Lynch v. City of Jellico

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE
June 8, 2006 Session

JERRY WAYNE LYNCH v. CITY OF JELLICO, ET AL.

Direct Appeal from the Chancery Court Campbell County
No. 05-100 Billy Joe White, Chancellor

No. E2006-00208-SC-R3-CV - Filed on August 30, 2006

AND

DAVID A. LOZANO v. LINCOLN MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY, ET AL.

Direct Appeal from the Chancery Court Claiborne County
No. 150-63 Billy Joe White, Chancellor

No. E2006-00207-SC-R3-CV - Filed on August 30, 2006

In these consolidated workers’ compensation appeals, we are asked to decide the constitutionality
of various provisions of the Workers’ Compensation Reform Act of 2004. Specifically at issue is
whether the benefit review conference requirement embodied in Tennessee Code Annotated sections
50-6-203(a) (2005), 50-6-225(a)(1) (2005), and 50-6-239(b) (2005), violates the due process
protections of the Tennessee or United States Constitutions, the separation of powers doctrine in
article II, sections 1 and 2 of Tennessee’s Constitution, or the open courts doctrine found in article
I, section 17, of the Tennessee Constitution. Additionally, we are asked to decide whether the
method used to determine permanent partial disability benefits, namely the multiplier provisions of
Tennessee Code Annotated section 50-6-241(d)(1)(A) (2005) used in conjunction with the American
Medical Association Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (“AMA Guides”), violates
equal protection; due process; the Tennessee Human Rights Act, Tennessee Code Annotated section
4-21-101 (2005); and the Tennessee Handicap Act, Tennessee Code Annotated section 8-50-103(a)
(2002). The trial judge determined that each of these provisions of the Workers’ Compensation
Reform Act of 2004–the benefit review conference, the multiplier, and use of the AMA Guides–is
unconstitutional. After carefully considering the record and relevant authority, we conclude that the
trial judge erred. Accordingly, the trial court’s judgments are reversed.
 Tenn. Code Ann. § 50-6-225(e); Judgments of the Trial Court Reversed; Remanded

CORNELIA A. CLARK, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which WILLIAM M. BARKER, C.J., E.
RILEY ANDERSON , ADOLPHO A. BIRCH , JR., and JANICE M. HOLDER , JJ., joined.

Paul G. Summers, Attorney General and Reporter, and Juan G. Villaseñor, Assistant Attorney
General, for the Appellants, State of Tennessee and Attorney General Paul G. Summers.

Jennifer M. Caywood and Chris Myatt, Knoxville, Tennessee, for the Appellants, Lincoln Memorial
University and St. Paul Travelers Insurance Company.

John T. Batson, Jr., and Hanson R. Tipton, Knoxville, Tennessee, for the Appellant City of Jellico.

David H. Dunaway, LaFollette, Tennessee, for the Appellees David A. Lozano and Jerry Wayne
Lynch.

Andrew C. Clarke and R. Sadler Bailey, Memphis, Tennessee, for the Amicus Curiae, Tennessee
Trial Lawyers Association.

OPINION

Factual and Procedural Background

The facts in these workers’ compensation cases are few and, for purposes of this appeal,
undisputed. On May 25, 2005, Jerry Wayne Lynch filed a workers’ compensation action in the
Campbell County Chancery Court against his employer, the City of Jellico, as well as the Second
Injury Fund, the State of Tennessee, and Paul G. Summers in his capacity as Attorney General. The
suit alleged that on February 21, 2005, the plaintiff discovered that he had work-related bilateral
carpal tunnel syndrome for which he was entitled to workers’ compensation benefits. The complaint
also alleged that on March 29, 2005, the plaintiff was in the back of a dump truck removing a salt
spreader at work when he fell out of the truck, injuring his neck and back.

On September 9, 2005, David A. Lozano filed a workers’ compensation action in the
Claiborne County Chancery Court against his employer, Lincoln Memorial University, and the
employer’s insurer, St. Paul Travelers Insurance Company. Also named as a defendant was Paul G.
Summers in his capacity as Attorney General. The complaint alleged that the plaintiff was entitled
to workers’ compensation benefits for injuries suffered in a fall on the employer’s premises on
February 11, 2005. According to the complaint, the fall resulted in injuries to the plaintiff’s arms,
back, and legs.

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 Although the plaintiffs filed separate actions in separate courts, they both challenge the
constitutionality of key provisions of the Workers’ Compensation Reform Act of 2004, namely, the
mandatory benefit review conference, the cap on benefits for permanent partial disability, and use
of the AMA Guides to determine anatomical impairment. Specifically, the plaintiffs claim that the
mandatory benefit review conference found in Tennessee Code Annotated sections 50-6-203(a), 50-
6-225(a)(1), and 50-6-239(b), violates the due process protections of the Tennessee and United
States Constitutions, the separation of powers doctrine in article II, sections 1 and 2 of Tennessee’s
Constitution, and the open courts doctrine embodied in article I, section 17, of the Tennessee
Constitution, Supreme Court Rule 11(VII)(b), and Tennessee Code Annotated section 50-6-225. The
plaintiffs also challenge the method used to determine permanent partial disability benefits,
specifically the multiplier provisions of Tennessee Code Annotated section 50-6-241(d)(1)(A) and
use of the AMA Guides to determine anatomical impairment. The plaintiffs claim that Tennessee
Code Annotated section 50-6-241(d)(1)(A), which imposes a cap on permanent partial benefits of
1.5 times the employee’s anatomical impairment rating if the employee returns to work at a greater
or equal wage, used in conjunction with the AMA Guides to determine anatomical impairment,
violates equal protection; due process; the Tennessee Human Rights Act (“THRA”), Tennessee Code
Annotated section 4-21-101 (2005); and the Tennessee Handicap Act (“THA”), Tennessee Code
Annotated section 8-50-103(a) (2002).

The plaintiffs each filed a motion for summary judgment on the constitutional questions. The
State of Tennessee filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings in each case, contending that (1) the
challenged statutes were constitutional, (2) the plaintiffs’ claims should be dismissed because they
failed to participate in the mandatory benefit review conference, and (3) the plaintiffs lacked
standing. The employers in each case filed a motion to dismiss based on the plaintiffs’ failure to
exhaust the benefit review conference process.

The trial judge in both cases, Chancellor Billy Joe White, held that the mandatory benefit
review conference violated the separation of powers doctrine in article II, sections 1 and 2, of
Tennessee’s Constitution; procedural and substantive due process under the state and federal
constitutions; and the open courts doctrine embodied in article I, section 17, of Tennessee’s
Constitution, Supreme Court Rule 11(VII)(b),1 and Tennessee Code Annotated section 50-6-225.
The trial judge also found that the multiplier provisions contained in Tennessee Code Annotated
section 50-6-241(d)(1)(A) violated equal protection and due process. Finally, the trial court struck
down sections 50-6-241(a)(1), -241(b), and -241(c)–which require use of the AMA Guides to
determine anatomical impairment–as violating equal protection, due process, the THRA, and the
THA. Pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 54.02, the trial court’s order in each case was
declared to be final “only as to the [plaintiffs’] constitutional claims adjudicated herein.” Thus, the

1
The trial court’s orders cite to Tennessee Supreme Court Rule 11(VII)(c), which sets out the procedure for
appointing substitute trial judges. The trial court apparently meant to cite Rule 11(VII)(b), which states that “it is the
policy of the Tennessee Judicial Department that all courts of this state shall be open and available for the transaction
of business. . . .”

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compensability of the plaintiffs’ workers’ compensation claims and the extent of their vocational
disability, if any, have yet to be determined.

The defendant employers, along with the State of Tennessee, appealed the trial court’s
decision in each case. This Court subsequently consolidated and transferred the cases to the full
Court prior to a hearing before the Special Workers’ Compensation Appeals Panel. For the reasons
explained below, we reverse the trial court’s judgment in both cases.

Standard of Review

This appeal involves questions of law only. Therefore, the standard of review is de novo
without any presumption of correctness given to the legal conclusions of the trial court. Taylor v.
Fezell, 158 S.W.3d 352, 357 (Tenn. 2005). Further, it is well-established in Tennessee that when
considering the constitutionality of a statute, we start with a strong presumption that acts passed by
the legislature are constitutional. See Osborn v. Marr, 127 S.W.3d 737, 740-41 (Tenn. 2004).
Indeed, “we must indulge every presumption and resolve every doubt in favor of constitutionality.”
Vogel v. Wells Fargo Guard Servs., 937 S.W.2d 856, 858 (Tenn. 1996). Therefore, notwithstanding
the trial judge’s findings in the present case, we must begin our inquiry with the presumption that
the statutes in question pass constitutional muster.

Likewise, it is well recognized that a facial challenge to a statute, such as that involved here,
is “the most difficult challenge to mount successfully since the challenger must establish that no set
of circumstances exist under which the Act would be valid.” Davis-Kidd Booksellers, Inc. v.
McWherter, 866 S.W.2d 520, 525 (Tenn. 1993) (quoting United States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 745
(1987)). Thus, the plaintiffs in this appeal have a heavy legal burden in challenging the
constitutionality of the statutes in question.

Analysis

Introduction

The purpose of the Tennessee Workers’ Compensation Law, which was originally enacted
in 1919, is to relieve society of the burden of providing compensation to injured workers and to put
that burden on the industry employing the worker. See Scott v. Nashville Bridge Co., 223 S.W. 844,
849 (Tenn. 1920). Since its inception, Tennessee’s workers’ compensation system has been
challenged a number of times without success. See Vogel, 937 S.W.2d 856; Brown v. Campbell
County Bd. of Educ., 915 S.W.2d 407 (Tenn. 1995); Kelley v. 3-M Co., 639 S.W.2d 437 (Tenn.
1982); Nichols v. Benco Plastics, Inc., 469 S.W.2d 135 (Tenn. 1971); Mitchell v. Usilton, 242 S.W.
648 (Tenn. 1922); Vantrease v. Smith, 227 S.W. 1023 (Tenn. 1921); Scott, 223 S.W. 844.

In addition to surviving a number of constitutional challenges throughout its history, the
Workers’ Compensation Law has been modified numerous times, most recently in 2004 with the
passage of the Workers’ Compensation Reform Act, 2004 Tenn. Pub. Acts 962. In passing the Act,

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the legislature recognized that “significant cost savings will result” to employers, and that “[i]t is in
the best interest of the citizens of Tennessee that such cost savings be passed to the entities that have
paid faithfully workers’ compensation premiums in order to ensure the economic well-being of their
employees.” 2004 Tenn. Pub. Acts 962, § 42(a). Thus, the stated purpose of the Act was to make
the workers’ compensation system less costly for employers.

I. Benefit Review Conference

As part of the Workers’ Compensation Reform Act of 2004, the legislature decided that
parties having a workers’ compensation dispute over injuries occurring after January 1, 2005, must
exhaust an administrative process, called a benefit review conference, before filing suit. See Tenn.
Code Ann. § 50-6-203(a) (“[n]o claim for compensation under [the] Workers’ Compensation Law
. . . shall be filed with a court . . . until the parties have exhausted the benefit review conference
process. . . .”); Tenn. Code Ann. § 50-6-225(a)(1) (“in case of a dispute over or failure to agree upon
compensation under the Workers’ Compensation Law. . . the parties shall first submit the dispute
to the benefit review conference process. . . .”); Tenn. Code Ann. § 50-6-239(b) (“The parties to a
dispute shall attend and participate in a benefit review conference. . . as a condition precedent to
filing a complaint with a court. . . .”). The benefit review conference is a nonadversarial, informal
dispute resolution proceeding designed to mediate and resolve workers’ compensation matters. See
Tenn. Code Ann. § 50-6-102(4) (2005). Only when the parties cannot reach an agreement at the
benefit review conference may they proceed to court.

A. Due Process

The plaintiffs argue that, as mandatory mediation, the benefit review conference denies
injured workers access to the courts and therefore violates both procedural and substantive due
process. The trial judge agreed, concluding that the benefit review conference “deprive[s] injured
workers . . . of [their] rights to a trial by judge or an individual otherwise learned in the law.”

The defendants respond that the benefit review conference process does not violate due
process because injured employees can still present their workers’ compensation claims to a
court–they just have to participate in the benefit review process first. Thus, the defendants maintain
that the trial court erred in ruling that the benefit review conference deprives injured workers of their
right to be heard by a judge. The defendants also assert that the State has legitimate interests in
requiring workers to exhaust the benefit review process prior to filing suit. These interests include
protecting the rights of injured workers in facilitating a prompt resolution of claims without
litigation, reducing workers’ compensation insurance premiums for employers, and maintaining a
competitive job market for the state as a whole.

We begin our analysis of this issue by noting that the due process clause of the Fourteenth
Amendment provides that no State shall “deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due
process of law.” U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1. We have previously held that article I, section 8 of
the Tennessee Constitution, which provides that “no man shall be taken or imprisoned, or disseized

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of his freehold, liberties or privileges, or outlawed, or exiled, or in any manner destroyed or deprived
of his life, liberty or property, but by the judgment of his peers or the law of the land,” is
synonymous with the due process provisions of the federal constitution. Willis v. Tenn. Dep’t of
Corr., 113 S.W.3d 706, 711 n.4 (Tenn. 2003).

Due process under the state and federal constitutions encompasses both procedural and
substantive protections. The most basic principle underpinning procedural due process is that
individuals be given an opportunity to have their legal claims heard at a meaningful time and in a
meaningful manner. See Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co., 455 U.S. 422, 429-30 (1982); Manning
v. City of Lebanon, 124 S.W.3d 562, 566 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2003). In contrast, substantive due
process limits oppressive government action, such as deprivations of fundamental rights like the
right to marry, have children, make child rearing decisions, determine child custody, and maintain
bodily integrity. See Washington v. Glucksberg, 521 U.S. 702, 720 (1997); Hawk v. Hawk, 855
S.W.2d 573 (Tenn. 1993). Substantive due process claims may be divided into two categories: (1)
deprivations of a particular constitutional guarantee and (2) actions by the government which are
“arbitrary, or conscience shocking in a constitutional sense.” Collins v. City of Harker Heights, 503
U.S. 115, 128 (1992); Valot v. Southeast Local Sch. Dist. Bd. of Educ., 107 F.3d 1220, 1228 (6th Cir.
1997). In short, substantive due process bars certain government action regardless of the fairness
of the procedures used to implement them. County of Sacramento v. Lewis, 523 U.S. 833, 840
(1998).

Applying these principles to this case, we are persuaded that the plaintiffs have failed to
establish that the mandatory benefit review conference is inconsistent with basic notions of fairness
or fair process. The benefit review requirement does not preclude injured workers from presenting
their workers’ compensation claims to a court. The law is clear that “[i]n the event the parties are
unable to reach an agreement at the benefit review conference . . . either party may file a civil action
. . . in the circuit or chancery court.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 50-6-225(a)(2).

Because injured workers are free to file suit and have their rights judicially determined upon
exhausting the benefit review process, they are not, as argued by the plaintiffs, deprived of their right
to be heard by a judge. In fact, the parties agree that the legislature could, if it desired, remove
workers’ compensation cases from the court system and make the determination of benefits
administrative in nature. Most jurisdictions have done just that. See Larson, Workers’
Compensation Law, § 124.01 (2005) (“The initial handling of claims, and perhaps the first review,
are administrative in all but a few states. The whole idea is to get away from the cumbersome
[litigation process], and to reach a right decision by the shortest and quickest possible route.”).

Thus, we conclude that the trial judge erred in holding that the mandatory benefit review
process embodied in sections 50-6-203(a), 50-6-225(a)(1), and 50-6-239(b), violates procedural due
process.

Nor does the mandatory benefit review conference violate substantive due process. While
it is certainly important to ensure that workers obtain redress for industrial accidents, the workers’

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compensation scheme does not stand on the same footing as those fundamental rights identified by
state and federal courts “implicit in the concept of ordered liberty” so as to raise substantive due
process concerns. Palko v. Connecticut, 302 U.S. 319, 325 (1937), overruled on other grounds by
Benton v. Maryland, 395 U.S. 784 (1969); Vogel, 937 S.W.2d at 858 (“workers’ compensation
benefits are not deemed to be fundamental rights”). Indeed, the plaintiffs have not shown the
deprivation of any particular constitutional right, much less a fundamental one. In addition, we are
not persuaded that requiring parties to participate in a benefit review conference prior to seeking
redress in the courts is an “arbitrary, or conscience shocking” exercise of the legislature’s authority
to craft the workers’ compensation system. See Collins, 503 U.S. at 128. Thus, we conclude that
the trial judge erred in holding that the mandatory benefit review conference violates substantive due
process.
B. Separation of Powers

The trial judge also concluded that the benefit review conference violates the separation of
powers doctrine because a workers’ compensation specialist, not a judge, conducts the benefit
review conference.2 In urging us to uphold the trial court’s finding on this issue, the plaintiffs assert
that the benefit review conference “represents a legislative hijacking” of the workers’ compensation
system away from the judicial branch and in favor of the executive branch.3 We disagree.

The separation of powers doctrine is contained in article II, sections 1 and 2, of Tennessee’s
Constitution:

Sec. 1. Division of powers. – The powers of the Government shall be divided into
three distinct departments: the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial.
Sec. 2. Limitation of powers. – No person or persons belonging to one of these
departments shall exercise any of the powers properly belonging to either of the
others, except in the cases herein directed or permitted.

Although the separation of powers doctrine “is a fundamental principle of American
constitutional government, . . . it is impossible to preserve perfectly the theoretical lines of
demarcation between the executive, legislative and judicial branches of government. There is
necessarily a certain amount of overlapping.” Underwood v. State, 529 S.W.2d 45, 47 (Tenn. 1975).
Accordingly, “[a] legislative enactment which does not frustrate or interfere with the adjudicative

2
The benefit review conference is conducted by a workers’ compensation specialist, who is an employee of the
commissioner of labor and workforce development. Tenn. Code Ann. § 50-6-236(a) (2005). The legislature has
determined that workers’ compensation specialists “shall be trained in the principles and procedures of dispute
mediation” and receive training “on the department’s workers’ compensation system, the Tennessee workers’
compensation statutes and caselaw, and the rules and regulations of the division of workers’ compensation.” Tenn. Code
Ann. § 50-6-236(f), (m) (2005). In addition, workers’ compensation specialists must meet annual continuing education
requirements. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 50-6-236(m) (2005).

3
The plaintiffs also argue that workers’ compensation specialists should be licensed attorneys as a way of
safeguarding the rights of workers. To the extent there is any merit to this argument, it should be addressed to the
legislature.

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function of the courts does not constitute an impermissible encroachment upon the judicial branch
of government.” Id.

Mindful of these principles, we note that the benefit review conference does not substitute
for a workers’ compensation action. Again, the law clearly provides that “[i]n the event the parties
are unable to reach an agreement at the benefit review conference . . . either party may file a civil
action . . . in the circuit or chancery court.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 50-6-225(a)(2). The courts will
ultimately adjudicate a worker’s claim if the case is not settled at the benefit review conference.
Thus, the benefit review process does not frustrate the adjudicative function of the judicial branch.
Accordingly, the trial court erred in finding a separation of powers violation.

C. Open Courts Doctrine

In addition to finding that the benefit review conference violates due process and separation
of powers, the trial court ruled in both cases that the benefit review process violates the open courts
doctrine embodied in article I, section 17, of the Tennessee Constitution, Supreme Court Rule
11(VII)(b), and Tennessee Code Annotated section 50-6-225.4 The trial court’s rulings were
premised upon the court’s belief that injured workers were being denied the right to have their claims
heard in court.

The open courts provision of Tennessee’s Constitution, article I, section 17, states that “all
courts shall be open; and every man, for an injury done him in his lands, goods, person or reputation,
shall have remedy by due course of law, and right and justice administered without sale, denial, or
delay.” Supreme Court Rule 11(VII)(b) reflects this same principle, providing that “it is the policy
of the Tennessee Judicial Department that all courts of this state shall be open and available for the
transaction of business. . . .”

In arguing that the trial judge’s finding on this issue should be upheld, the plaintiffs assert
that they seek “nothing more than to keep the courthouse doors open to Tennessee workers so as to
ensure access to justice for all.” However, as already noted, injured workers can have their rights
judicially determined notwithstanding the benefit review conference. Thus, we find that the benefit
review conference does not run afoul of the open courts doctrine embodied in article I, section 17,
of the Tennessee Constitution. Nor does the benefit review requirement violate Supreme Court Rule
11(VII)(b) or Tennessee Code Annotated section 50-6-225.

II. The Multiplier Provisions

In addition to imposing a mandatory benefit review conference, the Workers’ Compensation
Reform Act of 2004 modified the maximum multiplier used to determine permanent partial disability

4
Tennessee Code Annotated section 50-6-225 is a lengthy statute that covers many topics. Neither the trial
court nor the plaintiffs cite to a particular part of the statute to support the notion that the benefit review conference
violates the open courts doctrine as purportedly reflected in the statute.

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benefits. Specifically, for injuries occurring on or after July 1, 2004, the maximum permanent partial
disability benefit an employee may receive is 1.5 times his or her medical impairment rating if the
worker returns to work with the preinjury employer at an equal or higher wage. Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 50-6-241(d)(1)(A).5 If the employee does not return to work with the preinjury employer at an
equal or higher wage, the worker may receive up to six times the medical impairment rating. Tenn.
Code Ann. § 50-6-241(d)(2)(A). An employee’s medical impairment rating is determined by using
the AMA Guides or, if the employee’s injury is not covered by the AMA Guides, by any appropriate
method used and accepted by the medical community. Tenn. Code Ann. § 50-6-204(d)(3)(A).

The trial court ruled in both cases that the multiplier contained in section 50-6-241(d)(1)(A)
violates due process and equal protection, reasoning that section 50-6-241(d)(1)(A) results in an
“arbitrary reduction of disability benefits.” The trial judge also concluded that section 50-6-
241(d)(1)(A) “unreasonably classifies injured workers whose injuries are recognized [by the AMA
Guides] against those workers whose injuries are not so recognized.”

A. Standing

The defendants contend that the plaintiffs lack standing to challenge the constitutionality of
section 50-6-241(d)(1)(A) because they have yet to have their benefits capped by section 50-6-
241(d)(1)(A).6 The trial court did not expressly address this issue, but did so implicitly by resolving
the merits of the constitutional claims in favor of the plaintiffs.

To establish standing, a plaintiff must show three elements: (1) a distinct and palpable
injury, as opposed to a conjectural or hypothetical injury; (2) a causal connection between the
claimed injury and the challenged conduct; and (3) the alleged injury is capable of being redressed
by a favorable decision of the courts. See Am. Civil Liberties Union of Tenn. v. Darnell, 195
S.W.3d 612, 620 (Tenn. 2006). Courts employ the doctrine of standing to determine whether a
particular litigant is entitled to have a court decide the merits of a dispute. Id. at 619. In other
words, standing “precludes courts from adjudicating ‘an action at the insistence of one whose rights
have not been invaded or infringed.’” Id. at 619-20 (quoting Mayhew v. Wilder, 46 S.W.3d 760, 767
(Tenn. Ct. App. 2001)). Without the limitation of standing, courts would be called upon to decide
abstract questions unrelated to the litigants before them.

Guided by these principles, we are persuaded that the plaintiffs have standing to challenge
the constitutionality of section 50-6-241(d)(1)(A). According to the plaintiffs’ complaints, they each

5
The multiplier was previously 2.5 times the worker’s medical impairment rating.

6
The State makes a distinct argument that the plaintiffs improperly sued the State of Tennessee because of
sovereign immunity. The State has not raised sovereign immunity as a defense until now and, therefore, has waived the
issue. See In re Adoption of E.N.R., 42 S.W .3d 26, 32 (Tenn. 2001) (issues not raised and decided in the trial court will
not be reviewed in the Supreme Court). The State concedes, however, that the Attorney General is a necessary party in
any case involving the constitutionality of a statute.

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suffered compensable work-related injuries on specific dates while working for specific employers.
Taking these allegations as true–as we must at this point in the litigation–the plaintiffs’ benefits are
subject to the multiplier provisions of section 50-6-241(d)(1)(A) and, for that matter, the benefit
review conference provisions in sections 50-6-203(a), -225(a)(1), and -239(b). Thus, we are not
confronted with a conjectural or hypothetical dispute. Also, the claims being advanced by the
plaintiffs are capable of being redressed by a favorable decision of the courts. Accordingly, these
particular plaintiffs are entitled to an adjudication of the particular claims asserted.

B. Equal Protection

Having determined that the plaintiffs have standing to challenge section 50-6-241(d)(1)(A),
we turn to the merits of their equal protection claim. Both the United States and Tennessee
Constitutions guarantee to citizens the equal protection of the laws. The Fourteenth Amendment to
the United States Constitution provides that “[n]o state shall . . . deny to any person within its
jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” Our state constitution provides an equal protection
guarantee in article XI, section 8, which states that the

Legislature shall have no power to suspend any general law for the benefit of any
particular individual, nor to pass any law for the benefit of individuals inconsistent
with the general laws of the land; nor to pass any law granting to any individual or
individuals, rights, privileges, immunitie [immunities] or exemptions other than such
as may be, by the same law extended to any member of the community, who may be
able to bring himself within the provisions of such law.

We have consistently held that these two constitutional provisions confer the same protections.
Brown, 915 S.W.2d at 413.

In analyzing equal protection challenges in the workers’ compensation context, the
appropriate standard is the rational basis test. Id. Under the rational basis test, our inquiry is
whether the classification system in the statute has a reasonable relationship to a legitimate state
interest. “Unless the individual challenging the statute can establish that the differences are
unreasonable, the statute must be upheld.” Id. at 414. If the classification is naturally and reasonably
related to that which it seeks to accomplish it has passed the rational basis test and has met
constitutional standards. Our task, then, is to determine whether section 50-6-241(d)(1)(A)
reasonably relates to legitimate state purposes.

This Court has previously determined that using maximum multipliers in conjunction with
the AMA Guides as contemplated by section 50-6-241 is rationally based and does not violate equal
protection. In rejecting a previous challenge to the multipliers on equal protection grounds, we
stated:

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 The multipliers substantially reduce the possibility of similarly situated workers with
like injuries and anatomical disability ratings receiving vastly different awards.
Reasonable uniformity in statutory awards is a legitimate state interest.

Additionally, the caps provide employees, employers, and their insurers with a
measure of predictability since all awards have defined outer limits. Predictability
in the law is obviously a desirable and legitimate legislative objective, one that serves
the interests of the parties, bench, and bar. In addition to providing a degree of
uniformity and predictability, the caps serve the state’s interest in keeping workers’
compensation insurance premiums from escalating to the point that industry cannot
afford them. . . .

Brown, 915 S.W.2d at 414-15. Also important to our analysis in Brown was the fact that the cap on
benefits is not absolute–courts have the discretion to exceed them in cases involving substantial
vocational obstacles. Id. at 415. Accordingly, the Court in Brown held that the impairment rating
model contemplated by section 50-6-241 did not violate equal protection.

Nothing has changed since Brown was decided in 1995, except that the multiplier has been
reduced from 2.5 to 1.5 as part of the Reform Act of 2004. The multiplier still reduces the
possibility of similarly situated workers with like injuries and anatomical disability ratings receiving
vastly different awards. The multiplier still provides employees, employers, and their insurers with
a measure of predictability since awards of benefits have defined outer limits. Predictability in the
law is still a desirable and legitimate legislative objective, one that serves the interests of the parties,
bench, and bar. Moreover, the multiplier still serves the state’s interest in keeping workers’
compensation insurance premiums from escalating to the point that industry cannot afford them.
Finally, trial courts still have the discretion to exceed the multipliers in appropriate cases. See Tenn.
Code Ann. § 50-6-242.7 Thus, the rationale adopted by the Court in Brown in upholding the method
of determining permanent partial benefits is just as valid today as it was when Brown was decided.
Accordingly, the trial court in this case erred in finding that section 50-6-241(d)(1)(A) violates equal
protection.

7
“For those injuries that occur on or after July 1, 2004, and notwithstanding any provision of this chapter to the
contrary and in appropriate cases where the employee is eligible to receive the maximum permanent partial disability
award under § 50-6-241(d)(1)(B) or (d)(2), the employee may receive disability benefits not to exceed the appropriate
maximum number of weeks as set forth in § 50-6-207 for the type of injury sustained by the employee. In such cases,
the court or the workers’ compensation specialist shall make specific documented findings, supported by clear and
convincing evidence, that as of the date of the award or settlement, at least three (3) of the following facts concerning
the employee are true:
(1) The employee lacks a high school diploma or general equivalency diploma or the employee cannot read or write on
a grade eight (8) level;
(2) The employee is fifty-five (55) years of age or older;
(3) The employee has no reasonably transferable job skills from prior vocational background and training; and
(4) The employee has no reasonable employment opportunities available locally considering the employee’s permanent
medical condition.”

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 C. Due Process

The trial judge determined that section 50-6-241(d)(1)(A) violates substantive due process
because the statute results in an arbitrary reduction of benefits by capping benefits.8 We disagree.

As discussed above, substantive due process limits oppressive government action involving
deprivations of a particular constitutional guarantee or government action that is “arbitrary, or
conscience shocking in a constitutional sense.” Collins, 503 U.S. at 128; Valot, 107 F.3d at 1228.
Here, the plaintiffs have not shown that the multipliers in section 50-6-241 have deprived them of
any particular constitutional guarantee. Nor are we persuaded that the legislature’s decision to use
the multiplier model is arbitrary or conscience shocking in a constitutional sense. Thus, the trial
judge erred in concluding that section 50-6-241(d)(1)(A) violates due process.9

III. AMA Guides

The trial judge also concluded that using the AMA Guides to determine anatomical disability
as required by sections 50-6-241(a)(1), (b)-(c), and 50-6-204(d)(3), results in unlawful
discrimination. The trial court reasoned that an individual with medical conditions not addressed
by the AMA Guides would be precluded from recovering workers’ compensation benefits. The trial
judge also determined that the AMA Guides should not be the sole factor used to measure vocational
disability. Therefore, the trial judge found that using the AMA Guides is “arbitrary, capricious,
irrational, and serves no legitimate purpose other than favoring employers.” As such, the trial court
concluded in both cases that the use of the AMA Guides violates due process, equal protection, the
THRA, and the THA.

A. Equal Protection and Due Process

Like the plaintiffs in this case, the plaintiffs in Brown argued that using the AMA Guides to
determine anatomical impairment violated equal protection because (1) numerical percentage ratings
are not provided for certain medical conditions, (2) factors other than a physician’s interpretation of
anatomical impairment are not considered in determining vocational disability and, (3) the AMA
Guides themselves caution against their exclusive use in fashioning awards of vocational disability.
Brown, 915 S.W.2d at 415. We acknowledged in Brown that the AMA Guides do not provide
ratings for some impairments and that the AMA Guides caution against their exclusive use in
determining vocational impairment. Id. We concluded, however, that the “reasonable and legitimate
state interests applicable to the multipliers–uniformity, fairness and predictability–are equally
applicable to the use of the AMA Guides. . . . If the AMA Guides were not used, medical opinions

8
Section 50-6-241(d)(1)(A) does not implicate procedural due process concerns.

9
The amicus takes issue with the fact that employees who sustain injuries before July 1, 2004, are treated
differently than those who suffer injuries on or after July 1, 2004. In our view, this disparate treatment does not violate
equal protection or due process.

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would be more subjective, and perhaps, arbitrary.” Id. at 415-16. For this reason, most states use
the AMA Guides in workers’ compensation cases. Id. at 416.

In addition, we observed in Brown that it “is simply not true” that workers whose injuries are
not covered by the AMA Guides receive no benefits. Id. We explained in Brown that the medical
impairment rating of workers whose medical problems are not recognized by the AMA Guides may
be determined by any appropriate method used and accepted by the medical community. Id. The
same holds true today. Tenn. Code Ann. § 50-6-204(d)(3)(A) (“To provide uniformity and fairness
for all parties in determining the degree of anatomical impairment sustained by the employee, a
[medical expert] shall utilize the applicable edition of the AMA Guides as established in § 50-6-102
or in cases not covered by the AMA Guides an impairment rating by any appropriate method used
and accepted by the medical community.”) (emphasis added).10

Finally, the Court in Brown noted that the AMA Guides are not the sole determining factor
in setting an award of vocational disability. Specifically, section 50-6-241 required then–and
requires now–consideration of all pertinent factors, including lay and expert testimony, the
employee’s age, education, skills and training, local job opportunities, and capacity to work in the
employee’s disabled condition. Accordingly, the Court in Brown rejected the argument that use of
the AMA Guides violates equal protection.

For the same reasons discussed in Brown, we reiterate today that use of the AMA Guides to
determine anatomical impairment does not violate equal protection. Further, we hold that use of the
AMA Guides does not violate due process.

B. THRA and THA

The trial court held in both cases that the multiplier in section 50-6-241(d)(1)(A) used in
conjunction with the AMA Guides discriminates against employees in violation of the THRA and
the THA. The plaintiffs argue that the trial court’s findings on this issue should be upheld because
use of the AMA Guides to determine anatomical impairment, along with the lowering of the
multiplier from 2.5 to 1.5, “is unconscionable and otherwise drafted to favor employers.” We
disagree that the multiplier in section 50-6-241(d)(1)(A) used in conjunction with the AMA Guides
violates the THRA and the THA.

10
The plaintiffs filed the affidavits of two medical experts who opined that there is no method used and
accepted by the medical community to rate injuries not covered by the AM A Guides. W e note, however, that the AMA
Guides themselves indicate that in situations where impairment ratings are not provided, physicians are to use their
clinical judgment based upon the physician’s experience, training, and skill, in arriving at an impairment rating. See
A M ERICAN M ED ICAL A SSO CIATIO N , G U ID ES TO THE E VALUATIO N O F P ERM AN ENT I M PAIRM EN T , § 1.5 (Gunnar B.J.
Andersson & Linda Cocchiarella, eds., 5th ed. 2000).

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 The purpose of the THRA is to:
(1) Provide for execution within Tennessee of the policies embodied in the federal
Civil Rights Acts of 1964, 1968 and 1972, the Pregnancy Amendment of 1978, and
the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, as amended;
(2) Assure that Tennessee has appropriate legislation prohibiting discrimination in
employment, public accommodations and housing . . . .;
(3) Safeguard all individuals within the state from discrimination because of race,
creed, color, religion, sex, age or national origin in connection with employment and
public accommodations, and because of race, color, creed, religion, sex or national
origin in connection with housing;
(4) Protect their interest in personal dignity and freedom from humiliation;
(5) Make available to the state their full productive capacity in employment;
(6) Secure the state against domestic strife and unrest that would menace its
democratic institutions;
(7) Preserve the public safety, health and general welfare; and
(8) Further the interest, rights, opportunities and privileges of individuals within the
state.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 4-21-101. The intent of the THRA is to provide for execution within Tennessee
of the policies embodied in the federal civil rights statutes. Campbell v. Fla. Steel Corp., 919
S.W.2d 26, 31 (Tenn. 1996). Accordingly, an analysis of claims under the THRA is the same as
under Title VII of the Federal Civil Rights Act. Id.

The THA, found in section 8-50-103, states in pertinent part:

There shall be no discrimination in the hiring, firing and other terms and
conditions of employment of the state of Tennessee or any department, agency,
institution or political subdivision of the state, or of any private employer, against any
applicant for employment based solely upon any physical, mental or visual handicap
of the applicant, unless such handicap to some degree prevents the applicant from
performing the duties required by the employment sought or impairs the performance
of the work involved.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 8-5-103(a).

Mindful of these statutes, we note that all employers whose employees suffer work-related
injuries on or after July 1, 2004, whom the employer rehires at an equal or greater wage must pay
a maximum permanent partial disability award of 1.5 times the employee’s medical impairment
rating as determined by the AMA Guides, unless the injury is not covered by the AMA Guides. If
the injury is not covered by the AMA Guides, the impairment rating may be determined by any
appropriate method used and accepted by the medical community. Tenn. Code Ann. § 50-6-
204(d)(3)(A). Thus, section 50-6-241(d)(1)(A) results in similarly situated employees being treated
the same, comporting with the principles of equity and fairness espoused by the civil rights laws.

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Accordingly, we conclude that section 50-6-241(d)(1)(A) used in conjunction with the AMA Guides
does not result in prohibited discrimination under the THRA or the THA.

CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated above, we hold that the benefit review conference requirement
embodied in Tennessee Code Annotated sections 50-6-203(a), -225(a)(1), and -239(b), does not
violate the due process protections of the Tennessee or United States Constitutions, the separation
of powers doctrine in article II, sections 1 and 2 of Tennessee’s Constitution, or the open courts
doctrine found in article I, section 17, of the Tennessee Constitution. Nor does the benefit review
conference violate Supreme Court Rule 11(VII)(b) or Tennessee Code Annotated section 50-6-225.
We also hold that the method used to determine permanent partial disability benefits, specifically
the multiplier provisions of Tennessee Code Annotated section 50-6-241(d)(1)(A) and use of the
AMA Guides to determine anatomical impairment, does not violate equal protection, due process,
the THRA, or the THA. Accordingly, the judgment of the trial court is reversed in each case. These
cases are remanded to the trial courts for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. Costs are
taxed to the plaintiffs, David A. Lozano and Jerry Wayne Lynch, and their sureties, for which
execution may issue if necessary.

CORNELIA A. CLARK, JUSTICE

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