State of Tennessee v. Virgil Calvin Howell

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT JACKSON
October 1, 2013 Session

STATE OF TENNESSEE v. VIRGIL CALVIN HOWELL

Appeal from the Circuit Court for Hardeman County
No. CC-2012-CR-96 J. Weber McCraw, Judge

No. W2012-02585-CCA-R3-CD - Filed February 13, 2014

Appellant, the State of Tennessee, appeals after the Hardeman County Circuit Court granted
a motion to dismiss the indictments against Appellee, Virgil Calvin Howell. Appellee was
indicted by the Hardeman County Grand Jury for three counts of contracting without a
license in violation of Tennessee Code Annotated sections 62-6-103 and 62-6-120. After a
hearing, the trial court dismissed the indictments. On appeal, the State insists that the trial
court improperly determined that Appellee was not a contractor because Appellee was
supervising more than $25,000 of improvements to buildings that he owns and are intended
for public use. After a review of the record and applicable authorities, we determine that the
trial court improperly dismissed the indictments where the plain language of the statute
indicates that the actions performed by Appellee amounted to contracting as defined by the
statute. Accordingly, the judgment of the trial court is reversed, and the matter is remanded
for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Trial Court is Reversed and
Remanded.

J ERRY L. S MITH, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which JOSEPH M. T IPTON, P.J., and
N ORMA M CG EE O GLE, J., joined.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Rachel E. Willis, Assistant Attorney
General; and Michael Dunavant, District Attorney General, for the appellant, State of
Tennessee.

Thomas M. Minor, Somerville, Tennessee, for the appellee, Virgil Calvin Howell.
 OPINION

Factual Background

In May of 2012, the Hardeman County Grand Jury returned a three-count indictment
charging Appellant with contracting without a license. Specifically, each count of the
indictment stated that on various dates between December 1, 2011, and May 1, 2012,
Appellee:

[D]id knowingly and unlawfully engage in contracting, as defined by T.C.A.
§ 62-6-102(3), without a license as required by T.C.A. § 62-6-103, by
undertaking to construct, supervise, oversee, schedule, direct, or assume
charge of the construction, alteration, repair, improvement, movement,
demolition, putting up, tearing down, or furnishing labor to install material or
equipment for a certain [piece of property] . . . , for which the total cost is
twenty-five thousand dollars ($25,000) or more, in violation of T.C.A. § 62-6-
103 and T.C.A. § 62-6-120, . . . .

Count One of the indictment specified the property owned by Appellee and known as
Pecan Grove Apartments, Count Two of the indictment referred to a commercial hotel
building owned by Appellee, and Count Three of the indictment referred to a commercial
restaurant building, owned by Appellee. All of the properties were located in Bolivar,
Tennessee.

Prior to trial, Appellee filed a motion to dismiss the indictment. In the motion,
Appellee claimed that the State failed to show that Appellee violated any criminal offense
because Appellee was not a contractor.

The parties stipulated to the following facts prior to the hearing:

1. [Appellee] is the owner of the Garden Apartments, located on Pecan
Grove Drive in Bolivar, Hardeman County, Tennessee; a hotel building
located at 105 West Market Street in Bolivar, Hardeman County,
Tennessee; and a restaurant building located at 109 West Market Street
in Bolivar, Hardeman County, Tennessee (collectively, the “Projects”).

2. On various dates between approximately May 15, 2011, and May 1,
2012, construction work valued at over $25,000 was performed on each
of the Projects.

-2-
 3. All of the construction work on the Projects was performed by various
independent contractors under contract with [Appellee], as the owner
of the Projects.

4. [Appellee] has performed no construction work on any of the Projects.

5. [Appellee] applied to the City of Bolivar for building permits for each
of the Projects. All of [Appellee’s] applications for building permits
were denied by the City of Bolivar Building Inspector.

6. All of the electrical work on the Projects was performed by HH
Electric. HH Electric has its principal place of business in Bolivar,
Tennessee, and is licensed as an electrical contractor by the Tennessee
Board for Licensing Contractors (the “Board”).

7. [Appellee] neither “bid on” nor “contracted for” the construction,
direction, alteration, repair, or demolition of the Projects. Instead, the
independent contractors referenced in paragraph 3, above, “bid on” and
“contracted for” the construction work performed on the Projects.

8. Under the Tennessee Contractors Licensing Act, Tenn. Code Ann.,
§§62-6-101, et seq. (“CLA”), the terms “construction manager” and
“construction consultant” are not defined.

9. Under the CLA, there is no classification known, or referenced to as
“general contractor,” or “owner contractor.”

10. That the nature of the construction on the three Projects is for alteration
and/or repair of buildings for use and occupancy by the general public.

11. That [Appellee] is not nor has he ever been a licensed contractor.

The trial court held a hearing on the motion to dismiss the indictments. At the
hearing, prior to the introduction of evidence, the parties informed the trial court that the real
issue before the court was whether Appellee was engaged in contracting when he directed
work on properties that he owns in Bolivar.

Christopher Cravens was presented as a witness at the hearing. Mr. Cravens served
as general counsel to the Tennessee Board for Licensing Contractors (“Board”) from 1993
to 1997, is a founding member of the Tennessee Association of Construction Counsel, and

-3-
currently represents clients before the Board regarding licensing issues. Mr. Cravens
described the law related to the licensure of contractors as “constantly changing.”

Mr. Cravens testified that he was unaware of any other cases where an owner of
commercial property was actually prosecuted for contracting without a license just by hiring
multiple contractors to renovate property. Mr. Cravens informed the court that he
successfully defended the Rutherford County Board of Education against the Board when the
school board hired multiple prime contractors to construct the Siegel High School football
stadium in Murfreesboro. The Board dismissed the complaint because there “is no and was
no requirement that Rutherford County hire a general contractor so long as the multiple prime
contractors were duly licensed to perform their individual contracts.”

Mr. Cravens opined that Appellee’s actions did not amount to being a commercial
contractor because he did not bid on any contracts. Further, Mr. Cravens explained that the
statute did not provide for a licensing classification for owner/contractor or general
contractor.

After hearing the testimony and argument, the trial court took the matter under
advisement. The trial court issued an order granting the motion to dismiss the indictments.
In the order, the trial court specified that the issue before the court was whether Appellee was
a “contractor” as contemplated by Tennessee Code Annotated section 62-6-102 and was a
person “engaged in contracting” without a license as contemplated by Tennessee Code
Annotated section 62-6-103. The trial court reviewed the laws applying to contractors and
the history of those laws as set forth in Winter v. Smith, 914 S.W.2d 527 (Tenn. Ct. App.
1995). The trial court applied the rules of statutory construction and determined that the law
“does not contemplate that an owner of a property engages in the business of contracting
when he allows others to work on his property.” The trial court determined:

Mr. Howell, the owner, is not a contractor and is not required to have a license.
Upon review of this law and its plethora of changes, the overriding theme of
these statutes contemplates the relationship between owner and “contractor”
by its numerous references of “contracting with the owner.” Mr. Howell
owned the property where all the work was performed. Instead of hiring a
general contractor to construct the improvements, he decided to hire several
contractors and to coordinate and supervise their work himself. While many
of the responsibilities that Mr. Howell took on during construction would
normally be a general contractor’s responsibilities, the mere fact that he
assumed these responsibilities does not transform the owner into a
“contractor.” As Mr. Howell’s counsel astutely argued, the replacement of an
air conditioning unit which costs more than $25,000 by an owner of a building

-4-
 should not and does not transform the owner of the building, who simply
makes a telephone call to replace the mechanical unit, into a contractor which
thus requires a license.

To expand T.C.A. § 62-6-102 to declare that the owner of a building
who seeks to supervise its improvement is a “contractor” is beyond its intended
scope. Thus, the only logical conclusion to be drawn from the evidence is that
Mr. Howell was the owner of the building project, not a contractor.

The State appeals the dismissal of the indictments.

Analysis

On appeal, the State insists that the trial court erred by dismissing the indictments.
Specifically, the State claims that Appellee is renovating his property for public use and, as
a result, is not exempt from the licensing requirement when he engaged in contracting.
Appellee, on the other hand, claims that his only obligation during renovations on his
properties was to contract with licensed contractors. In other words, Appellee argues that
there was no requirement that he had to be separately licensed as a contractor. Moreover,
Appellee suggests that the legislature has chosen not to include a property owner within the
definition of contractor.

Contractors Licensing Act

Sections 62-6-101 to -139 of the Tennessee Code (“the Contractors Licensing Act”)
cover licensing requirements of general contractors. The general purpose of the Contractors
Licensing Act is to protect the safety and property of the public. Kyle v. Williams, 98 S.W.3d
661, 666 (Tenn. 2003). Section 62-6-101(3)(A) defines a contractor, in pertinent part, as:

[A]ny person or entity who undertakes to, attempts to, or submits a price or bid
or offers to construct, supervise, superintend, oversee, schedule, direct, or in
any manner assume charge of the construction, alteration, repair, improvement,
movement, demolition, putting up, tearing down, or furnishing labor to install
material or equipment for any building, highway, road, railroad, sewer,
grading, excavation, pipeline, public utility structure, project development,
housing, housing development, improvement, or any other construction
undertaking for which the total cost of the same is twenty-five thousand dollars
($25,000) or more.

T.C.A. § 62-6-102(3)(A).

-5-
 Section 62-6-103(a) requires any person engaged in contracting to submit evidence
of his or her qualification to engage in contracting and to be licensed. See T.C.A. § 62-6-
103(a). However, “[n]otwithstanding subdivision (a)(1), any person, firm or church that
owns property and constructs on the property single residences, farm buildings or other
buildings for individual use, and not for resale, lease, rent or other similar purpose, is exempt
from the requirements of this part.” T.C.A. § 62-6-103(2)(A) (emphasis added). Section 62-
6-120 states that any person who engages in contracting without a license commits a Class
A misdemeanor. See T.C.A. § 62-6-120. However, “the penalties imposed by [Tennessee
Code Annotated section 62-6-120(a)(1)] shall not apply to a person who engages a contractor
without a license for the purpose of constructing a residence for the use of that person.”

Statutory Construction

In the case herein, in order to determine whether the trial court improperly dismissed
the indictments, we must first determine if Appellee was required to be a licensed contractor
by the Contractors Licensing Act. In other words, was Appellee required to have a license
to oversee or supervise work that was being done on three pieces of commercial property that
he owned in Bolivar, Tennessee?

Resolution of the issue in the case herein requires this Court to utilize the rules of
statutory construction. The basic rule of statutory construction is to ascertain and give effect
to the intent or purpose of the legislature as expressed in the statute. Metropolitan Gov’t of
Nashville & Davidson Co. v. Motel Sys., Inc., 525 S.W.2d 840, 841 (Tenn. 1975); State v.
Southland News Co., Inc., 587 S.W.2d 103, 106 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1979). We must consider
the “natural and ordinary meaning of the language used, when read in the context of the
entire statute, without any forced or subtle construction to limit or extend the import of that
language.” Worrall v. Kroger Co., 545 S.W.2d 736 (Tenn. 1977). We should “assume that
the legislature used each word in the statute purposely and that the use of [each] word
conveyed some intent.” State v. Levandowski, 955 S.W.2d 603, 604 (Tenn. 1997).
Legislative intent must be derived from the plain and ordinary meaning of the statutory
language if the statute is devoid of ambiguity. Mooney v. Sneed, 30 S.W.3d 304, 306 (Tenn.
2000). When the language is ambiguous, the entire statutory scheme must be examined to
determine legislative intent and purpose. Freeman v. Marco Transp. Co., 27 S.W.3d 909,
911 (Tenn. 2000). Moreover, an ambiguity in a criminal statute is construed in favor of the
defendant. Levandowski, 955 S.W.2d at 604. Issues of statutory construction are questions
of law reviewed de novo without a presumption of correctness. State v. Walls, 62 S.W .3d
119, 121 (Tenn. 2001).

-6-
 Looking to the plain language of the statute, it appears that a person is a contractor if
they are engaged in any of the activities listed in Tennessee Code Annotated section 62-6-
102. It is undisputed that Appellee contracted with various individuals to perform work on
property that he owned in Bolivar. In other words, Appellee was “supervis[ing],
superintend[ing], oversee[ing], schedul[ing], direct[ing], or in any manner assum[ing] charge
of the . . . alteration, repair, improvement, . . . for any building, . . . , housing, housing
development, improvement, or any other construction undertaking for which the total cost
. . . is twenty-five thousand dollars ($25,000) or more.” T.C.A. § 62-6-102(3)(A). Further,
the undisputed facts indicate that the property was for public rather than private use. Again,
“any person, firm or church that owns property and constructs on the property single
residences, farm buildings or other buildings for individual use, and not for resale, lease, rent
or other similar purpose, is exempt from the requirements of this part.” T.C.A. § 62-6-
103(2)(A) (emphasis added). According to the unambiguous language of the statute,
Appellee was required to “submit evidence of qualification to engage in contracting and shall
be licensed.” T.C.A. § 62-6-103(a)(1), (2)(A). Consequently, the trial court erred in
determining that Appellee was not a contractor.

We note that Appellee relies heavily on the case of Winter v. Smith, 914 S.W.2d 527
(Tenn. Ct. App. 1995), to support his argument. The trial court also utilized Winter in its
analysis. In Winter, the Tennessee Court of Appeals undertook a thorough examination of
the evolution of the Tennessee contractors’ licensing statutes. The case involved, among
other things, a suit filed by a project owner, Ms. Winter, who sued a contractor, Mr. Smith,
hired for construction of an equestrian center. Id. at 530-31. Ms. Winter alleged that Mr.
Smith overcharged her for material and equipment used on the job and that she was entitled
to damages. Id. Mr. Smith asserted that he was not required to obtain a contractor’s license
for work he performed on the property owned by Ms. Winter because he was a subcontractor
performing work for which a license was not required. Id. at 534. Ms. Winter relied on an
affirmative defense in which she argued that Mr. Smith could recover no more than his
documented expenses because he was an unlicensed contractor when he did the work. Id.

In Winter, the Court of Appeals analyzed the affirmative defense and determined the
important question was whether Mr. Smith was a contractor or a subcontractor on the project.
Id. at 537. The court held that the fact that a property owner assumed duties during a
construction project, which would normally be responsibilities of a general contractor, did
not transform the owner into a “contractor” so as to transform the actual contractor into a
subcontractor. Id. at 540. In other words, the nature of the work Mr. Smith performed
amounted to “contracting” within the definition of Tennessee Code Annotated section 62-2-
102(1)(A) for which a license was required. Id. at 540.

-7-
 In Winter, however, the court did not consider the statutory definition of “contractor”
contained in Tennessee Code Annotated section 62-6-101(3)(A) as it operates in para
materia with the statutory exemption from the licensing requirement for persons engaging
in construction “for individual use.” See, T.C.A. § 62-6-103(2)(A). When these statutes are
considered together it is apparent that the legislature intended for licensed contractors to
perform contracting activities unless the person performing such activities is doing so for his
or her own use. In the instant case, Appellant clearly intended to rent the apartment units he
was remodeling to the general pubic. Thus, he falls within the definition of a “contractor”
and outside the exemptions of the licensing requirement. For these reasons, we find Winter
unpersuasive.

As we determined above, the plain language of the Contractor Licensing Act provides
that the activities undertaken by Appellant must be done by a licensed contractor. As a
result, the trial court improperly dismissed the indictments. Consequently, we reverse and
remand the judgment of the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the trial court is reversed and the matter
is remanded for further proceedings.

___________________________________
JERRY L. SMITH, JUDGE

-8-