Miller v. State

FILED
IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT KNOXVILLE
OCTOBER 31, 1997
JUNE 1997 SESSION
Cecil Crowson, Jr.
Appellate C ourt Clerk

RANDY L. MILLER, )
)
Appellant, ) C.C.A. No. 03C01-9608-CC-00323
)
vs. ) Anderson County
)
STATE OF TENNESSEE, ) Honorable James B. Scott Jr., Judge
)
Appellee. ) (Aggravated Assault)
)

FOR THE APPELLANT: FOR THE APPELLEE:

A. PHILIP LOMANACO JOHN KNOX WALKUP
Attorney at Law Attorney General & Reporter
112 Durwood Drive
Knoxville, TN 37922 TIMOTHY F. BEHAN
Assistant Attorney General
Criminal Justice Division
450 James Robertson Parkway
Nashville, TN 37243-0493

JAMES N. RAMSEY
District Attorney General

JANICE G. HICKS
Assistant District Attorney General
127 Anderson County Courthouse
Clinton, TN 37716

OPINION FILED: ____________________

AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART, REMANDED

CURWOOD WITT
JUDGE
 OPINION

The defendant, Randy L. Miller, appeals his convictions of six counts

of aggravated assault and the six year incarcerative sentence he received for his

crimes. The defendant, a truck driver, received these convictions in the Anderson

County Criminal Court, following a shooting altercation between himself and a van-

load of travelers on Interstate 75. In his direct appeal, the defendant raises two

issues for our consideration.

1. Whether the court erred by refusing to charge the lesser grade
of aggravated assault, or, in the alternative, did the state
produce sufficient evidence to find Miller guilty of six separate
aggravated assaults each done intentionally or knowingly?

2. Whether the court properly applied three enhancement factors.

On our review of the record, we affirm the defendant's convictions of aggravated

assault of Paul S. Green, Dedra Green and Shannon Ullery and affirm the

defendant's sentences for those convictions, and we remand these convictions to

the trial court for correction of a technical aspect of the record. On the other hand,

we reverse the defendant's convictions of aggravated assault of Paul Green,1 Kirstie

Green and Sarah Green and remand for a new trial.

On June 10, 1995, Miller was returning to his home state of Georgia

via Interstate 75 in Anderson County in a tractor-trailer truck. The six victims, Paul

S. and Dedra Green, their three minor children, Paul, Kirstie, and Sarah, and their

19 year old friend Shannon Ullery were traveling from Ohio to Georgia in the

Greens' van on Interstate 75. The Greens had a citizens' band (CB) radio in their

van, and Mr. Green had been on the radio joking and belching with various truck

drivers. Apparently, the talk was somewhat antagonistic. According to Mr. Green,

himself a truck driver, the conversation was not out of character for that in which

truck drivers generally engage on CBs. At various times, the adults in the van heard

1
Paul S. Green is an adult. Paul Green is a minor.

2
an individual who was yelling and cursing. At first, this voice sounded far away, and

Mr. Green and the other participants to the conversation ignored him. A truck driver

told the speaker he was not involved in the conversation, which only antagonized

him. Later, the voice threatened that if they did not shut up, he would shut them up

permanently and that he would run them off the road. Mr. Green identified the voice

he heard on the CB radio as belonging to the defendant.

According to the Greens and Ms. Ullery, after the defendant

threatened to run them off the road, he came up behind them in the left lane, and

Mr. Green moved into the right lane. The defendant passed them, then forced them

off the road onto the right shoulder. Mr. Green pulled back onto the road, and the

defendant was in front of them. Mrs. Green testified she was incensed and grabbed

the microphone and said, "You son of a bitch, I have three babies in here. What the

hell do you think you're doing? I ought to kick your ass." The defendant slammed

on his brakes so hard that the victims could see smoke from his tires. Mr. Green

then attempted to go around the defendant's truck to get the identification numbers

off his tractor so he could report the defendant to his employer. As the Greens' van

approached the front of the truck, Mrs. Green noticed the defendant had a gun.

Then the van windows disintegrated as several gunshots were fired. Mrs. Green

was grazed with a bullet to her back, causing non-life threatening injury. As the van

and truck traveled on, Mr. Green saw a police cruiser with flashing lights in a

construction area. He pulled in and alerted the officer. The defendant arrived

shortly thereafter and accused Mr. Green of shooting at him.

Searches of the defendant's truck cab revealed no weapons. A .9mm

semi-automatic handgun was found in the glove box of the Greens' van. Gunshot

residue tests of the defendant's hands were inconclusive. A firearms expert from

the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation Crime Lab testified a mirror taken from the

3
driver's side of the defendant's truck had damage consistent with damage from a

projectile fired from a gun within 36 inches. The damaged area was caused by a

projectile traveling right to left.

The defendant claimed he had heard several individuals using

profanity, belching and insulting others on his CB radio. He conceded he may have

inadvertently run the van off the road when he passed it, but he thought he was

clear of it. After this happened, he said a woman's voice came on the radio and

said, "You're dead MF," and a man's voice said, "I'm going to kill you, son of a

bitch." He looked in his rear-view mirror and saw the Greens' van. He could see

the driver, whom he could not identify, leaning over and then holding up a handgun.

He alleged he began braking to keep the driver from having a clear shot at him, and

as the van passed him his mirror was shot. He testified he did not have a gun. He

identified the gun taken from the Greens' van as looking like the gun he saw. The

defendant also testified he saw only two people in the van.

The defendant also presented two character witnesses at trial who

testified to his reputation for truthfulness.

The defendant requested jury instructions on the lesser grade offense

of reckless aggravated assault, but the court declined the request. The jury found

the defendant guilty of six counts of aggravated assault. During deliberations, the

jury reported difficulty reaching a verdict on four of the six counts. The foreperson

reported guilty verdicts for the counts pertaining to Paul and Dedra Green, and after

further deliberation the jury returned guilty verdicts for the counts relating to

Shannon Ullery and the Green children.

In an apparent attempt to throw himself on the mercy of the court, the

4
defendant took the stand at the sentencing hearing and admitted he committed

perjury at trial. He apologized to the state, the court and the victims for his

dishonesty. He admitted he shot at the Greens, although he maintained Mr. Green

pulled a gun and fired on him, and he shot in self-defense. The defendant claimed

he previously lied under oath because he was scared. He claimed to have disposed

of all the guns he and his wife owned. He reported he quit his job as a truck driver

and would never drive a truck again. Unpersuaded, the court sentenced the

defendant to six years for each count, the maximum for a Range I offender, the six

sentences to be served concurrently. The court rejected the defendant's bid for

probation and ordered he serve his time in the Department of Correction.

I

In his first appellate issue, the defendant alleges the trial court erred

in failing to instruct the jury on the lesser grade offense of reckless aggravated

assault. Alternatively, he argues the evidence is insufficient to convict him of

aggravated assault of Shannon Ullery and the three Green children, based upon

insufficient evidence of a knowing or intentional mental state. The state counters

there was no proof the defendant acted recklessly; his defense was he did not shoot

at the victims. In this absence of evidence the defendant is guilty of the lesser

offense, the state argues, the court did not err in declining to instruct the jury on the

lesser grade offense.

A trial court has the duty, sua sponte, to instruct the jury on all lesser

grade or class offenses and lesser included offenses, provided the evidence would

support a conviction for the lesser offenses. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-18-110 (1990);

State v. Trusty, 919 S.W.2d 305, 310 (Tenn. 1996); see Tenn. R. Crim. P. 31(c).

Under the statutory scheme, reckless aggravated assault is a lesser

5
grade offense of aggravated assault. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-102(b) (Supp.

1995) (amended 1996); Trusty, 919 S.W.2d at 310-11 (distinguishing between

lesser grade and lesser included offenses); State v. Donald W. Brantley, No.

01C01-9508-CC-00255, slip op. at 7 (Tenn. Crim. App., Nashville, March 13, 1997)

(Hayes, J., concurring), pet. for perm. app. filed (Tenn. May 13, 1997). Thus, the

trial court had a duty to instruct the jury on reckless aggravated assault if the

evidence would support a conviction of that crime. See Trusty, 914 S.W.2d at 488.

The relevant statutory provisions define reckless aggravated assault

as resulting where a person "[r]ecklessly commits an assault as defined in § 39-13-

101(a)(1), and: (A) Causes serious bodily injury to another; or (B) Uses or displays

a deadly weapon." Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-102(a)(2) (Supp. 1996) (italics

added). Section 39-13-101(a)(1) inculpates "[i]ntentionally, knowingly or recklessly

caus[ing] bodily injury to another[.]" Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-101(a)(1) (1991).

In the case at bar, there was no evidence Paul S. Green or Shannon

Ullery received any bodily injury, as required under section 39-13-101(a)(1). On the

other hand, there was uncontested evidence Dedra Green received bodily injury

when she was grazed by a bullet, and there was conflicting evidence whether the

Green children received minor scratches from shattering glass. Because reckless

aggravated assault must involve some degree of bodily injury, a conviction of that

crime may be found only as to those victims who are alleged to have been injured.

In other words, the evidence would not support a conviction of reckless aggravated

assault of Paul S. Green and Shannon Ullery. The trial court had no basis for

instructing the jury on reckless aggravated assault as to these victims.

With respect to the child victims, the defendant contends he was

entitled to a jury instruction on reckless aggravated assault on the counts pertaining

6
to these victims because the state failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt he

was aware of their presence in the van. Thus, he argues, he could not have

intentionally or knowingly assaulted them. The defendant alleged at trial he saw

only two people in the front seat of the van. To the contrary, the state offered proof

Mrs. Green got on the CB radio and told the defendant she had "three babies" in the

van prior to the gunfire. The defendant denied hearing this statement. The

evidence could support a finding of reckless aggravated assault of the children if the

jury accredited the testimony of the defendant that he was aware of only two people

in the van and never heard Mrs. Green say she had three babies in the van. We

believe the trial court committed reversible error in failing to charge the jury on the

lesser offense of reckless aggravated assault as to the three counts of the

indictment pertaining to the children.2

Finally, with respect to the trial court's failure to instruct the jury on

reckless aggravated assault of Dedra Green, the record is devoid of any evidence

2
The question we find determinative is not whether the evidence
presented at trial was sufficient to sustain the defendant's convictions of
aggravated assault; it is whether the jury was properly instructed on all crimes of
which the defendant might properly be found guilty. As this court has noted in
the past,

In effect, the trial court must consider the evidence in the light most
favorable to the existence of the lesser included offense and if the
evidence so considered permits an inference of guilt of a lesser
offense, the trial court must give instructions as to the lesser
offense. Otherwise, the trial court's consideration of the evidence
runs the risk of invading the province of the jury relative to witness
credibility, the weight and sufficiency of the evidence, and the
degree of the offense, if any, to be sustained.

State v. Brooks, 909 S.W.2d 854, 861 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995). In the end, it
may well be that the defendant will be found guilty of aggravated assault after the
jury has been instructed on remand on both aggravated assault and reckless
aggravated assault, and the evidence will be sufficiently supported by the record
if this matter is thereafter reviewed by this court. Nonetheless, the defendant is
entitled to have the question of his guilt of both aggravated assault and reckless
aggravated assault before the jury, provided the evidence presented on remand
supports an inference of his guilt of either crime.

7
his conduct toward her constituted mere recklessness. The defendant admitted he

saw two people in the front of the van. Mrs. Green was sitting in the front

passenger seat. According to the state's theory, the defendant threatened to run

the van off the road, then proceeded to do just that. The defendant admitted he

may have accidentally run the van off the road. When the van returned to the road

and attempted to pass the defendant, he shot at the van. Clearly, the latter rises

to the level of intentional or at least knowing conduct. The defendant offered no

evidence he recklessly shot at the van, choosing instead to challenge that the

events occurred at all. In the absence of any evidence of reckless conduct directed

to Dedra Green, the court did not err in failing to instruct the jury on reckless

aggravated assault of this victim.

In reaching these conclusions, we have considered and rejected the

state's argument the trial court was excused from instructing the jury on reckless

aggravated assault under the rule espoused in State v. Barker, 642 S.W.2d 735

(Tenn. Crim. App. 1982). In Barker, this court held that the trial court had no

obligation to instruct the jury on lesser included offenses where the defendant did

not contest the occurrence of the crime but merely interposed an alibi defense.

Barker, 642 S.W.2d at 738 (citing Price v. State, 589 S.W.2d 929 (Tenn. Crim. App.

1979); Judge v. State, 539 S.W.2d 340 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1976)). Unlike the

defendant in Barker, the defendant before us challenged whether the crimes

themselves occurred.3 His evidence attempted to show the events occurred

differently than as illustrated by the state's proof and that no crimes were

committed. The jury had to determine not only whether the defendant committed

3
The defendant's subsequent admission at the sentencing hearing that he
shot at the Greens' van technically is not part of the evidence we can consider in
determining whether the jury was properly instructed, in that the admission did
not occur at trial. We note parenthetically, however, the defendant never
contradicted his trial testimony that he had not seen or otherwise been aware of
the presence of more than two people in the van.

8
the crimes, but whether any crimes occurred at all. Accordingly, we reject Barker

as dispositive of the case at bar.

The defendant argues in the alternative the evidence is insufficient to

support convictions of aggravated assault of Shannon Ullery and the three children

based upon an inadequate showing he possessed the requisite intentional or

knowing mental state at the time of the crimes. Our standard of review as to

sufficiency questions is whether, after considering the evidence in the light most

favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential

elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S.

307, 324, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2791-92 (1979); State v. Duncan, 698 S.W.2d 63, 67

(Tenn. 1985); Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e). When undertaking such review, we are

constrained to afford the State of Tennessee the strongest legitimate view of the

evidence contained in the record as well as all reasonable and legitimate inferences

which may be drawn from the evidence. State v. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832, 835

(Tenn. 1978).

In the light most favorable to the state, the defendant threatened to

run the Greens' van off the road, did so, then shot into the occupied van while

traveling down the interstate. The defendant admitted seeing two people in the van,

and Mrs. Green warned him there were children in the van. Ms. Ullery testified she

was sitting in the center of the middle seat, where she could see out between the

two front seats. Whether the defendant was aware of Ms. Ullery's presence is

essentially a question of the defendant's credibility. The jury could logically

conclude beyond a reasonable doubt the defendant knew Ms. Ullery was in the van

and intentionally or knowingly caused her to fear bodily injury, as charged in the

indictment. Likewise, whether the defendant saw the children or heard Mrs. Green's

warning there were three children in the van is essentially a credibility question, and

9
a rational jury could resolve this question in favor of the state by finding beyond a

reasonable doubt that the defendant's actions were intentional or knowing as to the

children.

In the defendant's challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, he has

not directly questioned Ullery's and the child victims' reasonable fear of imminent

bodily injury, and we find the record contains sufficient evidence of this element as

to these victims. Ullery testified she lay down in the seat and pushed the children

down in their seat once she became aware the defendant had a gun. Several

windows on the van were shattered by the defendant's gun blasts. The children had

shattered glass in their hair, and they received minor cuts and scratches from the

glass. A rational jury could infer these victims' reasonable fear of imminent bodily

injury from these facts. Accordingly, we find the evidence sufficiently supports the

jury's findings of guilt as to Ullery and the child victims.4

II

The defendant's second issue is whether the trial court properly relied

on three enhancement factors. The enhancement factors found by the court were

"the offense involved more than one victim[,]" "a victim of the offense was

particularly vulnerable because of age or physical or mental disability[,]" and "the

defendant had no hesitation about committing a crime when the risk to human life

was high[.]" Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-114(3), (4) and (10) (1990). The state has

conceded the inapplicability of the three factors but argues a maximum sentence

is nevertheless appropriate for this defendant because another enhancement factor,

4
As noted previously, however, the defendant's convictions of aggravated
assault as to the three child victims are infirm due to the lower court's failure to
submit the lesser grade offense of reckless aggravated assault to the jury. Thus,
notwithstanding our finding of sufficient evidence of the greater offense, we have
vacated and remanded these three convictions for a new trial.

10
"the crime was committed under circumstances under which the potential for bodily

injury to a victim was great," applies even though it was not relied on by the trial

court. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-114(16) (1990).

When a defendant challenges the sentence imposed by the trial court,

this court engages in a de novo review of the record with a presumption the trial

court's determinations were correct. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-401(d) (1990). This

presumption is "conditioned upon the affirmative showing in the record that the trial

court considered the sentencing principles and all relevant facts and

circumstances.” State v. Ashby, 823 S.W.2d 166, 169 (Tenn. 1991). In conducting

our de novo review, we must consider the evidence at sentencing, the presentence

report, the sentencing principles, the arguments of counsel, the statements of the

defendant, the nature and characteristics of the offense, any mitigating and

enhancement factors, and the defendant’s amenability to rehabilitation. Tenn. Code

Ann. § 40-35-210(b) (1990); Ashby, 823 S.W.2d at 168. On appeal, the appellant

has the burden of showing the sentence imposed is improper. Tenn. Code Ann. §

40-35-401(d), Sentencing Comm'n Comments (1990); Ashby, 823 S.W.2d at 169.

The record in this case fails to demonstrate that the trial court gave

appropriate consideration to the principles of sentencing as well as the relevant

facts and circumstances. Accordingly, our review is de novo unaccompanied by the

presumption of correctness.

With respect to the length of the three aggravated assault sentences,

we find two enhancement factors applicable to the defendant. First, we disagree

with the state's concession that factor (10), "[t]he defendant had no hesitation about

committing a crime when the risk to human life was high[,]" does not apply. See

Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-114(10) (Supp. 1996). Second, factor (16), "[t]he crime[s

11
were] committed under circumstances under which the potential for bodily injury to

a victim was great[,]" applies. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-114(16) (Supp. 1996).

We acknowledge the general rule that these factors are inherent in the crime of

aggravated assault accomplished through the use of a deadly weapon. See, e.g.,

State v. Hill, 885 S.W.2d 357, 363-64 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994). We have

previously recognized, however, that these factors may be applied "if the facts

demonstrate a culpability distinct from and appreciably greater than that incident to

the convicted offense." State v. Gregory Muse, No. 03C01-9508-CC-00212, slip op.

at 5-6 (Tenn. Crim. App., Knoxville, Sept. 17 1996), perm. app. granted on other

grounds (Tenn. Mar. 17, 1997); see State v. Jones, 883 S.W.2d 597, 603 (Tenn.

1994). This case presents a situation which is appropriate for application of the

exception, rather than the rule. The defendant unhesitatingly endangered the

victims with gun shots, the basis for the convictions, but he also unhesitatingly

endangered them by creating a situation in which there was substantial risk of their

van wrecking, whether as a result of the defendant's shooting at the driver and the

windows or running the van off the road. We believe the latter layer of risk of a

wreck, which was not essential to the convictions, justifies the application of

enhancement factors (10) and (16). Moreover, we find the nature and

characteristics of the criminal conduct in this case justify giving these two

enhancement factors great weight. See State v. George E. Martin, Jr., No. 02C01-

9512-CC-00389, slip op. at 14 (Tenn. Crim. App., Jackson, Aug. 18, 1997)

(circumstances of offense may be considered in determining appropriate weight to

be given to enhancement factors). In fact, we believe these two enhancement

factors justify maximum Range I sentences of six years for the defendant's three

convictions. We find evidence of no mitigating factors on the record before us, and

the defendant has not argued that any apply to him.5

5
The record before us does not include the victim impact statement
appended to the presentence report. On the particular facts of this case,

12
 Next, we turn to the issue of the manner of service of this sentence.

Having received a sentence of less than eight years, the defendant is presumed to

be a favorable candidate for alternative sentencing. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-

102(6) (1990). Moreover, he is eligible for probation. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-

35-303(a) (Supp. 1996). Curiously, he has devoted no argument in his brief to the

proposition he should receive probation or some other form of alternative

sentencing, rather than confinement. In any event, we have serious concern about

the defendant's potential for rehabilitation in light of his perjury at trial.6 See State

v. Dowdy, 894 S.W.2d 301, 305-06 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994); see also Tenn. Code

Ann. § 40-35-103(5) (defendant's potential for rehabilitation is a proper sentencing

consideration). This factor overcomes the presumption that the defendant is a

favorable candidate for alternative sentencing. As such, he was properly ordered

to serve his sentences in the custody of the Department of Correction.

In summary, we arrive at the same sentencing result at the trial court,

albeit for different reasons.

III

however, the victim impact statement is not essential to our determination. The
considerations recited in the main text of the opinion justify maximum sentences
to be served in the Department of Correction. Thus, any additional potentially
enhancing information which may be contained in the victim impact statement
would only further justify these sentences. On the other hand, if the victim
impact statement contained information favorable to the defendant which might
mitigate the length of his sentence or support an alternative sentence, the
defendant bore the duty of seeing that it was included in the record and waived
our consideration of it by failing to see that it was included therein. See Tenn. R.
App. P. 24(g); State v. Ballard, 855 S.W.2d 557, 560 (Tenn. 1993) (citations
omitted).
6
On our de novo review, we accord little countervailing weight to the
defendant's subsequent admission of perjury. While this may have been a
sincere admission of wrongdoing, it just as easily may have been a ploy by the
defendant to try a different tactic to obtain more favorable sentencing after his
original tactic of perjuring himself at trial did not work to his advantage.

13
 Finally, we note from the technical record that the trial court entered

all six judgments against the defendant on one judgment form. This is contrary to

Rule 17 of the Supreme Court, which provides that a uniform judgment document

"shall be prepared for each conviction; if there are multiple convictions in the same

indictment, separate judgments should be filled out with appropriate notations

stating whether the sentences will run consecutively or concurrently." Because the

trial court's judgment does not comply with the rule, we remand the defendant's

convictions of aggravated assault of Paul S. Green, Dedra Green and Shannon

Ullery with instructions that the trial court amend its consolidated judgment

document by generating one judgment document for each conviction. In addition,

we caution the trial court to comply with Rule 17 with respect to any convictions that

may result from the three convictions we have vacated and remanded for further

proceedings.

In sum, the defendant's convictions of aggravated assault of Paul S.

Green, Dedra Green and Shannon Ullery and the sentences imposed by the trial

court are affirmed and remanded with instructions. The convictions of aggravated

assault of Sarah Green, Kirstie Green and Paul Green are vacated and remanded

for a new trial consistent with this opinion.

_______________________________
CURWOOD WITT, JUDGE

CONCUR:

_______________________________
JOHN H. PEAY, JUDGE

14
_______________________________
JOSEPH M. TIPTON, JUDGE

15