People v. Klatt

Filed 4/23/14
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

THE PEOPLE, H038755
(Santa Clara County
Plaintiff and Respondent, Super. Ct. No. C1094633)

v.

ROBERT MICHAEL KLATT,

Defendant and Appellant.

At a bench trial, the trial court found defendant Robert Michael Klatt guilty on two
counts of lewd conduct with a minor aged 14 or 15. (Pen. Code § 288, subd. (c)(1).)1
The court granted a three-year term of probation that included six months in county jail
as a condition of probation. The court also required defendant to participate in a sex
offender management program (the program) as a condition of probation.
At issue in this appeal are three additional probation conditions ordered by the
court. First, the court ordered defendant to waive “any privilege against self-
incrimination” and participate in polygraph examinations as part of the program.
Consistent with our recent opinion in People v. Friday (2014) 225 Cal.App.4th 8
(Friday), we hold that under Minnesota v. Murphy (1984) 465 U.S. 420 (Murphy), the
Fifth Amendment prohibits a waiver of “any privilege against self-incrimination” as a
condition of probation. Defendant may be required, however, to participate in polygraph

1
Subsequent undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.
examinations to the extent the questions posed to him relate to the successful completion
of the program, the crimes of which he was convicted, or related criminal behavior.
Second, the court ordered defendant to waive any psychotherapist-patient privilege
to enable communication between the sex offender management professional and the
probation department. We construe the waiver of the psychotherapist-patient privilege as
requiring waiver only insofar as necessary to enable communication between the
supervising probation officer and the sex offender management professional. Construed
in this fashion, we uphold this waiver as constitutional.
Third, the court ordered defendant not to date, socialize, or form any romantic
relationship with any person who has physical custody of a minor unless approved by the
probation officer. We hold that this condition is unconstitutionally vague and overbroad
in violation of defendant’s right to freedom of association. On remand, we will instruct
the court to consider imposing a probation condition that is more “sufficiently precise”
and “closely tailor[ed]” to the purpose of the condition. (In re Sheena K. (2007) 40
Cal.4th 875, 890.)
Finally, the trial court ordered a restitution fine of $264. Defendant contends his
trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the imposition of the restitution fine.
We conclude trial counsel did not provide ineffective assistance of counsel and we reject
this claim.
We will reverse the judgment and remand to the trial court with instructions
reflecting the above holdings.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
In 2006, when defendant was 27 years old, his father married the mother of R.D.,
the victim. R.D., as well as R.D.’s mother and his two siblings, moved in with defendant
and defendant’s father.
In 2008 and early 2009, when R.D. was 14, defendant began spending a lot of time
with him and sending him numerous text messages. Defendant showed R.D. photos of

2
naked women, questioned R.D. about masturbation, and asked R.D. to compare his pubic
hair with defendant’s pubic hair. On two occasions in 2009, defendant touched R.D.
inappropriately. On the first occasion, defendant and R.D. were wearing bathrobes, but
no underwear, when the two exchanged back massages. On another occasion, R.D.
shared a bed with defendant. R.D. woke up in the middle of the night and felt
defendant’s hand underneath his shorts, touching his buttock area. R.D.’s older brother,
M.D., also testified about inappropriate interactions between defendant and himself. For
example, defendant asked M.D. various questions about his masturbation habits, and the
two exchanged photographs of their genitals via cell phones.
At trial, defendant denied these allegations. Several witnesses testified to his
character for truthfulness and the appropriateness of his conduct around other young men.
The trial court credited the testimony of the prosecution witnesses and found that
defendant engaged in the two alleged touching incidents with R.D. in 2009. The court
thereby found defendant guilty as charged on two counts of lewd conduct with a minor
aged 14 or 15. (§ 288, subd. (c)(1).)
At sentencing, the court suspended the imposition of sentence and granted a three-
year term of probation, including six months in county jail as a condition of probation.
Among other probation conditions, the court ordered defendant to participate in a sex
offender management program pursuant to section 1203.067. Additionally, the court
ordered the three probation conditions set forth above. Defendant lodged no objections to
the probation conditions.2
Finally, the trial court imposed a restitution fine of $264. The trial court did not
explain how it arrived at this figure. The probation report recommended a restitution fine

2
The Attorney General concedes that defendant may challenge the probation
conditions for the first time on appeal. We agree. (In re Sheena K., supra, 40 Cal.4th at
pp. 888-889 [a facial challenge to a probation condition, as a pure question of law, is not
forfeited by the failure to object in the court below].)

3
of “between $200 and $10,000 and a 10% Administrative Fee [. . .] pursuant to Section
1202.4 of the Penal Code.” Defendant did not object to this fine.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Section 1203.067, Subdivision (b)(3)
For any defendant placed on probation for a registerable sex offense, section
1203.067, subdivision (b)(3) requires, as a condition of probation, “Waiver of any
privilege against self-incrimination and participation in polygraph examinations, which
shall be part of the sex offender management program.” Defendant challenges this
provision on the grounds that the waiver violates his Fifth Amendment rights and that the
polygraph requirement is unconstitutionally overbroad under Brown v. Superior Court
(2002) 101 Cal.App.4th 313 (Brown).
1. Waiver of Any Privilege Against Self-Incrimination
This panel recently considered a challenge to the waiver of any privilege against
self-incrimination in Friday, supra, 225 Cal.App.4th 8. The majority in that case held
that the waiver is prohibited by the Fifth Amendment under Murphy, supra, 465 U.S. at
p. 420. We reaffirm our prior holding in Friday.
By requiring the “Waiver of any privilege against self-incrimination,” the plain
language of the statute squarely implicates defendant’s rights under the Self-
Incrimination Clause of the Fifth Amendment. Furthermore, the “core” right of the Self-
Incrimination Clause protects against the use of compelled statements “in a criminal
proceeding against the person who gave them.” (Maldonado v. Superior Court (2012)
53 Cal.4th 1112, 1128 (Maldonado) [citing Chavez v. Martinez (2003) 538 U.S. 760,
766-773 (plur. opn. of Thomas, J.) (Chavez)], original italics.) Because the statute
requires waiver of any privilege against self-incrimination, the probation condition
necessarily includes a waiver of the “core” right under the Self-Incrimination Clause.
The plain language of the waiver, if left intact, would therefore allow the state to use
defendant’s compelled statements against him in a separate criminal proceeding. But the

4
United States Supreme Court has held that the Fifth Amendment prohibits the state from
using a probationer’s compelled statements against the probationer in a separate criminal
proceeding. 3 (Murphy, supra, 465 U.S. 420; accord United States v. Saechao (9th Cir.
2005) 418 F.3d 1073; United States v. Antelope (9th Cir. 2005) 395 F.3d 1128.)
Furthermore, the state may not compel a probationer to waive the right to invoke
the Fifth Amendment or otherwise punish a probationer for invoking its protections.
(Murphy, supra, 465 U.S. at p. 438 [“Our decisions have made clear that the State could
not constitutionally carry out a threat to revoke probation for the legitimate exercise of
the Fifth Amendment privilege.”].) This holding was based on the United States
Supreme Court’s longstanding “penalty cases” jurisprudence, under which the Fifth
Amendment prohibits a compelled, prospective waiver of the Fifth Amendment, even
prior to and apart from any criminal proceeding. (Lefkowitz v. Cunningham (1977) 431
U.S. 801; Lefkowitz v. Turley (1973) 414 U.S. 70; Uniformed Sanitation Men Ass’n v.
Comm’r of Sanitation (1968) 392 U.S. 280, 283; Gardner v. Broderick (1968)
392 U.S. 273, 276.) More recently, the Supreme Court reaffirmed these principles, and a
plurality of the court observed that “Once an immunity waiver is signed, the signatory is
unable to assert a Fifth Amendment objection to the subsequent use of his statements in a
criminal case, even if his statements were in fact compelled. A waiver of immunity is
therefore a prospective waiver of the core self-incrimination right in any subsequent
criminal proceeding . . . .” (Chavez, supra, 538 U.S. at p. 768, fn. 2 (plur. opn. of
Thomas, J.).) These cases make clear that the probation condition here, by requiring

3
Murphy referred to “compelled” statements as those compelled over a valid
claim of the Fifth Amendment. (Murphy, supra, 465 U.S. at p. 427.) However, the Fifth
Amendment is not “self-executing.” (Id. at p. 425.) If a probationer does not explicitly
invoke the Fifth Amendment, he or she voluntarily waives the privilege against self-
incrimination and the statements are not “compelled” within the meaning of the Fifth
Amendment. Under these circumstances, the probationer’s statements may be used in a
criminal prosecution, just as Murphy’s statements were used against him.

5
defendant to waive any privilege against self-incrimination, is prohibited under the Fifth
Amendment.
But even without the waiver, the state may still compel defendant to participate in
treatment—even if doing so requires him to make incriminating statements—provided he
retains immunity from the use of compelled statements in separate criminal proceedings.
As the court in Murphy observed, “a state may validly insist on answers to even
incriminating questions and hence sensibly administer its probation system, as long as it
recognizes that the required answers may not be used in a criminal proceeding and thus
eliminates the threat of incrimination. Under such circumstances, a probationer’s ‘right
to immunity as a result of his compelled testimony would not be at stake,’ . . . .”
(Murphy, supra, 465 U.S. at p. 435, fn. 7.)
The California Supreme Court recently reaffirmed this principle as applied to
public employees in Spielbauer v. County of Santa Clara (2009) 45 Cal.4th 704 (public
defender could be compelled under threat of discharge to answer questions over his claim
of the privilege provided he retained immunity from prosecution). Our high court held,
“In many instances, of course, it is necessary or highly desirable to procure citizens’
answers to official questions, including their formal testimony under oath. In such
circumstances, an individual’s invocation of the privilege against self-incrimination
would frustrate legitimate governmental objectives. In light of the competing interests, it
is well established that incriminating answers may be officially compelled, without
violating the privilege, when the person to be examined receives immunity ‘coextensive
with the scope of the privilege’—i.e., immunity against both direct and ‘derivative’
criminal use of the statements. [Citations.] In such cases, refusals to answer are
unjustified, ‘for the grant of immunity has removed the dangers against which the
privilege protects. [Citation.]’ ” (Id. at pp. 714-715.) (Italics added.) Furthermore,

6
where the state’s competing interests require it, the state need not issue a formal
prospective grant of immunity.4 (Id. at p. 725.)
Under these principles, no waiver is necessary to require defendant’s participation
in the sex offender management program. The state may compel defendant to participate
in the program and in polygraph examinations as part of the program, even if doing so
requires him to make incriminating statements. (Murphy, supra, 465 U.S. at p. 435, fn.
7.) However, if defendant invokes the Fifth Amendment, and the state continues to
compel incriminating statements over his valid invocation of his Fifth Amendment
privilege, then he retains immunity from the use and derivative use of his compelled
statements in any separate criminal proceeding against him. (Murphy, supra, 465 U.S. at
p. 435.)
A separate panel of this court recently upheld the waiver as constitutional under
the Fifth Amendment. (People v. Garcia (2014) 224 Cal.App.4th 1283 (Garcia).) The
majority in Garcia acknowledged that the state could not constitutionally use a
probationer’s compelled statements against him or her in a separate criminal proceeding.
However, the Garcia majority concluded that a “Waiver of any privilege against self-
incrimination” does not include a waiver of the “core” right protecting against the use of
compelled statements in such proceedings. Thus, under Garcia, affected probationers
enjoy use and derivative use immunity for any incriminating statements made as part of
the program.
The majority in Garcia adopted the premise that, without the waiver, the privilege
against self-incrimination would still give probationers a right “to refuse to answer

4
The state’s interest here is at least as great as those in Spielbauer. This is
particularly so when that interest is balanced against the rights of a probationer, who
generally enjoys less constitutional protection than a public employee who is not
convicted of any crime. (See United States v. Knights (2001) 534 U.S. 112, 119
[“Inherent in the very nature of probation is that probationers ‘do not enjoy “the absolute
liberty to which every citizen is entitled.” ’ ”].)

7
questions.” (Garcia, supra, 224 Cal.App.4th at p. 1298.) Thus, the majority reasoned,
“The waiver provision is critical because it prevents a probationer from refusing to
provide such disclosures on self-incrimination grounds.”5 (Id. at p. 1289.)
We respectfully disagree. Provided probationers have immunity for incriminating
statements made during the program—and the Garcia majority agrees they do—the Fifth
Amendment already allows the state to compel their statements. Thus, no waiver of the
privilege is required because the privilege against self-incrimination does not give
probationers the right “to refuse to answer questions” if they are immune from the use of
those statements in separate criminal proceedings.6 More importantly, the Garcia
majority construes the language of the statute to mean something other than what it
plainly says. Even though the condition waives “any privilege against self-
incrimination,” (italics added) the Garcia majority construes the statute to exclude the
“core” right of the privilege from the scope of the waiver––a construction that cannot be
reconciled with the plain language of the statute.
For these reasons, we reaffirm our holding in Friday that the Fifth Amendment
prohibits this portion of the probation condition, and we will order the trial court to strike
the prohibited waiver language on remand.

5
Under Garcia, then, probationers who are not subject to the waiver
requirement—e.g., because they committed the underlying offense before the September
9, 2010 effective date of the waiver provision—have a right to refuse to answer questions
even if they have immunity from criminal prosecution. Logic would dictate that this
right would further extend to any probationer not subject to such a waiver requirement.
We do not believe this is what the Legislature intended to do when it enacted section
1203.067, subdivision (b)(3).
6
As Murphy recognized, the probationer is in “no better position than the ordinary
witness at a trial or before a grand jury who is subpoenaed, sworn to tell the truth, and
obligated to answer on the pain of contempt . . . .” (Murphy, supra, 465 U.S. at p. 427.)
Courts routinely punish witnesses who refuse to answer questions under immunity.

8
 2. Participation in Polygraph Examinations
In Friday, supra, 225 Cal.App.4th 8, this panel previously considered the
requirement that probationers participate in polygraph examinations. Following the
analysis of the Fourth District Court of Appeal in Brown, supra, 101 Cal.App.4th 313, we
applied the factors set forth in People v. Lent (1975) 15 Cal.3d 481, and upheld the basic
requirement that the probationer participate in polygraph examinations. However, in that
analysis, we also concluded that the requirement as worded must be construed narrowly
to allow only examination questions reasonably related to a probationer’s successful
completion of the sex offender management program, the crime of which he or she was
convicted, or related criminal behavior, whether past or future.
We see no reason to deviate from that analysis here. Accordingly, provided the
probation condition is narrowly construed in the manner set forth above, we uphold the
requirement that defendant participate in polygraph examinations.
B. Relationships With Persons Having Physical Custody of a Minor
The trial court also ordered defendant “not to date, socialize or form a romantic
relationship with any person who has physical custody of a minor unless approved by the
probation officer.” Defendant argues that this condition is unconstitutionally vague and
overbroad in violation of his rights to freedom of association and privacy under the
Fourteenth Amendment. He also contends the requirement that he not “socialize” is
unconstitutionally vague. We agree that the requirement is both overbroad and vague,
and we will order the trial court to strike the condition on remand.
“A probation condition that imposes limitations on a person’s constitutional rights
must closely tailor those limitations to the purpose of the condition to avoid being
invalidated as unconstitutionally overbroad.” (In re Sheena K., supra, 40 Cal.4th at
p. 890.) In other words, “[W]here an otherwise valid condition of probation impinges on
constitutional rights, such conditions must be carefully tailored, ‘ “reasonably related to
the compelling state interest in reformation and rehabilitation . . . .” ’ ” (People v. Bauer

9
(1989) 211 Cal.App.3d 937, 942.) All other probation conditions are reviewed for abuse
of discretion. “In granting probation, courts have broad discretion to impose conditions
to foster rehabilitation and to protect public safety pursuant to Penal Code section
1203.1.” (People v. Carbajal (1995) 10 Cal.4th 1114, 1120.) No such abuse of
discretion occurs unless the probation condition “ ‘ “(1) has no relationship to the crime
of which the offender was convicted, (2) relates to conduct which is not in itself criminal,
and (3) requires or forbids conduct which is not reasonably related to future
criminality . . . .” [Citation.]’ ” (People v. Olguin (2008) 45 Cal.4th 375, 379.)
The United States Supreme Court has long recognized a constitutional right to
freedom of association. (Roberts v. United States Jaycees (1984) 468 U.S. 609, 617.)
Included in this right is the “freedom of intimate association,” which is exemplified by
those personal affiliations that “attend the creation and sustenance of a family—marriage
[citation]; childbirth [citation]; the raising and education of children [citation]; and
cohabitation with one’s relatives [citation].” (Id. at p. 619; Warfield v. Peninsula Golf &
Country Club (1995) 10 Cal.4th 594, 624.) By restricting defendant’s freedom to date
and form romantic relationships with other persons, the probation condition here
implicates his freedom of intimate association. We must therefore consider whether the
condition is “narrowly tailored” to the state’s interest in reformation and rehabilitation.
(In re Sheena K., supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 890.)
The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals considered a similar probation condition in
United States v. Wolf Child (9th Cir. 2012) 699 F.3d 1082 (Wolf Child). The defendant in
that case pleaded guilty to attempted sexual abuse after attempting to have sex with an
intoxicated and unconscious 16-year-old girl. (Id. at p. 1088.) The sentencing court
ordered the defendant not to “date or socialize with anybody who has children under the
age of 18” without prior approval from his probation officer. (Id. at p. 1089.) The court
of appeals concluded that this condition was overbroad in violation of the defendant’s
right to freedom of association. (Id. at p. 1100.) In its reasoning, the court observed,

10
“The category of people covered by this condition with whom [the defendant] is
prohibited from establishing social relationships is enormous. Probably more than half
the people in the United States would be on the ‘do not associate’ list.” (Id. at pp. 1100-
1101.) Off-limit persons included coworkers, bosses, family members, friends, spiritual
leaders, and neighbors who have children. (Id. at p. 1101.) The court thereby found the
scope of this prohibition to be too broad.
We find the court’s reasoning in Wolf Child persuasive. Like the probation
condition in that case, the restriction here prohibits defendant from socializing with an
extremely large category of persons unless he first obtains permission from his probation
officer. People who have custody of minors are ubiquitous, and would likely be present
among defendant’s coworkers, friends, family members, neighbors, and fellow church
members. And the condition prohibits defendant from socializing with them regardless
of whether he has any contact with their children.7 For example, defendant would be
prohibited from socializing with coworkers—and possibly prevented from even holding a
job—even though there may be little or no chance of meeting his coworkers’ children.
Furthermore, such socialization among coworkers and others is likely to be so frequent
that it would be impractical for defendant to obtain his probation officer’s approval prior
to every such incident. The enormous scope of the condition thereby impinges on
defendant’s freedom far more broadly than necessary to serve the state’s interests and the
purposes of the condition.
We also agree that the term “socialize” is unconstitutionally vague in this context.
“[T]he underpinning of a vagueness challenge is the due process concept of ‘fair
warning.’ ” (In re Sheena K., supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 890.) “The vagueness doctrine
‘ “bars enforcement of ‘a statute which either forbids or requires the doing of an act in
terms so vague that men [or woman] of common intelligence must necessarily guess at its

7
We note that in another probation condition not challenged here, the court
ordered defendant not to reside in a home where children under the age of 18 reside.

11
meaning and differ as to its application.’ ” [Citations.]’ ” (Ibid.) “A probation condition
‘must be sufficiently precise for the probationer to know what is required of him [or her],
and for the court to determine whether the condition has been violated,’ if it is to
withstand a challenge on the ground of vagueness.” (Ibid.) We conclude that the term
“socialize” is too ambiguous for a reasonable probationer to know with sufficient
precision what conduct is prohibited.
The Attorney General argues that the term “socialize” is equivalent to “associate
with,” and is therefore not vague under United States v. Soltero (9th Cir. 2007) 510 F.3d
858 (Soltero). In Soltero, the sentencing court ordered the probationer not to “associate
with any known member of any criminal street gang . . . .” (Id. at p. 865.) The court of
appeals upheld the condition over a vagueness challenge by relying on the United States
Supreme Court’s holding in Arciniega v. Freeman (1971) 404 U.S. 4 (Arciniega). In
Arciniega, a parolee had his parole revoked on the sole ground that he worked at a
restaurant where other ex-convicts worked. The trial court found him in violation of a
parole condition prohibiting him from associating with other ex-convicts. In a per curiam
opinion, the high court reversed and held that the condition was not intended to prohibit
“incidental contacts between ex-convicts in the course of work on a legitimate job for a
common employer.” (Ibid.) The court did not consider whether the condition was vague
or overbroad.
We would agree that much incidental contact—such as waving or saying “hello”
to a stranger—does not constitute socializing. But that does not sufficiently clarify or
narrow the scope of the condition. As relevant here, the dictionary defines “socialize” as
“enter into or maintain personal relationships with others.” (Webster’s 3d New Internat.
Dict. (1993) p. 2162.) Under this definition, a reasonable person cannot determine with
sufficient precision what conduct constitutes “socializing,” i.e., entrance into a personal
relationship. If defendant briefly meets with a group of coworkers while working on a
project at his job, is he “socializing” with them? What if he attends the meeting

12
passively, without talking? Or if he talks, but only says a few words? Has he formed a
personal relationship with any of his coworkers under these circumstances? The answers
to these questions are insufficiently clear for the purposes of enforcing a probation
condition.
The same is true of the requirement that defendant not “date” or “form a romantic
relationship” with persons having custody of a minor. It is unclear what conduct
constitutes a “date.” Furthermore, it is possible for a probationer to engage in these
activities without coming into contact with the minors the condition seeks to protect.
Thus, these conditions impinge directly on defendant’s right of association, yet they only
indirectly serve the stated interest. Much less restrictive and more narrowly targeted
conditions are available for the same purposes, e.g., a requirement that defendant not be
present in the same room with a minor absent adult supervision.
Because the condition is both overbroad and vague, we will reverse and remand to
the trial court to consider imposing a probation condition that is more “sufficiently
precise” and “closely tailor[ed]” to the purpose of protecting minors in defendant’s
presence. (In re Sheena K., supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 890.)
C. Waiver of the Psychotherapist-Patient Privilege
Section 1203.067, subdivision (b)(4) requires “Waiver of any psychotherapist-
patient privilege to enable communication between the sex offender management
professional and supervising probation officer, pursuant to Section 290.09.” Defendant
challenges this condition as overbroad and a violation of his constitutional right to
privacy. We previously considered this claim in Friday, supra, 225 Cal.App.4th 8. We
reaffirm our holding that the condition is constitutional provided the waiver is limited to
enabling communication between the psychotherapist and the probation officer.
Communications between a patient and psychotherapist are protected by a
psychotherapist-patient privilege based on the federal constitutional right to privacy.
(People v. Stritzinger (1983) 34 Cal.3d 505, 511.) Because the waiver impinges on this

13
constitutional right, we must consider whether the condition is “narrowly tailored” to its
purpose. (People v. Bauer, supra, 211 Cal.App.3d at p. 944.) The stated purpose of the
waiver is set forth in the language of the statute: “to enable communication between the
sex offender management professional and supervising probation officer.” As we
explained in Friday, the state clearly has a substantial interest in encouraging such
communication. Furthermore, because the waiver is limited in scope and purpose, we
concluded that the concomitant burden on the probationer’s right to privacy is justified
and constitutional.
For these reasons, we affirm our prior holding that probationers may
constitutionally be required to waive the psychotherapist-patient privilege to the extent
necessary to allow the sex offender management professional to communicate with the
supervising probation officer. Furthermore, the probation officer may communicate
defendant’s scores on statutorily-mandated risk assessment tools to the Department of
Justice to be made accessible to law enforcement as required under section 290.09,
subdivision (b)(2). Apart from these exceptions, neither the psychotherapist nor the
probation officer may relay protected communications to some other third party under the
waiver,8 and defendant’s privacy rights based on the psychotherapist-patient privilege
otherwise remain intact.
D. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel for Failure to Object to the Restitution Fine
Defendant argues that his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance of counsel
by failing to object to a restitution fine of $264. Under the version of the statute
applicable at the time of his offenses, the statutory minimum restitution fine for a felony
conviction was $200. (Former § 1202.4, subd. (b)(1), Stats. 1994, ch. 46, § 4.) The
Legislature later raised the minimum amount to $240, starting January 1, 2012. (§

8
We recognize that certain legal mandates not at issue in this appeal may require a
psychotherapist or probation officer to transmit protected communications to another
third party. (See, e.g., § 11164 et seq. [“Child Abuse and Neglect Reporting Act”].)

14
1202.4, subd. (b)(1), Stats. 2011, ch. 358, § 1.) Defendant contends the trial court
intended to impose the minimum fine plus a ten percent administrative penalty, but the
trial court erroneously used a minimum fine amount of $240—to which the court added
$24, or ten percent—in calculating the amount of $264. Defendant concludes that if his
trial counsel had pointed out the mistake, the court would have corrected it and imposed
the statutory minimum amount of $200 plus ten percent, or $220.
“To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must show
both that counsel’s performance was deficient and that the deficient performance
prejudiced the defense. [Citations.] Counsel’s performance was deficient if the
representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness under prevailing
professional norms. [Citation.] Prejudice exists where there is a reasonable probability
that, but for counsel’s errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.”
(People v. Benavides (2005) 35 Cal.4th 69, 92-93, citing Strickland v. Washington (1984)
466 U.S. 668, 687-688, 693-694.) “ ‘Tactical errors are generally not deemed reversible;
and counsel’s decision-making must be evaluated in the context of the available facts.
[Citation.] To the extent the record on appeal fails to disclose why counsel acted or
failed to act in the manner challenged, [the appellate court] will affirm the judgment
“unless counsel was asked for an explanation and failed to provide one, or unless there
simply could be no satisfactory explanation.” ’ ” (People v. Hart (1999) 20 Cal.4th 546,
623-624.)
“ ‘Finally, prejudice must be affirmatively proved; the record must demonstrate “a
reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the
proceeding would have been different. A reasonable probability is a probability
sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” ’ ” (Id. at p. 624.) “It is the
defendant’s burden on appeal [. . .] to show that he or she was denied effective assistance
of counsel and is entitled to relief. [Citations.] ‘[T]he burden of proof that the defendant
must meet in order to establish his [or her] entitlement to relief on an ineffective-

15
assistance claim is preponderance of the evidence.’ [Citation.]” (In re Hill (2011) 198
Cal.App.4th 1008, 1016.)
Defendant committed the instant offenses in 2009. The statute in effect at the time
specified a minimum restitution fine of $200, but allowed for an amount up to $10,000.
“The restitution fine shall be set at the discretion of the court and commensurate with the
seriousness of the offense, but shall not be less than two hundred dollars ($200), and not
more than ten thousand dollars ($10,000).” (Former § 1202.4, subd. (b)(1).) (Italics
added.) Thus, the trial court had the discretion to impose a fine of $264.
Although defendant contends the trial court intended to impose the minimum fine,
the trial court did not state its reasons for imposing the amount of $264. In the absence of
any indication to the contrary, we presume the trial court applied the law properly. “It is
a basic presumption indulged in by reviewing courts that the trial court is presumed to
have known and applied the correct statutory and case law in the exercise of its official
duties.” (People v. Mack (1986) 178 Cal.App.3d 1026, 1032.) “[I]t is settled that: ‘A
judgment or order of the lower court is presumed correct. All intendments and
presumptions are indulged to support it on matters as to which the record is silent, and
error must be affirmatively shown. This is not only a general principle of appellate
practice but an ingredient of the constitutional doctrine of reversible error.’ [Citations.]”
(Denham v. Superior Court (1970) 2 Cal.3d 557, 564, original italics.) For these reasons,
we find defendant has not met his burden of showing a reasonable likelihood of a more
favorable outcome had trial counsel objected.
Even assuming the trial court intended to impose the statutory minimum amount,
defendant’s trial counsel may have had tactical reasons for not objecting to the amount
the court actually imposed. Defendant was convicted on two felony counts. If his trial
counsel had objected to the amount and argued for the minimum fine, the court might
have imposed a larger fine pursuant to section 1202.4, subdivision (b)(2), under which
the court may multiply the minimum fine amount by the number of felony counts of

16
which the defendant is convicted. Absent some showing that trial counsel did not make a
tactical decision to avoid this outcome, we will not second-guess counsel’s conduct.
For these reasons, we reject defendant’s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel
based on his counsel’s failure to object to the restitution fine.
III. DISPOSITION
The judgment is reversed and the matter is remanded to the trial court with the
following instructions. First, in light of our holding that the waiver requirement in Penal
Code section 1203.067, subdivision (b)(3) is unconstitutional, the trial court shall strike
the language “waive any privilege against self-incrimination and” from the probation
condition implementing that subdivision. Second, the trial court shall strike the probation
condition ordering defendant “not to date, socialize or form any romantic relationship
with any person who has physical custody of a minor unless approved by the probation
officer,” and the court shall consider whether to impose a probation condition consistent
with our reasoning above.

_________________________
MÁRQUEZ, J.

I concur:

_________________________
GROVER, J.

17
BAMATTRE-MANOUKIAN, Acting P.J., Concurring and Dissenting

I. INTRODUCTION
Defendant Robert Michael Klatt was convicted of two counts of lewd conduct
with a minor aged 14 or 15. (Pen. Code, § 288, subd. (c)(1).)1 The victim was
defendant’s 14-year-old stepbrother. Defendant was 16 years older than the victim. On
one occasion, the victim woke up to find defendant’s hand underneath his shirt, rubbing
his back. The victim also discovered his shorts had been removed. On another occasion,
the victim woke up to find defendant’s hand under his shorts and boxers, moving towards
his genital area. Defendant also engaged in uncharged misconduct with the victim’s
older brother. When the older brother was 13 or 14 years old, defendant showed him
pornography and asked him to engage in masturbation contests.
At the sentencing hearing, defendant was placed on probation for three years,
ordered to serve six months in jail, and required to register as a sex offender. (See § 290,
subd. (c).)
The trial court imposed a number of probation conditions as required by
section 1203.067, subdivision (b). Defendant was ordered to “enter, participate and
complete an approved sex offender management program.” (See § 1203.067,
subd. (b)(2).) Defendant was required to “waive any privilege against self-incrimination
and participate in polygraph examinations, which shall be part of the sex offender
management program.” (See § 1203.067, subd. (b)(3).) Defendant was required to
“waive any psychotherapist-patient privilege to enable communication between the sex
offender management professional and the Probation Officer.” (See § 1203.067,
subd. (b)(4).)

1
Unspecified section references are to the Penal Code.
 Defendant’s probation conditions also included an order that he “not date,
socialize or form a romantic relationship with any person who has physical custody of a
minor unless approved by the probation officer.”
Defendant now challenges the probation conditions imposed pursuant to
section 1203.067, subdivisions (b)(3) and (b)(4), as well as the probation condition that
orders him not to “date, socialize or form a romantic relationship with any person who
has physical custody of a minor unless approved by the probation officer.”
As explained below and in my separate opinion in People v. Friday (2014)
225 Cal.App.4th 8 (Friday), I respectfully disagree with the majority’s conclusion that
the language “waive any privilege against self-incrimination” must be stricken from the
probation condition required by section 1203.067, subdivision (b)(3). I agree with the
majority opinion in People v. Garcia (2014) 224 Cal.App.4th 1283 (Garcia), which held
that the probation condition does not violate the Fifth Amendment and is not overbroad.
However, I do agree with the majority in this case that the section 1203.067,
subdivision (b)(3) probation condition is not overbroad insofar as it requires defendant to
“participate in polygraph examinations” as part of the sex offender management program.
(See Friday, supra, 225 Cal.App.4th at p. 53 [conc. & dis. opn. of Bamattre-Manoukian,
Acting P.J.].) I also agree with the majority that the probation condition imposed
pursuant to section 1203.067, subdivision (b)(4), which requires a waiver of the
psychotherapist-patient privilege, is not overbroad and does not require modification.
(See Friday, supra, at p. 54 [conc. & dis. opn. of Bamattre-Manoukian, Acting P.J.].)
Finally, I agree with the majority that this case should be remanded so the trial
court can more narrowly tailor the probation condition prohibiting defendant from dating,
socializing, or forming a romantic relationship with any person who has physical custody
of a minor unless approved by his probation officer.

2
 II. DISCUSSION
A. Section 1203.067, Subdivision (b)(3) Probation Condition
As a condition of probation, defendant was required to “waive any privilege
against self-incrimination and participate in polygraph examinations, which shall be
part of the sex offender management program, pursuant to Section 1203.067[,
subdivision] (b)(3).”
Defendant argues that this probation condition conflicts with the Fifth Amendment
and is overbroad, because it prohibits him from invoking the privilege against self-
incrimination. In his briefing, defendant contended that the condition should be modified
to specify that he is “required to cooperate with the sex offender management program to
the extent it does not interfere with his Fifth Amendment right.” At oral argument,
defendant suggested that the language “waive any privilege against self-incrimination”
could be stricken from the probation condition.
Defendant also argues this condition is overbroad because he “should only have to
answer questions reasonably related to the completion of his probation conditions or his
criminal conviction.”
1. Fifth Amendment Analysis
The majority agrees with defendant that the probation condition required by
section 1203.067, subdivision (b)(3) “is prohibited by the Fifth Amendment” insofar as it
requires him to waive “any privilege against self-incrimination.” (Maj. opn. at p. 4.) The
majority orders the language “waive any privilege against self-incrimination” stricken
from the probation condition. (Maj. opn. at pp. 6, 17.)
The majority relies primarily on Minnesota v. Murphy (1984) 465 U.S. 420
(Murphy). In Murphy, the defendant was subject to a probation condition requiring that
he participate in a treatment program for sexual offenders, report to his probation officer
as directed, and be truthful with the probation officer “ ‘in all matters.’ ” (Id. at p. 422.)
In his treatment program, the defendant admitted a prior rape and murder. (Id. at p. 423.)

3
Those admissions were communicated to the probation officer, who questioned the
defendant. The defendant admitted the crimes to the probation officer, but the defendant
then sought to suppress those admissions on the ground that his statements had been
compelled by the probation condition. (Id. at pp. 424-425.)
The United States Supreme Court emphasized that in general, the Fifth
Amendment is not self-executing: “a witness . . . ordinarily must assert the privilege
rather than answer if he desires not to incriminate himself.” (Murphy, supra, 465 U.S. at
p. 429.) The probation condition in Murphy only required the defendant to be truthful,
and thus the defendant still could have claimed the privilege against self-incrimination.
(Id. at pp. 436-437.) The Murphy court considered whether there were any applicable
exceptions to the general rule that the Fifth Amendment is not self-executing. (Id. at
p. 429.) In particular, the court considered whether to excuse the defendant’s failure to
assert the privilege against self-incrimination on the basis of the “so-called ‘penalty’ ”
exception. (Id. at p. 434.)
The penalty exception had been applied in cases where “the State not only
compelled an individual to appear and testify, but also sought to induce him to forego the
Fifth Amendment privilege by threatening to impose economic or other sanctions
‘capable of forcing the self-incrimination which the Amendment forbids.’ [Citation.]”
(Murphy, supra, 465 U.S. at p. 434.) In Murphy, there was no evidence that the
defendant would have been penalized for exercising his Fifth Amendment privilege.
(Id. at pp. 437-438.) The probation condition itself “proscribed only false statements; it
said nothing about his freedom to decline to answer particular questions and certainly
contained no suggestion that his probation was conditional on his waiving his Fifth
Amendment privilege with respect to further criminal prosecution.” (Id. at p. 437.)
Further, there was “no direct evidence that Murphy confessed because he feared that his
probation would be revoked if he remained silent.” (Ibid.)

4
 The Murphy court explained how the penalty exception could apply to a
probationer: “if the State, either expressly or by implication, asserts that invocation of
the privilege would lead to revocation of probation, it would have created the classic
penalty situation, the failure to assert the privilege would be excused, and the
probationer’s answers would be deemed compelled and inadmissible in a criminal
prosecution.” (Murphy, supra, 465 U.S. at p. 435, fn. omitted.) However, the court
noted, “a State may validly insist on answers to even incriminating questions and hence
sensibly administer its probation system, as long as it recognizes that the required
answers may not be used in a criminal proceeding and thus eliminates the threat of
incrimination.” (Ibid., fn. 7.)
As applied to this case, Murphy establishes that defendant’s Fifth Amendment
rights are not violated by the probation condition requiring him to waive the privilege
against self-incrimination as to questions asked during the sex offender management
program. The state has, “by implication, assert[ed] that invocation of the privilege” in
response to such incriminating questions “would lead to revocation” of probation. (See
Murphy, supra, 465 U.S. at p. 435.) Thus, if defendant makes any statements in response
to questions posed to him during the sex offender management program, those statements
will be deemed compelled under the Fifth Amendment and thus involuntary and
inadmissible in a criminal prosecution. (Ibid.) Since such statements will necessarily fall
within the penalty exception, they will not be available for use at a criminal prosecution,
and defendant’s Fifth Amendment rights have not been violated.2 (See Chavez v.
Martinez (2003) 538 U.S. 760, 769 [plur. opn. of Thomas, J.] [the Fifth Amendment is
not violated “absent use of the compelled statements in a criminal case against the
witness”]; id. at p. 777 [conc. opn. of Souter, J.].)

2
At oral argument, defendant’s appellate counsel conceded that if the condition is
stricken, any incriminating statement he makes during the sex offender management
program can be used against him.

5
 In sum, because the penalty exception will necessarily apply to statements that
defendant makes in response to questions asked as part of the sex offender management
program under compulsion of the section 1203.067, subdivision (b)(3) probation
condition, the condition itself does not violate the Fifth Amendment.
2. Overbreadth Analysis
“A probation condition that imposes limitations on a person’s constitutional rights
must closely tailor those limitations to the purpose of the condition to avoid being
invalidated as unconstitutionally overbroad. [Citation.]” (In re Sheena K. (2007) 40
Cal.4th 875, 890 (Sheena K.).) “ ‘A statute or regulation is overbroad if it “does not aim
specifically at evils within the allowable area of [governmental] control, but . . . sweeps
within its ambit other activities that in the ordinary circumstances constitute an exercise”
of protected expression and conduct.’ [Citations.]” (People v. Leon (2010) 181
Cal.App.4th 943, 951.) “The essential question in an overbreadth challenge is the
closeness of the fit between the legitimate purpose of the restriction and the burden it
imposes on the defendant’s constitutional rights—bearing in mind, of course, that
perfection in such matters is impossible, and that practical necessity will justify some
infringement.” (In re E.O. (2010) 188 Cal.App.4th 1149, 1153.)
In enacting section 1203.067, subdivision (b), the Legislature recognized that it is
appropriate to grant probation to a sex offender only if the risks can be managed, and that
participation in a sex offender management program will help manage those risks. (See
Friday, supra, 225 Cal.App.4th at p. 48 [conc. & dis. opn. of Bamattre-Manoukian,
Acting P.J.].) More specifically, by enacting section 1203.067, subdivision (b)(3), the
Legislature recognized that a waiver of the probationer’s privilege against self-
incrimination is important to the success of the sex offender management program. The
Legislature reasonably concluded that allowing sex offenders on probation to refuse to
answer questions would create an unacceptable danger to the community. (See § 290.03,
subd. (a)(1) [“Sex offenders pose a potentially high risk of committing further sex

6
offenses after release from incarceration or commitment, and the protection of the public
from reoffending by these offenders is a paramount public interest.”].) If a sex offender
could claim the privilege against self-incrimination during a risk exam, and thereby hide
past or new offenses from the treatment team, his or her risk of reoffense could not be
correctly calculated or managed. (See, e.g., People v. Hubbart (2001) 88 Cal.App.4th
1202, 1214 [actuarial instrument calculated risk of sexual reoffense based on factors
including the number of prior sex offenses, convictions for non-sex offenses, and details
about sex offenses].) By requiring every sex offender granted probation to make full
disclosures and to give up any right to refuse to answer questions posed during polygraph
examinations or treatment as part of the sex offender management program, the State
greatly enhances its ability to manage the serious risks posed by sex offenders who
remain free in the community.
In sum, in light of the legislative intent underlying section 1203.067,
subdivision (b)(3), I conclude that any limitations on defendant’s Fifth Amendment rights
are “closely tailor[ed] . . . to the purpose of the condition” and thus are not “invalid[] as
unconstitutionally overbroad. [Citation.]” (Sheena K., supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 890.) The
Legislature reasonably determined that a waiver of the privilege against self-
incrimination is necessary when a defendant is participating in the sex offender
management program as part of his or her probation for a sex offense. The Legislature
enacted section 1203.067, subdivision (b)(3) for the purpose of managing and treating sex
offenders and protecting the community, not for the purpose of compelling statements to
be used in criminal prosecutions. Since the condition only requires waiver of the
privilege against self-incrimination as part of the sex offender management program, it is
not overbroad.
3. Scope of Polygraph Testing
Defendant also challenges the probation condition imposed pursuant to
section 1203.067, subdivision (b)(3) insofar as it requires him to “participate in polygraph

7
examinations, which shall be part of the sex offender management program.” Defendant
argues the condition is overbroad and requests we modify the condition so he is required
“to answer only questions reasonably related to the completion of his probation
conditions or his criminal conviction.” (See Brown v. Superior Court (2002) 101
Cal.App.4th 313, 321.)
Although the probation condition does not expressly limit the questions that may
be asked during polygraph examinations to those related to the successful completion of
the program or defendant’s criminal conviction, such a limitation is inherent in the phrase
“which shall be part of the sex offender management program.” In other words, the
probation condition requires polygraph examinations to be used only in furtherance of a
probationer’s treatment, and thus requires that the questions asked be relevant to that
treatment.
The majority construes the requirement of defendant’s participation in polygraph
examinations as allowing only “questions reasonably related to a probationer’s successful
completion of the sex offender management program, the crime of which he or she was
convicted, or related criminal behavior, whether past or future.” (Maj. opn. at p. 9; see
Friday, supra, 225 Cal.App.4th at p. 52.) I similarly conclude that the probation
condition need not be modified to expressly state that the questions asked during
polygraph examinations must be reasonably related to the completion of defendant’s
treatment program or his conviction, because such a limitation is inherent in the
condition. (See Friday, supra, at p. 53 [conc. & dis. opn. of Bamattre-Manoukian,
Acting P.J.].)
B. Section 1203.067, Subdivision (b)(4) Probation Condition
Defendant also challenges the probation condition imposed pursuant to
section 1203.067, subdivision (b)(4), which requires defendant to waive “any
psychotherapist-patient privilege to enable communication between the sex offender
management professional and the Probation Officer.” Defendant contends this probation

8
condition is overbroad and violates his constitutional right to privacy, because it requires
a “complete waiver” of the psychotherapist-patient privilege. He contends the condition
should be stricken or modified. He suggests the condition could be modified to “limit the
waiver only to subjects necessary for rehabilitation” and to “limit[] disclosure of
otherwise privileged psychotherapist-patient communications to the probation officer and
the court.”
The majority concludes there is no need to modify the probation condition
imposed pursuant to section 1203.067, subdivision (b)(4) because it construes the statute
as requiring a waiver of the psychotherapist-patient privilege only insofar as it is “limited
to enabling communication between the psychotherapist and the probation officer.”
(Maj. opn. at p. 13; see Friday, supra, 225 Cal.App.4th at pp. 32-33.) I agree there is no
need to modify the probation condition imposed pursuant to section 1203.067,
subdivision (b)(4). (See Friday, supra, at p. 53 [conc. & dis. opn. of Bamattre-
Manoukian, Acting P.J.].)
C. Relationship Condition
Defendant’s probation conditions included an order that he “not date, socialize or
form a romantic relationship with any person who has physical custody of a minor unless
approved by the probation officer.”
Defendant contends this probation condition is “unconstitutionally overbroad, as it
violates [his] due process right to associate, potentially marry and procreate; and his right
to privacy under the Fourteenth Amendment.” Defendant contends the probation
condition is also “unconstitutionally vague, as it does not clearly state what it means to
‘socialize,’ leaving [him] uncertain as to exactly what behavior is prohibited.” Defendant
does not contend that the terms “date” or “form a romantic relationship” are vague.
In the respondent’s brief, the Attorney General urges this court to “affirm” the
probation condition, contending that “the need to protect” minor children outweighs any
liberty interest defendant has in associating with adults and that the term “socialize” is

9
not impermissibly vague. However, at oral argument, the Deputy Attorney General
conceded that the term “socialize” could prove to be “difficult.”
The majority agrees with defendant that the probation condition is overbroad. The
majority focuses on the term “socialize” and concludes that the probation condition’s
“enormous scope . . . impinges on defendant’s freedom [of association] far more broadly
than necessary to serve the state’s interests and the purposes of the condition.” (Maj.
opn., p. 11.) The majority also agrees with defendant that “the term ‘socialize’ is
unconstitutionally vague in this context.” (Ibid.) The majority further finds that “[t]he
same is true of the requirement that defendant not ‘date’ or ‘form a romantic relationship’
with persons having custody of a minor.” (Id. at p. 13.)
The majority acknowledges that the probation condition seeks to protect minors
but suggests that the trial court could have imposed a “less restrictive and more narrowly
targeted” condition, such as “a requirement that defendant not be present in the same
room with a minor absent adult supervision.” (Maj. opn. at p. 13.) The majority
concludes it is necessary to remand this case so the trial court can “consider imposing a
probation condition that is more ‘sufficiently precise’ and ‘closely tailor[ed]’ to the
purpose of protecting minors in defendant’s presence.” (Ibid.)
Although defendant states he is bringing a facial challenge to this probation
condition, his argument appears to be more of an applied challenge. For instance,
defendant asserts “[t]here is no evidence on this record” that the probation condition is
necessary, pointing out that “there was no evidence that [he] ever used a relationship with
an adult to gain access to the adult’s child . . . .” “A facial challenge to the constitutional
validity of a statute or ordinance considers only the text of the measure itself, not its
application to the particular circumstances of an individual. [Citation.]” (Tobe v. City of
Santa Ana (1995) 9 Cal.4th 1069, 1084.) By contrast, an as applied challenge
“contemplates analysis of the facts of a particular case or cases to determine the
circumstances in which the statute or ordinance has been applied and to consider whether

10
in those particular circumstances the application deprived the individual to whom it was
applied of a protected right.” (Ibid.) While a facial challenge to a probation condition
may present a “ ‘ “pure question[] of law that can be resolved without reference to the
particular sentencing record developed in the trial court,” ’ ” an as applied challenge
generally does not, such that “ ‘ “[t]raditional objection and waiver principles” ’ ” will
usually apply. (Sheena K., supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 889.)
Defendant failed to object below, but addressing his claim in this appeal will
forestall a claim that trial counsel was ineffective. (See People v. Lewis (1990) 50 Cal.3d
262, 282.) Here, defendant had access to the victim and the victim’s brother, and
defendant was able to spend time alone with both boys, through his father’s relationship
with the boys’ mother. By imposing the probation condition that defendant “not date,
socialize or form a romantic relationship with any person who has physical custody of a
minor unless approved by the probation officer,” the trial court was apparently trying to
ensure that defendant did not have similar access to adolescent boys in the future.
Ultimately, I agree that the probation condition could be more narrowly tailored to
address the trial court’s concerns about defendant’s access to adolescent males or minors
in general. I further agree that the trial court is in the best position to make any necessary
modifications to the condition and therefore, that this case should be remanded for that
purpose.

III. CONCLUSION
In sum, I continue to adhere to the views expressed in my separate opinion in
Friday, supra, 225 Cal.App.4th at pp. 53-54 [conc. & dis. opn. of Bamattre-Manoukian,
Acting P.J.] regarding the probation conditions required by section 1203.067,
subdivisions (b)(3) and (b)(4). I would not strike or modify either of those probation
conditions. (See also Garcia, supra, 224 Cal.App.4th at p. 1283.) As to the probation
condition that requires defendant not to “date, socialize or form a romantic relationship

11
with any person who has physical custody of a minor unless approved by the probation
officer,” I believe it is appropriate to remand this matter so the trial court can more
narrowly tailor the probation condition to address concerns about defendant’s access to
adolescent males or minors in general.

___________________________________________
BAMATTRE-MANOUKIAN, ACTING P.J.

12
Trial Court: Santa Clara County
Superior Court No.: C1094633

Trial Judge: The Honorable Philip H. Pennypacker

Attorney for Defendant and Appellant Maggie Shrout
Robert Michael Klatt: under appointment by the Court of
Appeal for Appellant

Attorneys for Plaintiff and Respondent Kamala D. Harris,
The People: Attorney General

Dane R. Gillette,
Chief Assistant Attorney General

Gerald A. Engler,
Senior Assistant Attorney General

Catherine A. Rivlin,
Supervising Deputy Attorney General

Sara Turner,
Deputy Attorney General