003-00360-CCA-R3-CD, 2003 WL 22326980 (Tenn.
Crim. App., at Knoxville, Oct. 9, 2003), the defendant was convicted of DUI. On appeal, he
argued that the State failed to prove a proper chain of custody for his blood sample. Id. at
*1. The defendant was transported to the hospital in an ambulance from the scene of an
automobile accident. The police officer was present at the hospital when the blood was
drawn and personally packaged and shipped the sample to the TBI. Id. The samples were
received by the TBI and logged by an evidence clerk. A special agent with the TBI
performed the drug screen. The person who tested the sample at the TBI did not testify. Id.
This Court determined that the “testimony of [the police officer] and [the TBI evidence clerk]
provided the beginning and ending ‘links’ of the chain. The position of [the technician who
tested the sample] was established by [the evidence clerk’s] testimony and documented by
standard TBI records.” Id. at *3 (citing State v. Bobby Wells, Jr., No. E2000-
01496-CCA-R3-CD, 2001 WL 725305 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Knoxville, June 28, 2001),
perm. app. denied, (Tenn. Oct. 1, 2001) (finding sufficient chain of custody for admission
of drug evidence notwithstanding failure of TBI lab technician who received and logged the
evidence to testify)). We determined that the testimony introduced along with the fact that
there was no evidence of tampering with the blood samples amounted to a proper basis for
the admission of the testing. Terry Scott, 2003 WL 22326980, at *3.

Additionally, in another case, this Court determined that the trial court properly
admitted the results of the blood alcohol test despite the lack of testimony from the hospital
employee who drew the blood from Appellant and the testimony from the TBI employee who
received the blood sample at the TBI laboratory. See State v. Michael Joseph Arbuckle, No.
M2000-2885-CCA-R3-CD, 2001 WL 1545494, at *2-3 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Nashville, Dec.
5, 2001), perm. app. denied, (Tenn. May 28, 2002). In Michael Joseph Arbuckle, the State
presented the testimony of the police officer who observed the blood sample being drawn.
Id. at *3. The officer was responsible for placing the sample in the evidence locker to be

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mailed to the TBI. The trial court also heard testimony from the TBI agent regarding the
procedure for documenting and receiving blood samples and that there was no evidence of
tampering of the blood sample. Id. This Court upheld the admission of the blood alcohol
test and determined that the State’s proof of chain of custody was sufficient. Id.

At trial, Lieutenant Maynard testified that he saw River Park Hospital laboratory
technician Michelle Young draw a sample of Appellant’s blood. Lieutenant Maynard took
the sample from Ms. Young and sealed it in a protective box. This sample was delivered by
Lieutenant Maynard to evidence custodian, Trooper Carrie Ragland. Trooper Ragland
testified that she hand-delivered the blood sample to the TBI laboratory in Nashville.

TBI Agent Jennifer Hall testified that the sample was placed in the drop box at the
TBI laboratories. She said that a forensic technician, Shelayla Smith, retrieved the sample
from the drop box. Agent Hall testified as to the procedure that the forensic technicians
follow as far as having only one sample open at a time. After Ms. Smith retrieved the box
and processed the contents, she transferred the blood samples to Agent Hall. After receiving
the sample, Agent Hall tested it and concluded that Appellant had a blood alcohol content
of .21. She testified that there was nothing unusual about the sample and nothing to imply
that the sample had been adulterated.

We conclude that the evidence presented at trial “reasonably assure[s] the identity”
of the blood sample. See Ferguson, 741 S.W.2d 127. The testimony of Trooper Hunt, Ms.
Garrett, and Mr. Harrison has sufficiently shown that the blood sample submitted for testing
was Appellant’s blood and, therefore, the resulting 0.21 percent blood alcohol level of the
blood can be assumed to be the blood alcohol level of Appellant’s blood at that time.

Sufficiency of the Evidence

On appeal, Appellant argues that the evidence is insufficient to sustain his convictions.
The State disagrees.

To begin our analysis, we note that when a defendant challenges the sufficiency of the
evidence, this Court is obliged to review that claim according to certain well-settled
principles. A verdict of guilty, rendered by a jury and “approved by the trial judge, accredits
the testimony of the” State’s witnesses and resolves all conflicts in the testimony in favor of
the State. State v. Cazes, 875 S.W.2d 253, 259 (Tenn. 1994); State v. Harris, 839 S.W.2d
54, 75 (Tenn.1992). Thus, although the accused is originally cloaked with a presumption of
innocence, the jury verdict of guilty removes this presumption “and replaces it with one of
guilt.” State v. Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d 913, 914 (Tenn. 1982). Hence, on appeal, the burden
of proof rests with the defendant to demonstrate the insufficiency of the convicting evidence.

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Id. The relevant question the reviewing court must answer is whether any rational trier of
fact could have found the accused guilty of every element of the offense beyond a reasonable
doubt. See Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e); Harris, 839 S.W.2d at 75. In making this decision, we
are to accord the State “the strongest legitimate view of the evidence as well as all reasonable
and legitimate inferences that may be drawn therefrom.” See Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d at 914.
As such, this Court is precluded from re-weighing or reconsidering the evidence when
evaluating the convicting proof. State v. Morgan, 929 S.W.2d 380, 383 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1996); State v. Matthews, 805 S.W.2d 776, 779 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990). Moreover, we may
not substitute our own “inferences for those drawn by the trier of fact from circumstantial
evidence.” Matthews, 805 S.W.2d at 779. Further, questions concerning the credibility of
the witnesses and the weight and value to be given to evidence, as well as all factual issues
raised by such evidence, are resolved by the trier of fact and not the appellate courts. State
v. Pruett, 788 S.W.2d 559, 561 (Tenn. 1990).

Appellant makes no specific assertions as to how the evidence was insufficient. He
merely states, “In the case at bar, the Appellant states that the evidence presented by the
prosecution is insufficient to sustain the judgments against him in this matter necessitating
a reversal of the judgments.”

We have reviewed the record on appeal, and after viewing the evidence in the light
most favorable to the State, we conclude that the evidence is sufficient to support his
convictions.

Therefore, this issue is without merit.

Sentencing Scheme is Unconstitutional

Appellant argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to declare the
sentence for aggravated vehicular homicide unconstitutional because it constitutes cruel and
unusual punishment for an offense that requires reckless conduct as opposed to intentional
conduct. The State disagrees.

The court reviews issues of constitutional interpretation de novo with no presumption
of correctness given to the legal conclusions of the court below because such an issue is a
question of law. State v. Burns, 205 S.W.3d 412, 414 (Tenn. 2006) (citing S. Constructors,
Inc. v. Loudon County Bd. Of Educ., 58 S.W.3d 706, 710 (Tenn. 2001)).

The Eighth Amendment of the United States Constitution prohibits cruel and unusual
punishment. With regard to capital cases, the Eighth Amendment requires that the
punishment imposed must be proportional to the severity of the offense. State v. Harris, 844

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S.W.2d 601, 602 (Tenn. 1992). However, “reviewing courts should grant substantial
deference to the broad authority legislatures possess in determining punishments for
particular crimes; ‘[o]utside the context of capital punishment, successful challenges to the
proportionality of particular sentences [will be] exceedingly rare.’” Id. at 602 (quoting Solem
v. Helm, 463 U.S. 277, 289-90 (1983)) (emphasis in original). The Supreme Court has
stated, “Severe, mandatory penalties may be cruel, but they are not unusual in the
constitutional sense . . . .” Harmelin v. Michigan, 501 U.S. 957, 994 (1991) (holding that life
without parole for conviction for possessing 672 grams of cocaine constitutional); State v.
Hinsley, 627 S.W.2d 351, 355 (Tenn. 1982) (finding sentencing provisions of the habitual
drug offender act constitutional); State v. Teresa Fithiam, No. 03C01-9610-CC-00381, 1997
WL 665988 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Knoxville, Oct. 28, 1997) (upholding statute that imposed
a mandatory thirty-day incarceration period for child endangerment); State v. Danny Lee
Holder, No. 01-C-01-9501-CC-00015, 1996 WL 125905 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Nashville,
Mar. 22, 1996) (determining mandatory service of the entire sentence for defendants
convicted of rape of a child constitutional).

A mandatory sentence, in and of itself, does not violate the more expansive
application to noncapital sentencing by our supreme court of article I, section 16 of the
Tennessee Constitution. When considering the constitutionality of a mandatory sentence, we
first compare the crime committed to the sentence received. Harris, 844 S.W.2d at 603.
“Unless this threshold comparison leads to an inference of gross disproportionality, the
inquiry ends – the sentence is constitutional.” Id. However, in the few cases when the
inference arises, the court must compare the sentence as applied to other criminals in the
jurisdiction and sentences for the same crime in other jurisdictions. Id.

In the case at hand, Appellant was under the influence of alcohol, marijuana, and pain
killers. He drove at an excessive speed. Other motorists testified that they altered their
driving because they noticed how fast Appellant was driving. He then ran a red light,
according to multiple eye-witnesses, and ran into the side of the victims’ car pushing the car
out of the intersection and into a nearby ditch. Both victims died as a result of the violent
and intense nature of the accident.

Aggravated vehicular homicide is a Class A felony. The range of sentence for a Class
A felony is fifteen to sixty years. For a Range I, standard offender, the range is fifteen to
twenty-five years. When viewing the facts supporting Appellant’s convictions we conclude
that a sentence of twenty-five years for the loss of a life is a just sentence. The fact that the
statute requires a mens rea of reckless as opposed to intentional does not alter the fact that
fifteen to twenty-five years is a proportional and just sentence. Because we find no “gross
disproportionality” in the imposition of a twenty-five year sentence for this crime, our inquiry
ends here and the sentence is constitutional. See id.

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 Therefore, this issue is without merit.

Sentencing

Appellant argues that the trial court erred in imposing the length of his sentence as well
as ordering his sentences to be served consecutively. The State disagrees.

Appellate review of sentencing is for abuse of discretion. We must apply “a
presumption of reasonableness to within-range sentencing decisions that reflect a proper
application of the purposes and principles of our Sentencing Act.” See State v. Bise, 380
S.W.3d 682, at 707 (Tenn. 2012).

In making its sentencing determination, the trial court, at the conclusion of the
sentencing hearing, first determines the range of sentence and then determines the specific
sentence and the appropriate combination of sentencing alternatives by considering: (1) the
evidence, if any, received at the trial and the sentencing hearing; (2) the presentence report;
(3) the principles of sentencing and arguments as to sentencing alternatives; (4) the nature and
characteristics of the criminal conduct involved; (5) evidence and information offered by the
parties on the enhancement and mitigating factors; (6) any statistical information provided by
the administrative office of the courts regarding sentences for similar offenses; (7) any
statements the defendant wishes to make in the defendant's behalf about sentencing; and (8)
the potential for rehabilitation or treatment. T.C.A. §§ 40-35-210(a), (b), -103(5); State v.
Williams, 920 S.W.2d 247, 258 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995).

The trial court is still required to place on the record its reasons for imposing the
specific sentence, including the identification of the mitigating and enhancement factors
found, the specific facts supporting each enhancement factor found, and the method by which
the mitigating and enhancement factors have been evaluated and balanced in determining the
sentence. See Bise, 380 S.W.3d at 705 n. 41; State v. Samuels, 44 S.W.3d 489, 492 (Tenn.
2001). Thus, under Bise, “[a] sentence should be upheld so long as it is within the appropriate
range and the record demonstrates that the sentence is otherwise in compliance with the
purposes and principles listed by statute.” Bise, 380 S.W.3d at 709-10.

Length of Sentences

Appellant puts forth his argument regarding the length of his sentence only to his
twenty-five year sentences imposed for his convictions for aggravated vehicular homicide.
He merely argues that the sentence should be reduced to fifteen years. He does not argue that
any specific enhancement factors were improperly applied or that additional mitigating factors
should have been applied. He states that his sentence should be reduced.

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 Because Appellant makes no specific argument that any of the enhancement factors
were inappropriately applied, we can only assume that he disagrees with the weight given to
those enhancement factors. Aggravated vehicular homicide under Tennessee Code Annotated
section 39-13-218 is a Class A felony. The sentencing range for Range I, Class A felony is
fifteen years to twenty five years. Appellant’s sentence is within the appropriate range and
the record demonstrates that the trial court complied with the purposes and principles listed
in the statute.

Consecutive Sentences

Appellant also argues that his consecutive sentences were also imposed improperly.
He argues that all his sentences should have been run concurrently.

Under Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-115(a), if a defendant is convicted of
more than one offense, the trial court shall order the sentences to run either consecutively or
concurrently. A trial court may impose consecutive sentencing upon a determination that one
or more of the criteria set forth in Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-115(b) exists.
This section permits the trial court to impose consecutive sentences if the court finds, among
other criteria, that:

(2) The defendant is an offender whose record of criminal activity is extensive;

....

(4) The defendant is a dangerous offender whose behavior indicates little or no
regard for human life, and no hesitation about committing a crime in which the
risk to human life is high; . . . .

T.C.A. § 40-35-115(b)(2), (4). When imposing a consecutive sentence, a trial court should
also consider general sentencing principles, which include whether or not the length of a
sentence is justly deserved in relation to the seriousness of the offense. See State v. Imfeld,
70 S.W.3d 698, 708 (Tenn. 2002). The imposition of consecutive sentencing is in the
discretion of the trial court. See State v. Adams, 973 S.W.2d 224, 230-31 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1997).

Once again, Appellant puts forth no argument specifying in what way the trial court
erred in imposing consecutive sentences. The trial court based the imposition of consecutive
sentences on factor (2), “the defendant is an offender whose record of criminal activity is

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extensive, . . . ” and (4), “the defendant is a dangerous offender whose behavior indicates little
or no regard for human life, and no hesitation about committing a crime in which the risk to
human life is high; . . . .”

As stated above, this section also permits the trial court to impose consecutive
sentences if the court finds, among other criteria, that “the defendant is a dangerous offender
whose behavior indicates little or no regard for human life, and no hesitation about
committing a crime in which the risk to human life is high.” T.C.A. § 40-35-115(b)(4).
However, before ordering the defendant to serve consecutive sentences on the basis that he
is a dangerous offender, the trial court must find that the resulting sentence is reasonably
related to the severity of the crimes, necessary to protect the public against further criminal
conduct, and in accord with the general sentencing principles. See State v. Imfeld, 70 S.W.3d
698, 708-09 (Tenn. 2002); State v. Wilkerson, 905 S.W.2d 933, 938-39 (Tenn. 1995).

In the case at hand, the trial court did not make the requisite findings to apply
consecutive sentencing based upon Appellant being a dangerous offender. However, only one
factor needs to be present to support consecutive sentencing.

At the time of the accident, Appellant was twenty-three. Between the ages of
seventeen and twenty-one, Appellant had two weapons offenses, three convictions of driving
under the influence, two convictions of underage drinking and possession of alcohol, one
conviction of driving with a suspended license, and two violations of probation. We agree
with the trial court that this is an extensive criminal history for such a young defendant. This
record demonstrates that Appellant has a clear disregard for the law. We conclude that this
is sufficient proof of extensive criminal activity to support the imposition of consecutive
sentences.

Miscellaneous Evidence Arguments

Appellant’s final argument is that the trial court erred in overruling several objections
to the introduction of various pieces of evidence both during pretrial and trial. With regard
to all of his assertions he argues that the trial court erred in determining the evidence’s
relevance. He additionally argues that all the errors together cumulatively affected the
judgment. The State argues that the trial court did not err.

The Tennessee Rules of Evidence embody, and our courts traditionally have
acknowledged, “a policy of liberality in the admission of evidence in both civil and criminal
cases . . . .” State v. Banks, 564 S.W.2d 947, 949 (Tenn. 1978); see also State v. Robinson,
930 S.W.2d 78, 84 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995). To be admissible, evidence must satisfy the
threshold determination of relevancy mandated by Rule 401 of the Tennessee Rules of

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Evidence. See, e.g., Banks, 564 S.W.2d at 949. Rule 401 defines “relevant evidence” as
being “evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence
to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the
evidence.” Tenn. R. Evid. 401. However, relevant “evidence may be excluded if its probative
value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice . . . .” Tenn. R. Evid. 403;
see also Banks, 564 S.W.2d at 951. The determination of relevancy is left to the discretion
of the trial court, and this Court will not overturn a trial court’s determination in this regard
in the absence of an abuse of discretion. State v. Forbes, 918 S.W.2d 431, 449 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 1995).

Appellant argues the following: (1) that testimony that the victims’ great-grandchildren
could have been in the car during the wreck should have been excluded as irrelevant; (2) that
testimony about the number of empty beer cans and pop-tops in Appellant vehicle should have
been excluded as irrelevant; (3)Appellant’s response of “I don’t give a fuck” when told he
killed two people should have been excluded as irrelevant; (4) Appellant’s testimony that he
believed that the light was green when he went through the intersection should not have been
excluded as irrelevant. After thorough review of the record, we conclude that there was no
abuse on the part of the trial court in its decisions regarding these pieces of evidence. As
stated above, we must find an abuse of discretion to overturn a trial court’s determination of
relevancy. Therefore, we find no basis to overturn the trial court’s determination.

Furthermore, because we have found no error we find no cumulative error sufficient
to overturn the judgments.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the judgments of the trial court are
affirmed.

___________________________________
JERRY L. SMITH, JUDGE

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