2014 IL 115342
IN THE
SUPREME COURT
OF
THE STATE OF ILLINOIS
(Docket No. 115342)
SPANISH COURT TWO CONDOMINIUM ASSOCIATION,
Appellant, v. LISA CARLSON, Appellee.
Opinion filed March 20, 2014.
JUSTICE THEIS delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Chief Justice Garman and Justices Thomas and Karmeier concurred in the
judgment and opinion.
Justice Freeman dissented, with opinion, joined by Justices Kilbride and Burke.
OPINION
¶1 This appeal arises out of a forcible entry and detainer action filed by a
condominium association against one of its unit owners based on unpaid assessments.
At issue is whether an association’s purported failure to repair or maintain the common
elements is germane to the proceeding, and thus may be raised by the unit owner in
defense of the forcible action. We hold that it is not germane to the forcible proceeding,
and thus reverse, in part, the judgment of the appellate court. 2012 IL App (2d) 110473.
¶2 BACKGROUND
¶3 In February 2010, in the circuit court of Lake County, plaintiff, Spanish Court Two
Condominium Association (Spanish Court), filed a complaint under the Forcible Entry
and Detainer Act (forcible statute) (735 ILCS 5/9-101 et seq. (West 2008)) against
defendant, Lisa Carlson (Carlson), one of the association’s unit owners. Spanish Court
alleged that Carlson had failed to pay monthly assessments for the preceding six
months, and sought a money judgment and an order of possession. In her answer to the
complaint, Carlson admitted that she had not paid her assessments since August 2009.
Carlson denied, however, that she owed those assessments, alleging that she incurred
water damage to her unit because Spanish Court failed to properly maintain the roof
directly above her unit. Carlson also alleged, without providing specifics, that Spanish
Court “destroyed property within her unit without justification.”
¶4 Carlson also asserted two affirmative defenses, entitled “Breach of Covenants” and
“Set-Off.” In her first affirmative defense, Carlson alleged that Spanish Court failed to
maintain the roof and brickwork directly above her unit, resulting in water damage to
her unit. Carlson additionally alleged that Spanish Court failed to repair or replace a
toilet in her unit that was rendered inoperable during the investigation of a water leak in
an adjoining unit. Carlson claimed that such conduct by Spanish Court constituted a
breach of its duties set forth in the condominium declaration, and that Spanish Court
was estopped as a matter of law from seeking payment for the monthly assessments. In
her second affirmative defense, Carlson relied on the same allegations and requested a
set-off against any money judgment entered against her on Spanish Court’s complaint.
Carlson also filed a counterclaim in which she sought money damages based on the
same allegations set forth in her affirmative defenses.
¶5 Spanish Court moved to strike Carlson’s affirmative defenses and to sever her
counterclaim, arguing that they were not “germane” to the proceeding, as required by
the forcible statute. See 735 ILCS 5/9-106(a) (West 2008). The trial court granted
Spanish Court’s motion, striking Carlson’s affirmative defenses and ordering that
Carlson’s counterclaim be reassigned to the proper division of the circuit court.
Thereafter, the trial court entered an agreed order awarding possession of Carlson’s
unit to Spanish Court, and a money judgment for unpaid assessments through January
1, 2011. The matter then proceeded to a bench trial as to Spanish Court’s claim for
unpaid special assessments, accrued assessments not covered in the prior order, late
charges, attorney fees, and costs. After disallowing a special assessment and certain
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attorney fees and costs, the trial court entered its final order again awarding Spanish
Court possession, and a money judgment covering all sums due through April 2011.
¶6 Carlson appealed, challenging the trial court’s order striking her affirmative
defenses and severing her counterclaim, as well as the subsequent orders granting
Spanish Court possession and a money judgment. Spanish Court cross-appealed,
challenging the trial court’s disallowance of one of its special assessments.
¶7 The appellate court vacated the judgment of the trial court, and remanded the case
for partial reinstatement of Carlson’s affirmative defenses. 2012 IL App (2d) 110473,
¶ 48. The appellate court held that a unit owner may claim, as a defense to a forcible
action based on unpaid assessments, that her responsibility to pay assessments was
diminished or nullified by the failure of the association to repair or maintain the
common elements. Id. ¶¶ 16, 28, 46. The appellate court reasoned that if a tenant could
raise, as an affirmative defense in a forcible proceeding, the landlord’s failure to
maintain the leased premises, a condominium unit owner should also be able to raise as
an affirmative defense the association’s failure to repair and maintain the common
elements. Id. ¶¶ 26, 46. The appellate court viewed the obligation to pay assessments,
and the obligation to repair and maintain the common elements, as mutually exchanged
promises, and concluded that under principles of contract law, a material breach of the
repair obligation could warrant nonpayment of assessments. Id. ¶¶ 27-28. The
appellate court acknowledged that its holding placed Illinois in the small minority of
jurisdictions that permit a unit owner to claim an offset to assessments based on a
failure to repair and maintain the common elements. Id. ¶ 63.
¶8 The appellate court also determined that the particular failure to repair and maintain
the common elements alleged by Carlson was germane to Spanish Court’s action for
possession because “it affects the basic comfort of the dwelling.” Id. ¶¶ 29-30. The
appellate court remanded the matter for reinstatement of those parts of Carlson’s
affirmative defenses that were based on Spanish Court’s alleged failure to repair and
maintain the roof and brickwork above her unit, which are common elements, but not
those parts of her affirmative defenses based on Spanish Court’s alleged failure to
repair or replace her toilet, which is not a common element. Id. ¶ 48. In light of this
disposition, the appellate court declined to consider the parties’ various claims of trial
error, including Spanish Court’s claim raised in its cross-appeal that the trial court
erred in disallowing a special assessment. Id. ¶ 49.
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¶9 As to Carlson’s counterclaim, the appellate court held that it was not germane to the
forcible proceeding because it sought nothing but monetary relief. The appellate court
therefore affirmed the trial court’s order severing the counterclaim. Id. ¶ 48.
¶ 10 We allowed Spanish Court’s petition for leave to appeal (Ill. S. Ct. R. 315(a) (eff.
Feb. 26, 2010)), and allowed the Community Associations Institute - Illinois Chapter to
file an amicus curiae brief in support of Spanish Court (Ill. S. Ct. R. 345 (eff. Sept. 20,
2010)).
¶ 11 ANALYSIS
¶ 12 The only issue before this court is whether an association’s purported failure to
repair or maintain the common elements is germane to a forcible entry and detainer
proceeding against a unit owner based on unpaid assessments, and thus may be raised
by the unit owner in defense of the forcible action. 1 Spanish Court argues that a unit
owner’s obligation to pay assessments is independent of the association’s obligation to
maintain and repair the common elements and, thus, a unit owner’s claim that the
association failed to fulfill its obligation is not germane to a forcible action based on
unpaid assessments. In line with the appellate court judgment, Carlson counters that a
unit owner’s obligation to pay assessments and the association’s obligation to repair
and maintain the common elements are personal contractual obligations, and that if the
association does not perform, it cannot demand performance from her.
¶ 13 Our review of the parties’ arguments and resolution of the legal issue before us
require consideration of various provisions of the forcible statute, codified in article IX
of our Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/9-101 et seq. (West 2008)), as well as
various provisions of the Condominium Property Act (Condominium Act) (765 ILCS
605/1 et seq. (West 2008)). Accordingly, our review proceeds de novo. Knolls
Condominium Ass’n v. Harms, 202 Ill. 2d 450, 454 (2002).
¶ 14 Section 9-102 of the forcible statute expressly provides that a forcible entry and
detainer action may be maintained against a unit owner who “fails or refuses to pay
when due his or her proportionate share of the common expenses ***, or of any other
1
Spanish Court has not pursued its challenge, raised below, to the trial court’s order disallowing a
special assessment, nor has Spanish Court requested a remand to the appellate court to resolve that issue.
Carlson has not challenged, by way of cross-appeal, that part of the appellate court judgment affirming
the trial court’s order severing her counterclaim and, like Spanish Court, has not requested a remand to
the appellate court to consider trial court errors raised in the appellate court but not considered.
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expenses lawfully agreed upon,” subject to proper notice by the association’s board of
managers. 735 ILCS 5/9-102(a)(7) (West 2008). The Condominium Act contains a
comparable provision authorizing an association’s board of managers to maintain a
forcible entry and detainer action against a unit owner who defaults in the performance
of his or her obligations under the Condominium Act, or under the condominium
declaration or bylaws, or under the association’s rules and regulations. 765 ILCS
605/9.2(a) (West 2008).
¶ 15 Notably, the forcible statute limits the matters which may be raised in a forcible
action to “germane” matters. Section 9-106 states: “no matters not germane to the
distinctive purpose of the proceeding shall be introduced by joinder, counterclaim or
otherwise.” 735 ILCS 5/9-106 (West 2008). Historically, the “distinctive purpose” of a
forcible proceeding was to gain possession of property unlawfully withheld. Jack
Spring, Inc. v. Little, 50 Ill. 2d 351, 357-58 (1972). With respect to leaseholds, the
legislature expanded the purpose of the proceeding by providing that “a claim for rent
may be joined in the complaint, and judgment may be entered for the amount of rent
found due.” 735 ILCS 5/9-106 (West 2008); Jack Spring, 50 Ill. 2d at 358. When the
legislature added condominium property to the reach of the forcible statute, the
legislature likewise provided that when the action is based upon the failure of a unit
owner to pay his or her share of the common expenses, or of any other expenses
lawfully agreed upon, the association may obtain a judgment for both possession and
the unpaid expenses found due by the court. 735 ILCS 5/9-111(a) (West 2008).
¶ 16 Although the distinctive purpose of a forcible proceeding has changed to the extent
that, in some circumstances, an order of possession may be coupled with a money
judgment, whether a matter is “germane” is yet closely tied to the plaintiff’s claim for
possession. For example, in Rosewood Corp. v. Fisher, 46 Ill. 2d 249, 257 (1970),
where the plaintiffs’ forcible action was based upon the defendants’ failure to make
payments pursuant to a residential installment contract, we held that “it must
necessarily follow that matters which go to the validity and enforcibility of that
contract are germane, or relevant, to a determination of the right to possession.”
Similarly, in Jack Spring, we held that where a forcible action is based on unpaid rent,
whether the tenant, in fact, owes rent is germane to that proceeding. Jack Spring, 50 Ill.
2d at 358-59. Indeed, we observed that:
“[E]ven though the plaintiffs do not seek to recover rent in these actions, the
question of whether rent is due and owing is not only germane, but in these
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cases where the right to possession is asserted solely by reason of nonpayment,
is the crucial and decisive issue for determination.” Id. at 358.
Accord Peoria Housing Authority v. Sanders, 54 Ill. 2d 478, 483 (1973).
¶ 17 In Clore v. Fredman, 59 Ill. 2d 20, 26-27 (1974), we examined our holdings in
Rosewood Corp., Jack Spring, and Peoria Housing Authority, and held that the
landlord’s motive for the attempted eviction was germane to the forcible proceeding
where a state statute and local ordinance prohibited retaliatory evictions. We explained
that, “[i]f in fact, the landlord’s action is retaliatory, the landlord is not entitled to
possession of the property and the action cannot be maintained.” Clore, 59 Ill. 2d at 27.
¶ 18 In the present case, Spanish Court’s claim to possession of Carlson’s unit was
based on nonpayment of assessments. It necessarily follows that whether Carlson, in
fact, owes any assessments is germane to the proceeding. The issue in this case,
however, is not simply whether a unit owner, like Carlson, may challenge whether
assessments are due. Rather, the issue is whether the basis Carlson asserts for claiming
that assessments are not due is legally sound. The appellate court, agreeing with
Carlson, held that a unit owner’s obligation to pay assessments may be nullified by the
association’s failure to repair or maintain the common elements. 2012 IL App (2d)
110473, ¶¶ 28, 46. If correct as a matter of law, then Spanish Court’s alleged failure in
this case would be germane to the forcible action because Spanish Court’s conduct, if
proven, could defeat its claim for unpaid assessments, and, in turn, its claim for
possession. But if Carlson’s nullification defense is not a legally viable defense, then
Spanish Court’s alleged conduct is not germane to the forcible proceeding, and
Carlson’s affirmative defenses were properly stricken by the trial court.
¶ 19 Spanish Court maintains that the appellate court’s recognition of a nullification
defense rests on an ill-fitting analogy, namely, that the association-unit owner
relationship is, for purposes of the forcible statute, analogous to the landlord-tenant
relationship. See 2012 IL App (2d) 110473, ¶¶ 16, 26, 46. We agree with Spanish
Court.
¶ 20 The relationship between a landlord and tenant is contractual. See generally 24 Ill.
L. and Prac. Landlord and Tenant § 1, at 157 (2009). Although aspects of that
relationship may be governed by state and local landlord-tenant laws, the relationship
is created through the agreement of the parties. When a landlord breaches the terms of
the agreement (the lease) by failing, for example, to comply with the implied warranty
of habitability, cases have traditionally applied contract remedies, including damages,
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rescission, reformation, or abatement of rent. Glasoe v. Trinkle, 107 Ill. 2d 1, 15-17
(1985). Cf. Mohanty v. St. John Heart Clinic, S.C., 225 Ill. 2d 52, 70 (2006) (“Under
general contract principles, a material breach of a contract provision by one party may
be grounds for releasing the other party from his contractual obligations.”).
¶ 21 Although contract principles have sometimes been applied to the relationship
between a condominium association and its unit owners based on the condominium’s
declaration, bylaws, and rules and regulations (1 Gary A. Poliakoff, The Law of
Condominium Operations § 1:23 (1988 and Supp. 2012-13)), the relationship is largely
a creature of statute, defined by the provisions of the Condominium Act (765 ILCS
605/1 et seq. (West 2008)). Under that act, the board of managers, through whom the
association of unit owners acts (765 ILCS 605/2(o) (West 2008)), has the duty “[t]o
provide for the operation, care, upkeep, maintenance, replacement and improvement of
the common elements.” 765 ILCS 605/18.4(a) (West 2008). The Condominium Act
also addresses the “[s]haring of expenses” among unit owners, and establishes that: “It
shall be the duty of each unit owner *** to pay his proportionate share of the common
expenses.” 765 ILCS 605/9(a) (West 2008). 2 Although these duties may also be
reflected in the condominium declaration and bylaws, as they are in this case, they are
imposed by statute and exist independent of the association’s governing documents.
Accordingly, a unit owner’s obligation to pay assessments is not akin to a tenant’s
purely contractual obligation to pay rent, which may be excused or nullified because
the other party failed to perform.
¶ 22 The forcible statute itself distinguishes between the landlord-tenant relationship
and the association-unit owner relationship. Section 9-209, applicable to leaseholds,
states that a landlord may, after rent is due, “notify the tenant, in writing, that unless
payment is made within a time mentioned in such notice, *** the lease will be
terminated,” and the landlord may sue for possession and unpaid rent. (Emphasis
added.) 735 ILCS 5/9-209 (West 2008). Thus, when a landlord successfully litigates its
forcible action, the landlord-tenant relationship ceases and, except for any money
judgment for past due rent, the tenant’s rental obligation terminates.
¶ 23 With respect to condominium property, however, the forcible statute nowhere
indicates that the association-unit owner relationship, or the condominium declaration,
“will be terminated.” A unit owner does not cease to be a unit owner even if
2
“Common expenses” is defined as “the proposed or actual expenses affecting the property,
including reserves, if any, lawfully assessed by the Board of Managers of the Unit Owner’s
Association.” 765 ILCS 605/2(m) (West 2008).
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dispossessed of his or her unit, and the obligations of condominium ownership,
including the obligation to pay assessments, continue unabated. As set forth in section
9-111 of the forcible statute, a unit owner may only file a motion to vacate a judgment
in favor of the association if, inter alia, the unit owner “is not in arrears on his or her
share of the common expenses for the period subsequent to that covered by the
judgment.” (Emphasis added.) 735 ILCS 5/9-111(a) (West 2008). Section 9-111.1 also
provides that the obligation to pay assessments continues, stating that where the board
of managers rents the unit to satisfy the judgment, rental income may be applied,
following satisfaction of the judgment, to “assessments accrued thereafter until
assessments are current.” 735 ILCS 5/9-111.1 (West 2008). These statutory sections
also reveal that, unlike an order of possession in favor of a landlord, an order of
possession in favor of an association is intended to be temporary, not permanent, “with
possession eventually returning to the unit owner.” Knolls Condominium Ass’n, 202 Ill.
2d at 457. See also Ill. Ann. Stat., ch. 30, ¶ 309.2, Historical and Practice Notes, at 198
(Smith-Hurd Supp. 1992) (“The relationship between a landlord and tenant is purely
contractual and terminates upon a breach of that contract. By contrast the relationship
between the condominium unit owner and the board of managers is statutory and
ongoing.”).
¶ 24 The different treatment that the forcible statute accords to leased property, on the
one hand, and condominium property, on the other hand, underscores that the
landlord-tenant relationship and the association-unit owner relationship are not
analogous, and that the defenses available to a tenant are not necessarily available to a
unit owner. Whether a unit owner may, nonetheless, assert a nullification defense
requires a closer examination of the Condominium Act and the nature of a unit owner’s
obligation to pay assessments.
¶ 25 Section 9 of the Condominium Act, which establishes a unit owner’s duty to pay
assessments, does not provide, expressly or impliedly, that such duty is contingent
upon the repair and maintenance of the common elements. Section 9 does state,
however, that “[i]f any unit owner shall fail or refuse to make any payment of the
common expenses *** when due[ ] the amount thereof *** shall constitute a lien on the
interest of the unit owner in the property” which may be recorded and foreclosed by the
board of managers. 765 ILCS 605/9(g)(1), (h) (West 2008). Moreover, section 18
provides:
“[A] unit owner may not assign, delegate, transfer, surrender, or avoid the
duties, responsibilities, and liabilities of a unit owner under this Act, the
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condominium instruments, or the rules and regulations of the Association; and
*** such an attempted assignment, delegation, transfer, surrender, or avoidance
shall be deemed void.” 765 ILCS 605/18(q) (West 2008).
This section further states that “[t]he association shall have no authority to forbear the
payment of assessments by any unit owner.” 765 ILCS 605/18(o) (West 2008).
¶ 26 These provisions, when read together, demonstrate that a unit owner’s liability for
unpaid assessments is not contingent on the association’s performance. The unit owner
cannot “avoid” the duty to pay assessments, i.e., the duty cannot be annulled, vacated,
defeated, or invalidated (see Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 151
(1986)), and the association cannot refrain from enforcing that obligation.
Accordingly, a unit owner’s claim that its obligation to pay assessments was nullified
by the association’s failure to repair and maintain the common elements is contrary to
the Condominium Act and is not a viable defense. 3
¶ 27 We recognize that Spanish Court based its right to possession on Carlson’s
unfulfilled obligation to pay assessments under the condominium declaration, and not
under the Condominium Act. Nothing in the declaration or bylaws, however, may
conflict with the provisions of the act. 765 ILCS 605/18, 4(i) (West 2008).
¶ 28 A nullification defense is not only inconsistent with the express provisions of the
Condominium Act governing the payment of assessments, such a defense is
inconsistent with the legislature’s purpose in adopting section 9.2, authorizing the
maintenance of a forcible action against a defaulting unit owner. 765 ILCS 605/9.2
(West 2008). “ ‘This section was adopted to provide a constitutionally permissible,
quick method for collection of assessment arrearages ***.’ ” Knolls Condominium
Ass’n, 202 Ill. 2d at 457-58 (quoting Ill. Ann. Stat., ch. 30, ¶ 309.2, Historical and
Practice Notes, at 179-80 (Smith-Hurd Supp. 1991)). A nullification defense would
inject a myriad of fact-based inquiries into the forcible action, unduly prolonging what
was intended to be an expeditious proceeding. Not only would the forcible court need
to determine whether the association breached its duty to repair or maintain a common
element, the forcible court would need to determine whether that breach was
“material,” and whether that material breach constituted a partial or complete defense
to the forcible action.
3
Although condominium property statutes vary, the argument that the right to collect assessments is
dependent upon the association’s duty to maintain the common elements has “not been generally
accepted by the courts.” 1 Gary A. Poliakoff, The Law of Condominium Operations § 5:19 (1988 and
Supp. 2012-13).
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¶ 29 The necessity of a “quick method” for collection of past due assessments,
unencumbered by extraneous matters, is manifest when we consider the manner in
which condominium associations operate and the impact a nullification defense would
have on their very existence. Condominium ownership is unique in that a unit owner
holds fee simple title to a unit (765 ILCS 605/2(g) (West 2008)), as well as an interest
with his or her fellow unit owners in the common elements (765 ILCS 605/4(e) (West
2008)). See also 1 Gary A. Poliakoff, The Law of Condominium Operations § 1:01
(1988 and Supp. 2012-13) (“The key characteristic that distinguishes the condominium
concept from other forms of property ownership is the commonly owned property
appurtenant to, and inalienable from each unit.”).
¶ 30 The association, which is comprised of all the unit owners (765 ILCS 605/2(o)
(West 2008)), “is responsible for the overall administration of the property through its
duly elected board of managers.” 765 ILCS 605/18.3 (West 2008). The officers and
members of the board must “exercise the care required of a fiduciary of the unit
owners.” 765 ILCS 605/18.4 (West 2008). The business of the board, which includes,
inter alia, the care and upkeep of the common elements, the employment of necessary
personnel, the acquisition of appropriate insurance, and the payment of real property
taxes (765 ILCS 605/18.4(a), (e), (f), (k) (West 2008)), is funded through the unit
owners’ assessments. The assessments are derived from the annual budget prepared by
the board. See 765 ILCS 605/18(a)(6) to (8) (West 2008) (discussing procedure for
adoption of the “proposed annual budget and regular assessments pursuant thereto”).
The association’s ability to administer the property is dependent upon the timely
payment of assessments, and “any delinquency in unit owners’ payments of their
proportionate share of common expenses may result in the default of the association on
its obligations or the curtailment of association directed services,” impacting not only
the delinquent unit owner, but all association members. 1 Gary A. Poliakoff, The Law
of Condominium Operations § 5:03 (1988 and Supp. 2012-13). Because of the
interdependence that exists among unit owners, the condominium form of property
ownership only works if each unit owner faithfully pays his or her share of the common
expenses. When a unit owner defaults in the payment of his or her assessments, the
resulting forcible entry and detainer action is thus brought “for the benefit of all the
other unit owners.” 765 ILCS 605/9.2(a) (West 2008). See also 765 ILCS 605/9(h)
(West 2008) (statutory lien for common expenses “shall be for the benefit of all other
unit owners”).
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¶ 31 Permitting a unit owner’s duty to pay assessments to be nullified would thus
threaten the financial stability of condominium associations throughout this state. As
explained by the Massachusetts high court:
“Whatever grievance a unit owner may have against the condominium trustees
must not be permitted to affect the collection of lawfully assessed common area
expense charges. A system that would tolerate a unit owner’s refusal to pay an
assessment because the unit owner asserts a grievance, even a seemingly
meritorious one, would threaten the financial integrity of the entire
condominium operation. For the same reason that taxpayers may not lawfully
decline to pay lawfully assessed taxes because of some grievance or claim
against the taxing governmental unit, a condominium unit owner may not
decline to pay lawful assessments.” Trustees of the Prince Condominium Trust
v. Prosser, 592 N.E.2d 1301, 1302 (Mass. 1992).
The Massachusetts high court thus held that “there is no right to set-off against a
lawfully imposed condominium charge.” Id. Although the Massachusetts court’s
holding was entered in the context of a statutory lien foreclosure action against a
defaulting unit owner, its reasoning applies equally in the context of a forcible action
against a defaulting unit owner. See also Andrea J. Boyack, Community Collateral
Damage: A Question of Priorities, 43 Loy. U. Chi. L.J. 53, 56-80 (2011) (discussing,
inter alia, the devastating impact of assessment delinquencies in today’s housing
market, and the unfair financial burden placed on nondelinquent owners).
¶ 32 Recognition that a unit owner’s duty to pay assessments cannot be nullified does
not mean that a unit owner cannot challenge whether assessments are due, nor does it
mean that an aggrieved unit owner has no recourse. A unit owner could, for example,
challenge whether assessments are due by challenging the association’s recordkeeping,
or the manner in which the assessment was adopted. See 765 ILCS 605/2(m) (West
2008) (defining “ ‘[c]ommon [e]xpenses’ ” as those “lawfully assessed” by the board).
In addition, a unit owner who believes he or she has been aggrieved by some act or
omission of the board of managers may take steps to remove the offending board
members; become involved in the management of the association by seeking election
to the board; or seek recourse through the courts.
¶ 33 In this case, when the forcible action proceeded to trial, Carlson challenged the
manner in which Spanish Court adopted one of its special assessments, for which
Spanish Court sought payment. After hearing the evidence, the trial court disallowed
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that special assessment. Additionally, as noted earlier, Carlson elected to file a
counterclaim for damages to her unit, which was severed by the trial court and
transferred to another courtroom for disposition. Thus, Carlson will have an
opportunity for a full and fair hearing on her claim that Spanish Court failed to repair
and maintain the roof and brickwork, causing damage to her unit.
¶ 34 CONCLUSION
¶ 35 Carlson’s claim that her duty to pay assessments was nullified by Spanish Court’s
failure to repair and maintain the common elements is not a viable defense to Spanish
Court’s forcible action as a matter of law, and is thus not germane to that proceeding.
We, therefore, reverse that portion of the appellate court judgment vacating the trial
court’s judgment and remanding for partial reinstatement of Carlson’s affirmative
defenses, and affirm the judgment of the trial court.
¶ 36 Appellate court judgment reversed in part.
¶ 37 Circuit court judgment affirmed.
¶ 38 JUSTICE FREEMAN, dissenting:
¶ 39 The majority holds that in a forcible entry and detainer proceeding for unpaid
assessments, a unit owner cannot raise as a defense an association’s failure to repair or
maintain the common elements. I disagree and respectfully dissent. I would hold that
such a defense can be raised and is germane to the forcible proceeding.
¶ 40 I begin with the premise that Illinois is unique in allowing a condominium
association to utilize the forcible statute to evict a unit owner for failure to pay
assessments. Knolls Condominium Ass’n, 202 Ill. 2d at 458 (quoting Ill. Ann. Stat., ch.
30, ¶ 309.2, Historical and Practice Notes, at 180 (Smith-Hurd Supp. 1991)). When
such action occurs, the unit owner maintains title to the unit and the association has the
right to possession of the unit until the judgment for possession is vacated after the
amount owed is paid. Id. (quoting Ill. Ann. Stat., ch. 30, ¶ 309.2, Historical and
Practice Notes, at 180 (Smith-Hurd Supp. 1991)). The association may rent the unit and
apply the rental funds to the delinquent common expenses. Id. at 457; see 735 ILCS
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5/9-111.1 (West 2008). We are unaware of any other state that permits an association
such a remedy in forcible entry and detainer. See 1 Gary A. Poliakoff, The Law of
Condominium Operations § 5:48 (1988 and Supp. 2012-13).
¶ 41 The forcible statute permits a defendant to offer into evidence any matter in defense
of the action that is germane to the distinctive purpose of the proceeding. 735 ILCS
5/9-106 (West 2008). Neither the forcible statute nor the Condominium Act defines
germane. Yet, sections 9-106 and 9-111 of the statute permit a claim for rent (735 ILCS
5/9-106 (West 2008)) as well as a claim for unpaid assessments (735 ILCS 5/9-111
(West 2008)) to be included in the action. This court has already determined that since
a landlord can include a claim for unpaid rent in a forcible proceeding, a tenant may
raise as a defense that no rent was due. Jack Spring, 50 Ill. 2d at 359. Specifically in
Jack Spring, we held that the tenant could assert as a defense that the landlord breached
the implied warranty of habitability and as a result, the tenant’s duty to pay rent was
excused or nullified by the landlord’s breach. Jack Spring, 50 Ill. 2d at 359. We
reasoned that to hold that a landlord could, at his discretion, expand the issues (i.e.,
assert a claim for rent) in a forcible proceeding, but the tenant could not (i.e., assert a
defense for breach of the lease terms, express or implied), violated “common sense and
accepted rules of statutory interpretation.” Id. at 358.
¶ 42 We should employ a similar analysis here. Spanish Court brought its complaint
pursuant to the forcible statute and asserted counts for possession and breach of
contract (the condominium declaration) as well as a claim for unpaid assessments.
Similar to the tenant in Jack Spring, Carlson should be permitted to raise as a defense
that the association’s breach of its duty to repair or maintain the common elements
excused or nullified her duty to pay assessments. Though the majority acknowledges
Spanish Court based its right to possession on Carlson’s failure to pay assessments
under the condominium declaration and not the Condominium Act, it nevertheless
maintains that the relationship between an association and unit owner is controlled by
statute rather than contract. Thus, the majority concludes, for purposes of the forcible
statute, analogies between the landlord-tenant relationship and unit owner-association
relationship are “ill-fitting” and the defenses available to a tenant are not necessarily
available to a unit owner. My view is more moderate. The unit owner-association
relationship is governed both by statute (the Condominium Act) and contract (the
condominium’s declaration, bylaws and rules and regulations). Therefore, I believe
that such a comparison is not “ill-fitting” and that a nullification defense should
likewise be available to a unit owner.
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¶ 43 Although the majority cites to Rosewood Corp. for support, I believe it supports my
position. In Rosewood Corp., we considered whether the defendants, who had entered
into installment contracts for the purchase of residential properties, could assert as
affirmative defenses in a forcible proceeding that the installment contracts were
unconscionable and unenforceable based on the defendants’ allegations of fraud and
violations of their civil and constitutional rights. The defendants had stopped making
their installment payments and “appear[ed] to have embarked upon a concerted course
of self-determination and self-help, for an apparent purpose of securing a modification
and renegotiation of their contracts.” Rosewood Corp., 46 Ill. 2d at 252. Noting that
“germane” had been defined as “closely allied,” “closely related,” “closely connected,”
“relevant,” and “pertinent,” we held that the defendants’ affirmative defenses
challenging the validity and enforceability of their contracts were germane to a
determination of the right to possession. Id. at 256-57. Specifically, we found that:
“[w]here as here, the right to possession a plaintiff seeks to assert has its source in an
installment contract for the purchase of real estate by the defendant, we believe it must
necessarily follow that matters which go to the validity and enforcibility of that
contract are germane, or relevant, to a determination of the right to possession.” Id. We
further noted that construing the statute in this manner “may interfere with the
summary aspects of the remedy.” Id. at 258. However, we concluded that the rights of
the purchasers to be heard on relevant matters and to be secure in their constitutional
rights was superior to that of the summary aspects of the remedy for possession. Id.
¶ 44 Similarly here, whether a unit owner owes condominium assessments is “closely
allied,” “related,” “connected,” “relevant” and “pertinent” to the condominium
association’s forcible action for possession and unpaid assessments. When Spanish
Court’s right to possession is based on Carlson’s failure to pay assessments pursuant to
the condominium declaration, it must necessarily follow that the question of whether
Carlson owes those assessments is germane or relevant to a determination of the right
to possession.
¶ 45 Additionally, a nullification defense is not contrary to the provisions in the
Condominium Act that govern the payment of assessments, as the majority asserts. The
Condominium Act imposes a duty on unit owners to pay their proportionate share of
the common expenses as well as a duty on associations to repair and maintain the
common elements. Yet, it does not address a situation such as here where a unit owner
stops paying assessments because the association failed to repair and maintain the roof,
a common element. Since the Condominium Act is silent in this regard, permitting a
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unit owner to raise a nullification defense is not contrary to the Condominium Act’s
provisions.
¶ 46 The majority also references in a footnote that “the argument that the right to
collect assessments is dependent upon the association’s duty to maintain the common
elements has ‘not been generally accepted by the courts,’ ” Supra ¶ 26 n.3 (citing 1
Gary A. Poliakoff, The Law of Condominium Operations § 5:19 (1988 and Supp.
2012-13)). However, this assertion ignores the fact that Illinois is unique in that it
permits condominium associations to utilize the forcible statute to evict a unit owner
for failure to pay assessments. Therefore, a comparison to other courts’ decisions is not
persuasive.
¶ 47 Moreover, a nullification defense is not contrary to the express purpose of forcible
proceedings to provide a “quick method” to collect assessment arrearages
unencumbered by “extraneous matters.” If a tenant can raise the defense in a forcible
proceeding, I fail to see much difference in the nature and extent of the proceeding if
raised by a unit owner. The majority acknowledges that a unit owner could challenge
whether assessments were due, though on a basis other than a nullification theory; yet,
it does not explain why a nullification defense would make the proceeding any longer
or more cumbersome than any other defense. Likewise, the majority does not explain
how such a defense is an “extraneous matter” when the sole basis for Spanish Court’s
complaint was Carlson’s failure to pay assessments. We pointed out in Jack Spring that
the forcible statute had to some extent lost its distinctive purpose of only restoring
possession, and, in Rosewood Corp., we recognized a departure from the summary
aspects of the remedy. Jack Spring, 50 Ill. 2d at 358; Rosewood Corp., 46 Ill. 2d at 258.
Here, the forcible action proceeded to a bench trial on Spanish Court’s claim for unpaid
special assessments, accrued assessments, late charges, attorney fees and costs.
Clearly, the proceeding is not quite as “quick” as the majority asserts. I disagree that
permitting a unit owner to raise a nullification defense would interfere with the
summary aspects of the forcible proceeding.
¶ 48 Further, we noted back in 1972, in Jack Spring, the “salutary trend” toward
determining the rights and liabilities of litigants in one, rather than multiple,
proceedings. Jack Spring, 50 Ill. 2d at 359. Interpreting the forcible statute as
permitting a unit owner to raise such a defense is consistent with this pronouncement.
¶ 49 Lastly, the majority’s decision rests upon an unfounded fear that permitting a unit
owner to raise a nullification defense would threaten the financial stability of
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condominium associations throughout the state. As the appellate court noted, the
association’s breach must be material and cannot be based on a general disagreement
with the association. The threat of eviction also serves as a very powerful tool to
encourage compliance by unit owners and a unit owner who ceases paying assessments
does so with the utmost peril. It is true that the form of condominium ownership only
works if each unit owner faithfully pays his or her share of the common expenses. It is
equally true that condominium ownership only works if the association likewise fulfills
its obligations. Not permitting a unit owner to raise a nullification defense in a forcible
action denies a voice to an ever growing segment of the population who purchase
condominium property. True, unit owners can continue to pay assessments and bring a
lawsuit against the association for its failure to repair or maintain; however, that puts an
expensive and time-consuming burden on the unit owner rather than litigating the
matter in the forcible proceeding that is already before the court, as is done in a
landlord-tenant situation.
¶ 50 In the end, I believe this is a matter best left to the legislature. The legislature
included condominium property within the province of the forcible statute and further
provided that a claim for unpaid assessments may be included in the forcible action for
possession. Yet, it provided no further guidance as to what defenses may be germane to
the proceeding. If the legislature had wanted to foreclose a unit owner from raising a
nullification defense in a forcible action, it could have so provided. It did not.
¶ 51 JUSTICES KILBRIDE and BURKE join in this dissent.
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