COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Elder, Frank and Senior Judge Coleman
Argued at Alexandria, Virginia
EDWARD W. ADCOCK
OPINION BY
v. Record No. 1681-09-4 JUDGE ROBERT P. FRANK
JUNE 8, 2010
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA,
DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICES,
DIVISION OF CHILD SUPPORT ENFORCEMENT
ex rel. MILDRED A. HOUCHENS
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF ALEXANDRIA
Nolan B. Dawkins, Judge
Michael W. Smith (R. Braxton Hill, IV; W. Scott Street, III; A. Peter
Brodell; Christian & Barton, L.L.P.; Williams Mullen, P.C., on
briefs), for appellant.
Gary P. Webb, Special Counsel (William C. Mims, Attorney
General; Craig M. Burshem, Senior Assistant Attorney General;
Beth J. Edwards, Regional Senior Assistant Attorney General;
Nancy J. Crawford, Regional Senior Assistant Attorney General;
Janice W. McDaniel, Assistant Attorney General, on brief), for
appellee.
Edward W. Adcock, appellant, appeals an order entered July 8, 2009, denying his statute
of limitations defense and awarding a judgment in favor of Mildred A. Houchens, appellee, 1 in
the amount of $73,629.10 2 principal and interest. On appeal, Adcock contends the trial court
erred in ruling the statute of limitations did not bar the recovery of past due child support
payments nor accrued interest. For the reasons stated, we affirm the trial court.
1
Because the Division of Child Support Enforcement acts only as Houchens’ agent in
these proceedings, Houchens and Division of Child Support Enforcement will be collectively
referred to as appellee.
2
Appellant does not contest the computation of the arrearage nor the accrued amount of
interest.
BACKGROUND
The facts relevant to this analysis are uncontested. The parties were divorced by decree
of the Corporation Court of the City of Alexandria on October 20, 1966. In that decree,
appellant was ordered to pay $30 per week child support for three minor children. Child support
would continue “until all such children attain their majorities or became otherwise emancipated
or further decree of this court.” Appellant’s child support obligation terminated on June 24,
1982, when the youngest child attained his majority.
On June 14, 2006, appellee applied for the services of the Division of Child Support
Enforcement (hereafter DCSE) to enforce the October 20, 1966 child support order. DCSE, by
motion filed July 7, 2008, moved the circuit court to establish arrearage and interest for unpaid
child support.
Appellant filed a motion for summary judgment on February 20, 2009, arguing the statute
of limitations barred recovery. After hearing evidence and argument, the trial court denied
appellant’s motion for summary judgment and entered judgment against appellant for
$73,629.10, finding the twenty-year statute of limitations did not bar enforcement of the 1966
child support order.
This appeal follows.
ANALYSIS
Appellant contends the twenty-year statute of limitations set forth in Code § 8.01-251 3
bars appellee’s enforcement of the 1966 child support order. Appellee argues the twenty-year
3
Code § 8.01-251(A) provides:
No execution shall be issued and no action brought on a judgment,
including a judgment in favor of the Commonwealth and a
judgment rendered in another state or country, after 20 years from
the date of such judgment or domestication of such judgment,
unless the period is extended as provided in this section.
-2-
limitation only applies to a liquidated money judgment, not, as here, to an unliquidated ongoing
support obligation. 4
Appellant notes that Code § 16.1-278.15(c) provides:
In any determination of support obligation under this section, the
support obligation as it becomes due and unpaid creates a
judgment by operation of law. Such judgment becomes a lien
against real estate only when docketed in the county or city where
such real estate is located. Nothing herein shall be construed to
alter or amend the process of attachment of any lien on personal
property.
Appellant therefore concludes that because the child support order is a judgment, the twenty-year
statute of limitations of Code § 8.01-251(A) bars enforcement of the 1966 child support order.
He contends the twenty-year period began to run on June 24, 1982, when his youngest child
reached the age of majority and his child support obligation ended.
“In determining whether the trial court made an error of law, ‘we review the trial court’s
statutory interpretations and legal conclusions de novo.’” Rollins v. Commonwealth, 37
Va. App. 73, 79, 554 S.E.2d 99, 102 (2001) (quoting Timbers v. Commonwealth, 28 Va. App.
187, 193, 503 S.E.2d 233, 236 (1998)).
Our inquiry, then, is whether the twenty-year statute of limitations of Code § 8.01-251(A)
applies to an unliquidated, ongoing child support order, such as we have here, or if the statute is
4
Since appellant does not argue that the equitable doctrine of laches bars the enforcement
of the support order, we will not address that issue.
-3-
limited to a liquidated money judgment. Appellant contends there is no distinction for the
purpose of Code § 8.01-251(A). 5
Appellee argues Bennett v. Commonwealth, Dep’t of Social Services, 15 Va. App. 135,
422 S.E.2d 458 (1992), controls. We agree.
In Bennett, we held the limitations under Code § 8.01-252 6 did not apply to the
enforcement of a New Jersey spousal support order under Code § 20-88.20 of the Uniform
Reciprocal Enforcement of Support Act (URESA). 7 15 Va. App. at 147, 422 S.E.2d at 465. The
New Jersey order was an ongoing, unliquidated support obligation. Id.
We noted the distinction between “support orders that adjudicate an ongoing,
unliquidated spousal support obligation and those that adjudicate a sum certain or liquidated
amount due and owing for spousal support.” Id. at 140, 422 S.E.2d at 461. We further noted the
distinction between a “support order,” a “judgment,” and a “money judgment” in a statute of
limitations context. Id. at 142, 422 S.E.2d at 462. We concluded that the statute of limitations in
5
Appellant contends a West Virginia case, Zanke v. Zanke, 404 S.E.2d 92 (W. Va.
1991), supports his position. Indeed it does. However, since we find our decision in Bennett v.
Commonwealth, Dep’t of Social Services, 15 Va. App. 135, 422 S.E.2d 458 (1992), controlling,
and inconsistent with the Zanke opinion, we do not afford any weight to Zanke.
6
Code § 8.01-252, as enacted at the time of Bennett, stated:
Every action upon a judgment rendered in another state or country
shall be barred, if such action would there be barred by the laws of
such state or country, and in no event shall an action be brought
upon any such judgment rendered more than ten years before the
commencement of the action was repealed (Acts 2005, cc. 139,
203) and re-enacted in § 8.01-251(A) with a 20-year limitation.
7
In 1994, Virginia repealed Code §§ 20-88.12 to -88.31, the Revised Uniform Reciprocal
Enforcement of Support Act (RURESA), and enacted Code §§ 20-88.32 to -88.82, the Uniform
Interstate Family Support Act (UIFSA). Both acts, as well as the original URESA, were
intended to provide “a means to establish and enforce child support obligations and spousal
support obligations across state lines.” John J. Sampson and Paul M. Kurtz, UIFSA: An
Interstate Support Act for the 21st Century, 27 Family Law Quarterly 85, 86 (1993).
-4-
Code § 8.01-252 (now § 8.01-251) applies only to a “judgment for a sum certain or liquidated
amount for spousal support rendered in another state.” Id. If, however, the ongoing unliquidated
foreign support order was reduced to a liquidated amount in Virginia, then the statute of
limitations in Code § 8.01-251 would govern. Id. at 147, 422 S.E.2d at 465.
Bennett made it abundantly clear that “no time limitation is placed upon the obligee
spouse within which to obtain a judgment for accumulated arrearages.” Id. at 144, 422 S.E.2d at
463. In fact, we stated “an obligee spouse under a Virginia spousal support order may delay for
years without limit before seeking a judgment for arrearages accumulated under that order.” Id.
Appellant argues the Bennett analysis, addressing the difference between an unliquidated
support order and a liquidated money judgment, is dicta. We disagree. Rather, this distinction is
essential to the central ratio decidendi of the opinion. See Deiter v. Commonwealth, 205 Va.
771, 775, 139 S.E.2d 788, 791 (1965) (noting that dicta is language that is “not responsive to the
question presented and . . . not necessary to a disposition of the case”). Indeed, without the
distinction between unliquidated and liquidated support judgments, this Court could not decide
the applicability of the statute of limitations. Therefore, it is not dicta.
Appellant further attacks Bennett, contending we misapplied Taylor v. Taylor, 14
Va. App. 642, 418 S.E.2d 900 (1992). Specifically, appellant points to language in Bennett that
characterized the D.C. support order in the Taylor case as a “liquidated” support order. Taylor
found that laches barred appellant’s claim for support arrearages. 14 Va. App. at 648, 418
S.E.2d at 903. After discussing whether the Code § 8.01-252 statute of limitations barred
enforcement of the foreign support order, this Court in Taylor concluded that the applicability of
the statute of limitations is “mooted by the trial court’s invocation of the doctrine of laches . . . a
ruling we uphold.” Id. at 648-49, 418 S.E.2d at 904. Clearly, any analysis of the applicability of
Code § 8.01-252 in Taylor is pure dicta. Thus, it is irrelevant in the Bennett analysis whether the
-5-
D.C. support order was liquidated or unliquidated. The Bennett analysis of the statute of
limitations is not based on Taylor.
We also disagree with appellant’s further efforts to distinguish Bennett. He posits that
Bennett is based on New Jersey law, which provides that support payments do not vest and are
subject to retroactive modification, unlike Virginia law. He also argues Bennett is limited to the
enforcement of foreign judgments.
The fact that New Jersey law may not vest support payments is unrelated to the Bennett
analysis. It has no bearing on whether the support order is liquidated or unliquidated. The fact
that in New Jersey a support order or arrearage may be modified does not alter the Bennett
analysis. Appellant’s argument is premised on the fact that the Bennett Court considered the
New Jersey law on non-vesting. However, a review of Bennett refutes this premise. Bennett
does not mention the New Jersey law of non-vesting. Thus, it could not have been a
consideration in the Bennett analysis.
Further, Bennett has a much wider scope than appellant suggests. While the issue before
us in Bennett was whether the ten-year statute of limitations (now twenty-year) of Code
§ 8.01-252 barred the enforcement in Virginia of a New Jersey support order under URESA, the
analysis and decision have broader implications.
The discussion of the liquidated and unliquidated judgment, while in a URESA context,
was not limited to a URESA proceeding. Bennett addressed the nature of Virginia spousal
support orders. This Court acknowledged that the initial entry of a spousal support order
“establishes the monetary amount of an ongoing support obligation. It is in that sense an order
requiring the payment of money and is a judgment embraced within the provisions of
Code § 8.01-426.” Bennett, 15 Va. App. at 141, 422 S.E.2d at 462.
-6-
However, we opined an ongoing support order “is not, and cannot be, a judgment for a
sum certain or liquidated amount of money. Time and circumstances of the parties will
determine ultimately the total amount to be paid under an initial, or subsequently modified,
spousal support order.” Id. Thus, our analysis of the distinction between an ongoing,
unliquidated support order and a liquidated money judgment under Virginia law transcends a
URESA proceeding.
Appellant contends a support judgment does not have to be reduced to a liquidated
amount for enforcement procedures to be initiated. Appellant refers to DCSE’s collection of
$6,507.57 in arrearage prior to the entry of the liquidated judgment. 8 Thus, reasons appellant, an
ongoing unliquidated support order is enforceable upon entry of that order. We acknowledge
that under Title 19, Child Support Enforcement, Code § 63.2-1900 et. seq., DCSE can enforce
support orders without having the amount due reduced to a sum certain. However, the statutory
authority to do so does not alter the clear mandate of Bennett, as previously discussed, as it
relates to the statute of limitations. Appellant’s argument addresses whether Bennett was
decided correctly. While we believe it was, we are bound by that decision. See Clinchfield Coal
Co. v. Reed, 40 Va. App. 69, 73, 577 S.E.2d 538, 540 (2003) (discussing that a “decision of one
panel ‘becomes a predicate for application of the doctrine of stare decisis’ and cannot be
overruled except by the Court of Appeals sitting en banc or by the Virginia Supreme Court”
(citation omitted)).
While Bennett addresses spousal support, we see no principled reason why the analysis
does not apply to child support. Rather, logic suggests that the analysis would apply to both.
8
While the record reveals that $6,507.57 was involuntarily collected from appellant by
DCSE, the record does not indicate whether those sums collected were the result of withheld
income pursuant to Code § 63.2-1924, seizure of real or personal property pursuant to Code
§ 63.2-1927, or any other enforcement provision under Title 19.1.
-7-
Code § 8.01-458, creating a lien on real estate by a support order, makes no distinction
between child and spousal support. Rather, it addresses the implications of “any judgment for
money rendered in this Commonwealth by any state or federal court or by confession of
judgment.” Code § 16.1-278.15 addresses child and spousal support together, and subsection (c),
creating a judgment for due and unpaid support, encompasses both spousal and child support,
drawing no distinction between them. Code §§ 63.2-1900 through 63.2-1960 authorize the
DCSE to enforce child support and spousal support under certain circumstances. Code
§§ 20-88.32 through 20-88.82, the UIFSA, provides for the enforcement of both foreign child
and spousal support orders. Under the Workers’ Compensation Act, Code § 65.2-531,
compensation benefits are subject to spousal and child support claims. Thus, it is clear that both
the legislature and this Court intended, for enforcement purposes, to equate child support with
spousal support.
The dissent acknowledges that Bennett controls this case, but opines that the principles of
Bennett “do not necessarily dictate the result reached by the majority.” The dissent then attempts
to distinguish Bennett. However, the dissent’s effort to distinguish Bennett is based on two
faulty premises.
The dissent contends first, that child support and spousal support orders lead to different
statute of limitations analyses, and second, that emancipation of the child converts an
unliquidated child support order to a fixed sum certain. The dissent attempts to distinguish
Bennett primarily because it addresses an ongoing spousal support award and not child support
that has terminated by operation of law. The dissent therefore concludes that while the ongoing
award is unliquidated, the child support award becomes fixed and ascertainable when it
terminates by operation of law.
-8-
The dissent attempts to differentiate spousal support and child support because “there is a
significant fundamental difference” as to when spousal support and child support terminate by
operation of law. The dissent contends that child support terminates when the child attains the
age of majority. However, at some point, both child support and spousal support terminate and
cease to be an “ongoing” award. Spousal support terminates by operation of law when either
party dies or the obligee remarries. See Code § 20-109. Further, it is important to note that
under certain circumstances, child support does not necessarily terminate upon the age of
majority; for example, if the child is severely and permanently mentally or physically disabled,
or if the child is a full-time high school student and under the age of nineteen. See Code
§ 20-124.2(c).
Finally, the dissent concludes that emancipation automatically converts any child support
arrearage from an unliquidated, ongoing order to a fixed and ascertainable sum certain. Thus, it
concludes, the statute of limitations begins to run when the arrearage is fixed and ascertainable.
The dissent takes the Bennett language, “a judgment for a sum certain or liquidated
amount” out of context. Bennett, in analyzing when the statute of limitations begins to run,
clearly speaks of a liquidated judgment. We noted the distinction between “support orders that
adjudicate an ongoing unliquidated spousal support obligation and those that adjudicate a sum
certain or liquidated amount due and owing.” The dissent ignores this distinction.
We, therefore, reject the dissent’s equating “ascertainable” with “liquidated.” They are
two distinct concepts. To “ascertain” is “to discover through examination or experimentation;
find out” or “to make certain and definite.” The American Heritage Dictionary, New College
Edition 76 (1982). A “sum certain” is defined as “any amount that is fixed, settled, or exact.”
Black’s Law Dictionary 1573 (9th ed. 2009). The latter is the same as a liquidated amount.
-9-
We must, then, inquire how emancipation of a child instantly converts an undetermined
amount of arrearage to a fixed amount, one that is exact, without further court intervention. The
fact that child support is no longer “ongoing” does not “fix” the amount due. The dissent
concludes that upon emancipation, any arrearage due is a “sum certain” because it can be readily
computed. While the amount may be “readily computed,” it does not follow that the sum is
fixed. The amount becomes a “sum certain” only when the trial court enters an order liquidating
the obligation. The Bennett analysis, again, is premised on a fixed or liquidated judgment.
The dissent further maintains an ongoing support order cannot be liquidated because
future payments are still owed. To the contrary, courts routinely determine the amount of
arrearage for ongoing support payments. Evidence is produced, and the court enters judgment
for a sum certain. The amount of any award is always ascertainable, whether “ongoing” or not.
In summary, we conclude that the twenty-year statute of limitations in Code § 8.01-251
only applies to a liquidated money judgment. In this case, the child support order was ongoing,
rather than a liquidated money judgment. Therefore, the statute of limitations provided in
Code § 8.01-251 does not bar enforcement of the award.
CONCLUSION
The trial court properly ruled that the statute of limitations did not bar the recovery of
past due child support payments and accrued interest. Finding no error, we therefore affirm the
trial court.
Affirmed.
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Coleman, J., dissenting.
Relying on Bennett v. Commonwealth, 15 Va. App. 135, 422 S.E.2d 458 (1992), the
majority “conclude[s] that the twenty-year statute of limitations in Code § 8.01-251 [to bring an
‘action . . . on a judgment’] only applies to a liquidated money judgment.” Thus, because the
spousal support decree in Bennett established an award that was ongoing and continued to
accumulate periodically until the wife or obligor spouse died or remarried and further was
subject to modification by the trial court, the amount due was unliquidated until such time that an
arrearage had been determined. Accordingly, the majority reasons, that like the situation in
Bennett, where, as here, the child support arrearage had not been reduced to a money judgment,
the amount of child support owed by appellant was an “unliquidated, ongoing child support
order,” and, therefore, the Code § 8.01-251 twenty-year statute of limitations likewise does not
apply.
While I agree with the majority that our holding in Bennett contains the principles that
govern resolution of this case, in my view, those precepts do not necessarily dictate the result
reached by the majority. Because there is a significant fundamental difference as to the ongoing
unliquidated support order in Bennett and a child support obligation that terminated and became
fixed by operation of law, 9 that difference allows for and dictates a different result, in my
opinion. Where I differ from the majority is the legal impact that the youngest child’s
emancipation, or any other support obligation that is terminated and becomes fixed by operation
of law, had on appellant’s child support obligation. Also, I disagree that no principled reason
exists to treat a fixed child support obligation different from an ongoing, unliquidated spousal
9
Notably, and in contrast to the facts in Bennett, a spousal support obligation becomes
fixed and ascertainable as a sum certain when either the obligee spouse remarries or either
spouse dies, Code § 20-109, and, in my view, the statutory bar of Code § 8.01-251 would
prohibit any action to recover those past due amounts after twenty years from the date that the
sum certain became fixed and ascertainable.
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support obligation. In my view, the youngest child having attained the age of majority converted
the arrearages, by operation of law, from an “unliquidated, ongoing child support order” to a
fixed and ascertainable sum certain. Thus, because that sum certain was due, payable,
ascertainable, and not modifiable as of June 24, 1982, I would hold the twenty-year limitation of
Code § 8.01-251(A) bars DCSE’s claim to recover the past due child support obligations and
accumulated interest on behalf of the 42-year-old youngest child. Accordingly, I respectfully
dissent. 10
Initially, I acknowledge that child support “payments are fixed according to the needs of
the child or children,” Fearon v. Fearon, 207 Va. 927, 931, 154 S.E.2d 165, 167 (1967), and that
“[t]o bar the child because of a parent’s failure to timely assert the child’s claim for support . . .
[would be] to deprive the child of that support which belongs to him for reasons over which the
child has no control.” Wilson v. Wilson, 464 So. 2d 496, 499 (Miss. 1985). However,
“[s]tatutes of limitations are designed to insure fairness to defendants by preventing the revival
of stale claims in which the defense is hampered by lost evidence, faded memories, and
disappearing witnesses, and to avoid unfair surprise.” Johnson v. Ry. Express Agency, Inc., 421
U.S. 454, 473 (1975) (Marshall, J., dissenting); see Carter v. Carter, 232 Va. 166, 172, 349
S.E.2d 95, 98 (1986) (“Protection of defendants against stale claims is recognized and accepted
as a legitimate legislative concern.”).
Statutes of limitation “serve an important and salutary
purpose.” Burns v. Stafford County, 227 Va. 354, 359, 315 S.E.2d
856, 859 (1984). Indeed, without limitations on actions,
defendants could find themselves at the mercy of unscrupulous
plaintiffs who hoard evidence that supports their position while
10
I agree with the majority that under Bennett, of which I was a panel member, “our
analysis of the distinction between an ongoing, unliquidated support order and a liquidated
money judgment under Virginia law transcends a URESA proceeding.” Further, the majority
correctly holds it is inconsequential for the present determination that the facts in Bennett
involved another state’s law where support payments do not vest immediately upon becoming
due.
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waiting for their prospective opponents to discard evidence that
would help make a defense. In light of the policy that surrounds
statutes of limitations, the bar of such statutes should not be lifted
unless the legislature makes unmistakably clear that such is to
occur in a given case. Where there exists any doubt, it should be
resolved in favor of the operation of the statute of limitations. Id.
Thus, courts are obligated to enforce statutes of limitation strictly
and to construe any exception thereto narrowly.
Westminster Investing Corp. v. Lamps Unlimited, 237 Va. 543, 547, 379 S.E.2d 316, 318
(1989).
Different jurisdictions have juxtaposed these competing principles in various ways where
child support is at issue to accommodate the needs of the child as well as the fairness to the
obligor parent. Some states allow “the statute of limitations . . . to run as against each
installment that becomes due,” others “provide that such a limitations period does not begin to
run until the child becomes of age and the duty to support has come to an end,” or, “where there
has been a judgment for arrearages, when the judgment was entered.” 24A Am. Jur. 2d Divorce
and Separation § 980 (2008) (citing cases). Still others have held “proceedings to enforce
alimony and child support orders are equitable proceedings that are not barred by the statute of
limitations.” Brumby v. Brumby, 647 So. 2d 330, 331 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1994). Here, the
majority holds based upon Bennett, that as to the spousal support obligation the twenty-year
statute of limitations period begins to run only upon the entry of a liquidated money judgment
establishing the arrearages. While Bennett provides significant instruction as to how Virginia
courts are to treat support obligations in light of Code § 8.01-251, I believe that different factors
come into play with the support obligation in this case and the Bennett decision does not
preclude the statute of limitations period from beginning to run upon the emancipation of the
- 13 -
child as well as when a money judgment for arrearages is entered either as to spousal or child
support. 11
The primary issue in Bennett was whether to apply the statute of limitations to a spousal
support order whose final obligation remained uncertain so long as ongoing future periodic
payments will continue to accrue. Under the facts presented to the Bennett panel, a spousal
support order could take on two forms: (1) an “ongoing, unliquidated spousal support obligation
[or (2)] one that adjudicates a sum certain or liquidated amount due and owing.” Bennett, 15
Va. App. at 140, 422 S.E.2d at 461. Bennett, dealing with spousal support rather than child
support, had no reason to contemplate or address a third scenario, which we have in the instant
case, where a child support decree ceases to be “ongoing” by operation of law. 12 When
considering a child support order, a ‘“parent has the legal obligation to support his [or her]
children only during their minority.’” Goldin v. Goldin, 34 Va. App. 95, 103, 538 S.E.2d 326,
330 (2000) (quoting Cutshaw v. Cutshaw, 220 Va. 638, 641, 261 S.E.2d 52, 54 (1979))
11
We need not address the propriety of the other options, as we have rejected creating a
new statute of limitations period for each individual support payment as it vests and becomes
due. Bennett, 15 Va. App. at 144, 422 S.E.2d at 463 (“Because of the ongoing nature of a
spousal support order, no time limitation is placed upon the obligee spouse within which to
obtain a judgment for accumulated arrearages.”). On the other hand, we have recognized
situations where the statute of limitations applies to support payments. See Carter, 232 Va. at
173, 349 S.E.2d at 99 (applying the ten-year statute of limitations period to a lump sum foreign
spousal support); Sheffield v. Sheffield, 207 Va. 288, 292, 148 S.E.2d 771, 774 (1966) (“The
entry of judgment for accrued arrearages is generally recognized as a method of enforcing
payment of the amount due.”); Taylor v. Taylor, 14 Va. App. 642, 648, 418 S.E.2d 900, 903-04
(1992).
12
It would have been inappropriate to do so in that case because the wife filed her
URESA petition less than ten years after she remarried. Thus, the termination of the spousal
support obligation by operation of law did not fall under the purview of the statute of limitations
period. See Commonwealth v. Harley, 256 Va. 216, 219-20, 504 S.E.2d 852, 854 (1998)
(“‘[C]ourts are not constituted . . . to render advisory opinions . . . or to answer inquiries which
are merely speculative.’” (quoting City of Fairfax v. Shanklin, 205 Va. 227, 229-30, 135 S.E.2d
773, 775-76 (1964))).
- 14 -
(emphasis added). Unless otherwise provided, 13 the jurisdiction of the divorce court to provide
for a child’s support and maintenance terminates once the child reaches the age of majority.
Eaton v. Eaton, 215 Va. 824, 827, 213 S.E.2d 789, 792 (1975). Accordingly, a support
obligation that terminates upon the emancipation of a child is no longer an “ongoing” obligation
because the obligee parent does not continue to accrue payments due to him or her under the
support order.
Once the support obligation ceases it is no longer “ongoing,” but in order for the statute
of limitations to begin to run the amount owed must also be “liquidated.” The majority
mistakenly reads Bennett, in my opinion, to say that a liquidated amount can only be rendered by
a judgment for arrearages calculated and rendered by the court. We explicitly held in Bennett
that “Code § 8.01-252 [now Code § 8.01-251] embraces an order for a sum certain or liquidated
amount for spousal [or child] support.” 15 Va. App. at 142, 422 S.E.2d at 462 (emphasis added).
In addition to a judgment for the arrearage, which may be entered periodically as arrearages
accrue, a “sum certain” of support due and owing also falls under the mandate of Code
§ 8.01-251 and the twenty-year limitation period. An ongoing support order cannot be
“liquidated” because future payments are still owed, and the possibility exists that a court may
modify the amount of future payments. See Cofer v. Cofer, 205 Va. 834, 140 S.E.2d 663 (1965)
(permitting the trial court to modify future support payments). Thus, so long as the obligor
parent continues to owe periodic support payments, the total amount due “cannot be determined
by a fixed formula” even though the court may determine and enter a judgment for arrearages
due at the time. Black’s Law Dictionary 419 (8th ed. 2004) (defining “unliquidated damages”).
13
See Code § 20-124.2 (extending a child support obligation for a disabled child or until
the child finishes high school).
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However, once the child attains the age of majority, the “[t]ime and circumstances of the
parties [have] determine[d] ultimately the total amount to be paid under [the] . . . support order.”
Bennett, 15 Va. App. at 141, 422 S.E.2d at 462. The support obligation is then a “sum certain”
since the entire final amount of the obligation can be “readily computed, based on an
agreement’s terms [or the support award].” Black’s Law Dictionary, supra, at 949. It is well
settled that “[n]o support order may be retroactively modified.” Code § 20-108; see Riggins v.
O’Brien, 263 Va. 444, 447, 559 S.E.2d 673, 675 (2002). Furthermore, payments due under a
support order vest once they become due and cannot be modified. Once the child reaches the age
of majority, the obligor parent owes no further payments under the support order and the amount
owed is a sum certain due and payable. Accordingly, I believe that because the support
obligation became a “sum certain” when the child was emancipated, the Bennett rationale for not
applying the statute of limitations to an ongoing unliquidated support order was obviated. I thus
would hold the statute of limitations “‘would not begin to run until such time as the [arrearage]
was reduced to a lump sum payment or until emancipation of the child, whichever was the
former.’” Harvey v. McGuire, 635 S.W.2d 8, 9 (Ky. Ct. App. 1982) (quoting Schmidt v.
Forehan, 549 S.W.2d 320, 323 (Ky. Ct. App. 1977)) (emphasis added).
In summary, I believe the majority’s characterization of appellant’s obligation under the
1966 child support order as “an unliquidated, ongoing child support order” is inaccurate since the
amount was a sum certain by operation of law when the child became emancipated. Appellant’s
support obligation was not “ongoing” because, as the majority concedes, appellant was no longer
required under the 1966 decree to pay child support as of June 24, 1982, when the youngest child
attained the age of majority. Further, it cannot be said appellant’s obligation is “unliquidated.”
Because appellant owed no more payments after June 24, 1982, and all previous payments were
not subject to modification, appellant’s obligation under the support order was a sum certain or
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became a liquidated amount -- that is “a figure readily computed, based on an agreement’s terms
[or the court’s award].” Black’s Law Dictionary, supra, at 949. Accordingly, in my view, the
statute of limitations should have begun to run on June 24, 1982. DCSE did not file its petition
to enforce the 1966 child support order until July 7, 2008. Therefore, I would hold that the
twenty-year limitation under Code § 8.01-251 barred recovery of all arrearages as of June 24,
1982.
Finally, I observe that by allowing the statute of limitations to begin to run upon the
emancipation of the minor child would not, in a very significant respect, treat child support
payments differently from spousal support payments. Indeed, unless otherwise indicated in the
support order, both child and spousal support automatically cease by operation of law upon the
occurrence of certain events. Pursuant to Code § 20-109, a spousal support obligation “shall
terminate upon the death of either party or remarriage of the spouse receiving support,” and
similarly child support ceases upon the child reaching the age of majority except when the child
is disabled or until he or she finishes high school. In my view, our holding in Bennett would not
permit a spouse who has remarried to collect spousal support arrearages more than twenty years
after having remarried. 14
For these reasons, I respectfully dissent from the majority’s affirmance of the trial court’s
ruling.
14
As I understand the majority’s construction and application of the Bennett holding, had
she not sought a judgment for arrearages and had remarried, she could nevertheless seek to
enforce the support obligation and collect the arrearage even after twenty years from having
remarried. I do not understand Bennett to extend that far.
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