FILED IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
March 25, 2008 AT NASHVILLE
Cecil Crowson, Jr. MARCH SESSION, l995
Appellate Court Clerk
STATE OF TENNESSEE )
)
APPELLEE ) NO. 0lC0l-94l0-PB-00365
)
) DAVIDSON COUNTY
V. )
) HON. JAMES R. EVERETT, JR.
) JUDGE
DANNY LEE ROSS, JR. )
) (Vehicular Homicide - 3 counts)
APPELLANT )
FOR THE APPELLANT: FOR THE APPELLEE:
Edward T. Kindall Charles W. Burson
Attorney at Law Attorney General
227 2nd Ave., North, 2nd Floor
Nashville, TN 3720l William David Bridgers
Assistant Attorney General
450 James Robertson Parkway
Nashville, TN 37243-0493
Victor S. Johnson, III
District Attorney General
Bernard F. McEvoy
Asst. Dist. Attorney General
Suite 500, Washington Square Bldg.
222 Second Avenue, South
Nashville, TN 3720l
AFFIRMED
OPINION FILED:______________________
JERRY SCOTT, PRESIDING JUDGE
OPINION
On February 10, 1994, the appellant was convicted by a jury of his peers
of three counts of vehicular homicide by intoxication.1 Following a sentencing
hearing, the appellant was sentenced to six years incarceration for each count
with each sentence to be served consecutively. Much aggrieved by his
convictions and resultant sentences, the appellant appeals from the judgment of
the trial court pursuant to Rule 3, Tenn. R. App. P.
On appeal, the appellant does not contest his convictions, but instead
challenges the appropriateness of the sentences imposed. He presents two
distinct issues for review by this Court: (a) whether the trial court erred in
enhancing the appellant's sentence to the maximum sentence within the
statutory range and (b) whether the trial court erred in ordering the sentences of
the appellant to be served consecutively. As to both issues, we find no error.
At approximately 8:40 p.m. on February 11, 1993, the appellant
proceeded through a red light at the intersection of Donelson Pike and Lakeland
Drive in Nashville, resulting in a fatal collision. Eyewitnesses testified that the
appellant, travelling in excess of the speed limit, failed to stop for the red light
and continued into the intersection without decelerating. The appellant's vehicle
struck the side of a vehicle driven by Pamela Tidwell and also occupied by her
seventeen year-old son, Blake Tidwell, and his fifteen year-old girlfriend, Keri
Scheib. The Tidwell vehicle was struck with sufficient momentum to propel it
into a third vehicle before coming to rest against a telephone pole. As a result of
the crash, Ms. Tidwell, her son, and his girlfriend sustained fatal injuries. After
striking the Tidwell vehicle, the appellant's vehicle spun into two additional
vehicles before coming to a rest. The appellant received only minor injuries as a
result of the collision.
1
The offense of vehicular homicide by intoxication is codified at Tenn. Code
Ann. §39-13-213(a)(2).
2
DISCUSSION
In examining the propriety of a sentence rendered against a criminal
defendant, this court must conduct a de novo review based on the record. Tenn.
Code Ann. § 40-35-401(d). However, this court must presume that the
determinations made by the trial court are correct. Id. Therefore, if our review
reveals that the trial court imposed a lawful sentence pursuant to the Tennessee
Criminal Sentencing Reform Act of 1989 after having given proper consideration
and weight to the relevant sentencing factors under the Act and the sentence is
based on findings of fact which are adequately supported by the record, then we
may not disturb the sentence imposed by the trial court. State v. Fletcher, 805
S.W.2d 785, 789 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1991). Furthermore, the appellant has the
burden of establishing that the sentence rendered by the trial court was
erroneous. Sentencing Commission Comments to Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-
401(d); State v. Ashby, 823 S.W.2d 166, 169 (Tenn. 1991); State v. Anderson,
880 S.W.2d 720, 727 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994).
Concerning what constitutes an appropriate punishment, the Sentencing
Reform Act provides that the sentence imposed shall be one that is "justly
deserved in relation to the seriousness of the offense." Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-
35-102(2). The Act also mandates that the sentence be the least severe
measure necessary to achieve the purposes of the Act and that inequalities
should be avoided. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-103(3),(4); see Ashby, 823 S.W.2d
at 168.
The portion of the Sentencing Reform Act of 1989 codified at Tenn. Code
Ann. § 40-35-210 established several specific procedures to be followed in the
sentencing process. This section mandates the trial court's consideration of the
following: (1) The evidence, if any, received at the trial and the sentencing
hearing; (2) the presentence report; (3) the principles of sentencing and
3
arguments as to sentencing alternatives; (4) the nature and characteristics of the
criminal conduct involved; (5) evidence and information offered by the parties on
the enhancement and mitigating factors in §§ 40-35-113 and 40-35-114; and (6)
any statement the defendant wishes to make in his own behalf about
sentencing. See Manning v. State, 883 S.W.2d 635, 638 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1994).
Establishing an appropriate sentence is a two-step process. Initially, the
trial court must determine the appropriate range of punishment for the offense.
Then the court must fix a particular sentence within the appropriate range. The
presumptive sentence shall be the minimum sentence in the range if no
enhancement or mitigating factors exist. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-210(c). If
enhancement factors exist but there are no mitigating factors, which is the
situation in the present case, then the trial court may set the sentence above the
minimum in that range but still within the range. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-
210(d).
Vehicular homicide by intoxication is a Class C felony, punishable by a
sentence "not less than three (3) nor more than six (6) years." Tenn. Code Ann.
§§ 39-l3-2l3(b), 40-35-112(a)(3). In setting the appellant's sentence at the
maximum sentence, the trial court found three enhancement factors were
applicable: (a) the appellant has a previous history of criminal behavior in
addition to those necessary to establish the appropriate range, Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 40-35-ll4(l); (b) the offense involved more than one victim, Tenn. Code Ann. §
40-35-ll4(3); and (c) the appellant had no hesitation about committing a crime
when the risk to human life was high. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-114 (10). The
appellant challenges the trial court's findings concerning each of those factors.
The first enhancement factor applied by the trial court was that the
appellant "has a previous history of criminal convictions or criminal behavior in
4
addition to those necessary to establish the appropriate range." Tenn. Code
Ann. § 40-35-114(1). The record reveals that the appellant began drinking when
he was approximately fourteen years old. By age sixteen, he was getting drunk
three to four times per week. From the time of his mother's death until the night
of the offense, the appellant abused alcohol almost every night. The appellant
himself testified that he had operated a motor vehicle while intoxicated on
several occasions prior to the date of the fatal collision, and that he was arrested
for such an offense eight days prior to the collision. He further admitted that he
had experimented with marijuana, cocaine, and LSD beginning at the age of
fifteen. The appellant also stated that he knew that such conduct was illegal at
the time each offense transpired.
In his brief, the appellant states that the trial court's finding of this factor
based on his history of alcohol and drug abuse was "far fetched." We cannot
agree. Instead, we believe that if anything is far fetched, it is for one to argue,
after even a cursory review of the law of this State and the record in this case,
that the appellant's conduct did not constitute criminal behavior. In State v.
Massey, 757 S.W.2d 350, 352 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1988), this Court made it clear
that a trial court, in applying this enhancement factor, may consider not only prior
convictions, but also all prior criminal behavior, regardless of whether it resulted
in legal entanglements. See State v. Little, 854 S.W.2d 643, 652 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 1992)(trial court properly applied the enhancement factor where the record
contained evidence that the defendant had been involved in a number of prior
drug transactions). Moreover, it is of no consequence that the appellant was a
minor during the majority of his prior criminal behavior. See State v. Adams, 864
S.W.2d 31, 34 (Tenn. 1993)(where our Supreme Court noted that a previous
history of criminal conduct by a defendant while still a juvenile "may be
5
taken into account in fashioning a proper sentence."). The record is replete with
evidence justifying application of this factor.
Another enhancement factor applied by the trial court is that the offense
involved more than one victim. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-114(3). Relying on
State v. Lambert, 741 S.W.2d 127, 134 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1987), the appellant
contends that this factor may not be used because he was convicted on a
separate count for each victim. Although we acknowledge the validity of
Lambert, it is distinguishable from the present case and, thus, not controlling.
In the recent case of State v. Raines, 882 S.W.2d 376, 384
(Tenn.Crim.App. l994), this Court defined "the word 'victim,' as used in Tenn.
Code Ann. § 40-35-114(3), [as] a person or entity that is injured, killed, had
property stolen, or had property destroyed by the perpetrator of the crime."
(footnote omitted). Several additional cases, although not specifically
delineating a definition of a victim, are relevant to a resolution of this issue. E.g.,
State v. Norris, 874 S.W.2d 590, 601 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993)(factor applied
where defendant was convicted on separate counts of aggravated assault
concerning injuries inflicted upon passengers in the front seat of a vehicle, but
two passengers in the rear seat of the vehicle were also injured); State v.
Williamson, No. 03C01-9210-CR-00371, 1993 WL 335433, at *1 (Tenn. Crim.
App. Sept. 1, 1993)(factor applied in robbery conviction where, in the process of
stealing a purse, the defendant knocked the elderly lady carrying the purse into a
lady walking with her); Register v. State, No. 01C01-9210-CC-00329, 1993 WL
311529, at *4 (Tenn. Crim. App. Aug. 12, 1993)(factor applied to an aggravated
burglary conviction where the defendant forced a woman to surrender her
money and remove her panties while in the presence of her two-year-old son).
6
The record reflects that the appellant's running of the red light resulted in
a five car accident.2 One of the motorists involved in the accident testified at the
sentencing hearing concerning the nature and extent of the damage to her
automobile, as well as to an injury to her knee. Clearly, under Raines, the
owners of the three other vehicles, as well as the driver whose knee was injured,
could properly be considered victims.
The third enhancement factor employed by the trial court was that the
defendant had no hesitation about committing a crime when the risk to human
life was high. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-114(10). Prior to the Sentencing Reform
Act of 1989, this Court found that the factor was properly applied in sentencing a
defendant who recklessly drove through streets crowded with motorists and
pedestrians prior to killing the particular victims for whose death he was charged.
State v. Lambert, 741 S.W.2d at 134. Recently, our Supreme Court, in
discussing the applicability of Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-114(10), cited
Lambert with approval. State v. Jones, 883 S.W.2d 597, 603 (Tenn. 1994).
In Jones, our Supreme Court, in discussing the proper usage of the
enhancement factor, explained: "as a practical matter, hesitation or lack of
hesitation does not submit readily to proof because of its subjective nature. The
more logical interpretation of this enhancement factor places the emphasis on
'risk to human life was high.'" 883 S.W.2d at 602. In an unpublished opinion,
State v. Bingham, No. 03C01-9404-CR-00127, 1995 WL 60003, at *2 (Tenn.
Crim. App. Feb. 14, 1995), this Court relied on Jones in finding:
Little, if any, emphasis is to be placed on whether the defendant
"hesitated" before committing the crime. [Jones, 883 S.W.2d at
602.] . . . [W]here a high risk to human life is established with facts
separate from those necessary to establish an element of the
offense, the enhancement factor is not an essential element of the
offense and may be applied if supported by the facts. In a
vehicular homicide by recklessness case, if the proof that
establishes a "high risk to human life" can be separated from the
proof necessary to establish that the defendant's conduct "created
2
According to an investigating officer, excluding the vehicles of the appellant and
Ms. Tidwell, three other vehicles were damaged in the crash.
7
a substantial risk of death or serious bodily injury to a person," then
enhancement factor (10) is not an essential element of the offense.
Therefore, enhancement factor (10) may be applied where the
defendant creates a high risk to the life of a person other than the
[deceased] victim, because the facts establishing the enhancement
factor would be separate from the facts necessary to establish a
high risk of death to a person.
Id. (citations omitted)(emphasis in original).
Turning to the facts of this case, which are quite similar to the facts in
Lambert, the trial court found that the proof adduced at trial was more than
ample to justify application of enhancement factor (10). We agree. The record
supports the finding that the appellant consumed alcohol intermittently
throughout most of the day on the date of the offense. Less than an hour before
the fatal collision, the appellant, while leaving a bowling alley where he was
involved in an altercation, stated, "I'm loaded and I ain't through yet." He then
proceeded to drive his vehicle out of the parking lot of the bowling alley at a
dangerously high rate of speed which was estimated to be forty miles per hour
by one witness. About ten minutes later and approximately seven miles from the
bowling alley, the fatal accident occurred when the appellant ran a red light and
began a chain of collisions. Witnesses testified that the appellant was travelling
far in excess of the speed limit and did not brake or otherwise appear to
decelerate as he entered the intersection. Moreover, the appellant admitted that
he was intoxicated that evening. The severity of the risk to human life posed by
the appellant's conduct is demonstrated by the fact that the lives of three people
were extinguished3 and another person was injured; the widespread nature of
the risk is demonstrated by the fact that five automobiles, including the
appellant's, sustained damage.
3
We do not utilize the fact that three deaths occurred as any sort of justification
for applying enhancement factor (10), but instead reference the deaths to
illustrate the extreme force with which the appellant's car entered the
intersection, as well as the resultant dangers for all motorists who happened to
be in and around the intersection.
8
In short, the appellant drove his vehicle through a red light into a crowded
intersection at an excessive rate of speed. The risks inherent in such conduct
were compounded by his diminished driving capacity due to his intoxication.
Clearly, the appellant's conduct posed a grave risk to the lives of all of the
motorists who were involved in the crash, as well as others who were in the
vicinity. Although the consequences which befell Ms. Tidwell, her son, and his
girlfriend cannot be properly employed to support application of the
enhancement factor, the extreme risks to the lives of the other motorists are
sufficient to justify the trial court's finding.
We find no error in the trial court's application of the three enhancement
factors or in the sentences imposed. The issue is without merit.
In his second issue on appeal, the appellant contends that the trial court
erred by finding that he is a "dangerous offender" and thus imposing consecutive
sentencing. Our review of the record indicates that the ruling of the trial court
was proper.
Subsection (a) of Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-115 provides that "[i]f a
defendant is convicted of more than one (1) criminal offense, the court shall
order sentences to run consecutively or concurrently as provided by the criteria
in this section." Subsection (b) delineates seven categories of multiple offenders
who can be ordered to serve consecutive sentences, one of which is the
"dangerous offender." Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-115(b)(4). In State v. Woods,
8l4 S.W.2d 378, 380 (Tenn.Crim.App. l99l), this Court explained the standard for
imposing consecutive sentencing on grounds that a defendant is a dangerous
offender, holding that the record must establish:
(a) the defendant's behavior indicates "little or no regard for human
life," and he did not hesitate "about committing a crime in which the
risk to human life is high," Tenn. Code Ann. §40-35-115(b)(4) . . .;
(b) the circumstances surrounding the commission of the offense
are aggravated, Gray v. State, 538 S.W.2d at 393;
9
(c) confinement for an extended period of time is necessary to
protect society from the defendant's unwillingness to "lead a
productive life and [his] resort to criminal activity in furtherance of
[his] anti-societal lifestyle," Gray v. State, 538 S.W.2d at 393; and
(d) the aggregate length of the sentences, if consecutive
sentencing is ordered, reasonably relates to the offenses of which
the defendant stands convicted. State v. Taylor, 739 S.W.2d [227,
230 (Tenn. 1987)].
see also State v. Norris, 874 S.W.2d 590, 601 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993).
Concerning the first Woods factor, the trial court found that shortly before
the fatal collision, the appellant, referring to his alcohol consumption, made a
statement to the effect that "he was loaded and was not through yet." The trial
court found that the appellant was driving his vehicle at a very high speed, as
evidenced by the widespread damage to the automobiles in this case. The court
also relied on the fact that the appellant had been arrested for driving while
intoxicated the week prior to this offense, and was out on bond for that arrest
when this crime was committed. Moreover, we believe that the appellant's
admission that he was intoxicated that evening, his failing to stop for a red light,
and the number of individuals involved in and endangered by the crash, are
relevant.
The court found that the circumstances surrounding the offense were
aggravated in that the appellant was out on bond for a driving while intoxicated
arrest. The judge determined that at the time of the offense the appellant's state
of intoxication was advanced. Finally, the court emphasized that the conduct of
the appellant resulted in the termination of three innocent lives. The court
concluded by stating that it could hardly imagine circumstances which would be
more aggravating than those of this case.
With regard to the third Woods' factor, the trial court found that the
appellant has shown no remorse concerning his conduct or the deaths of three
innocent people. After the accident, the appellant denied being involved in the
10
collision, and later cursed the deceased victims. The court further determined
that the appellant has shown no potential for rehabilitation, specifically noting
that the appellant had not availed himself of the extensive alcohol-abuse
treatment program in the Metro jail.4
The final criterion or factor, that the aggregate length of the sentences
reasonably relate to the offenses of the appellant, was not specifically addressed
by the trial court in the record. Under certain circumstances, such as where the
evidence suggests some doubt as to what the outcome of the ruling would be or
where this omission was but one of a larger body of errors, justice would dictate
a remand to the trial court for further findings. Here, however, it is manifest to
this Court that the aggregate length of the sentences, eighteen years,5 is
reasonably related to the appellant's egregious conduct which resulted in the
senseless slaying of three people, including two teenagers.
In the recent case of State v. Timothy Michael Wilkerson, No. 02S01-
9406-CC-00033 (Tenn., Jackson, Aug. 21, 1995) (for publication), our Supreme
4
Our review of the record reveals that a Department of Correction employee
testified at the sentencing hearing to the effect that the appellant failed to
complete an alcohol treatment program that he was ordered to complete as a
condition of his release on bond concerning his D.U.I. arrest which occurred eight
days prior to the offenses involved sub judice. The employee stated that the director
of the program requested the appellant to leave the program because the
appellant was not sincerely interested in being rehabilitated or dealing with his
alcohol problem. However, the appellant testified at the sentencing hearing
that he was enrolled in a drug and alcohol treatment program at the prison.
In addition to the grounds stated by the trial court, careful review of the record
discloses that the appellant has a history of displaying an unproductive and anti-
societal lifestyle. The appellant testified that he began drinking alcohol at age
fourteen or fifteen, and that by age fifteen he began experimenting with
marijuana, cocaine, and LSD. According to his testimony, by age sixteen he was
getting drunk three to four times per week. At the time of the offense, the
appellant was drinking heavily almost every day. He testified that since age
sixteen, he had driven on numerous occasions while under the influence of
alcohol. Moreover, prior to the offense, the appellant dropped out of high school
and moved in with a dancer who financially supported him.
5
As a Range I, Standard Offender, the appellant will be eligible for parole in
approximately five and one-half years.
11
Court approved this Court's Woods opinion "only to the extent it applied the
principles set forth in (the Wilkerson) opinion." Slip Opinion at 12. Although our
examination of Wilkerson and Woods reveals nothing of significance in Woods
that actually conflicts with Wilkerson, we recognize that Wilkerson provides the
standards for Tennessee courts to follow in assessing the need for consecutive
sentencing.
In Wilkerson, our Supreme Court set forth two specific findings which the
court must make in imposing consecutive sentences, in addition to the general
principles of sentencing. The court must find that (l) "an extended sentence is
necessary to protect the public against further criminal conduct by the
defendant," and (2) that "the consecutive sentences must reasonably relate to
the severity of the offenses committed." Slip Opinion at l4.
Both of these criteria are met in this case. It is manifest that an extended
period of incarceration is necessary to protect the public from this drunken killer
and the consecutive sentences which aggregate eighteen years as a Range I
standard offender reasonably relate to the severity of the offenses - the
senseless killing of three innocent victims.
After a thorough review of the trial court's findings, as well as our
independent examination of the record, we cannot say the appellant has met his
burden of showing that the trial court erred in ordering his sentences to be
served consecutively.
12
Accordingly, we affirm.
___________________________________
JERRY SCOTT, PRESIDING JUDGE
CONCUR:
______________________________
JOSEPH M. TIPTON, JUDGE
______________________________
DAVID G. HAYES, JUDGE
13