COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Chief Judge Felton, Judges Kelsey and Petty
Argued at Richmond, Virginia
UNPUBLISHED
TYVONE FREEMAN, S/K/A
TYVONE O. FREEMAN
MEMORANDUM OPINION*
v. Record No. 0818-13-2 PER CURIAM
APRIL 29, 2014
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF RICHMOND
Bradley B. Cavedo, Judge
John A. Rockecharlie (Bowen, Champlin, Carr & Rockecharlie,
PLLC, on brief), for appellant.
Benjamin H. Katz, Assistant Attorney General (Kenneth T.
Cuccinelli, II, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
The trial court convicted Tyvone Freeman of abduction and attempted robbery of two
victims, attempted robbery of three other victims, and a consummated robbery of a sixth victim.
On appeal, Freeman challenges his two abduction convictions, claiming that the detention of
these victims was inherent in his attempted robbery of them. We disagree and affirm Freeman’s
convictions.
I.
The evidence at trial proved that on the afternoon of July 26, 2012, Freeman, brandishing
a revolver, entered the reception area of Peter Paul Development Center (the “Center”) and
demanded, “I want everyone’s wallet.” App. at 61. Three individuals — Anthony Christian,
Danyelle Barnes, and Eddie Ross, Sr. — were in the reception area. Freeman pointed the
revolver at these three, demanding their wallets. All three indicated to Freeman that they had no
money on them.
*
Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
Freeman heard voices coming from offices around the corner and behind the reception
desk. He ran in that direction and found another individual, Ingrid Deroo, in her office. Id. at
88. Freeman pointed his revolver at Deroo, ordering her to leave her office and “come out” to
the Center’s reception area. Id. at 111, 144. She only emerged from her office “[b]ecause he
told [her] to.” Id. at 112.
En route to the reception area with Deroo, Freeman discovered another individual,
Damon Jiggetts, in an adjacent office. Freeman said to Jiggetts, “I know you’re on the phone
with the police, get up and come out.” Id. at 145.1 Freeman trained his revolver on Jiggetts,
directing him to leave his office and go to the reception area. Freeman then walked Jiggetts and
Deroo at gunpoint fifteen to twenty feet to the reception area.
Around this time, yet another individual, Jonathan Armstrong, unwittingly came walking
down the hallway after having made a phone call from a back office. Freeman pointed the gun at
him and demanded money. Because he “didn’t have any money,” Armstrong offered “a bag of
[birthday] balloons and gifts from [his] coworkers” in response. Id. at 132. Freeman rejected
them.
After all six of the victims were assembled in the reception area, Freeman brandished his
revolver and threatened, “somebody is going to give me some money or I’m going to shoot
someone.” Id. at 64. Jiggetts and Christian said that they had no money on them but could get
some from their cars in the Center’s parking lot. “[N]o one is leaving,” Freeman responded. Id.
at 115. “If somebody don’t give me any money, somebody is going to get hurt.” Id. at 145.
Freeman then singled out Ross, telling him, “you look like you have some money. . . . [Y]ou
1
Accord App. at 82 (Freeman stated, “I heard you call the police; you need to get out
here now”), 88 (Freeman said, “I know you’re on the phone with the police”), 113 (Jiggetts was
“calling the police,” and Freeman said, “I see you on the phone; come out of your office”).
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better give me something or I’m going to start shooting somebody.” Id. at 64-65; accord id. at
134. Ross found roughly eight dollars and some change in his pockets and tried to hand it over
to Freeman. Some of the money fell to the floor. Freeman retrieved the money from the floor
and ran out of the Center.
Based upon these facts, the trial court convicted Freeman of robbing Ross (the only
victim with money) and attempted robbery of everyone else. The court also convicted Freeman
of abducting Jiggetts and Deroo (the only victims detained in their offices and then escorted at
gunpoint to the reception area).2 Each of these convictions was accompanied by a conviction for
using a firearm during the commission of a felony.
II.
Several background points must be settled before addressing Freeman’s assignment of
error on appeal. Freeman challenges only his convictions for abducting Jiggetts and Deroo.3
With respect to those abduction convictions, Freeman does not argue that he never abducted
either victim. He obviously did. “An abduction conviction ‘requires only a showing of physical
detention of a person, with the intent to deprive him of his personal liberty, by force,
intimidation, or deception without more.’” Pryor v. Commonwealth, 48 Va. App. 1, 7, 628
S.E.2d 47, 50 (2006) (quoting Walker v. Commonwealth, 47 Va. App. 114, 121, 622 S.E.2d 282,
285 (2005), aff’d, 272 Va. 511, 516, 636 S.E.2d 476, 479 (2006)). Suffice it to say, Freeman
crossed this marker by pointing a revolver at Jiggetts and Deroo, ordering them to leave their
2
Freeman was indicted and convicted of violating Code § 18.2-48, which prohibits
abduction of any individual “with the intent to extort money or pecuniary benefit.”
3
The resolution of Freeman’s challenge to his abduction convictions would necessarily
affect his convictions for using a firearm during the abduction. Freeman thus correctly
challenges his parallel firearm convictions associated with the abductions of Jiggetts and Deroo.
See Appellant’s Br. at 4.
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offices, marching them down the hall to the reception area, and keeping them there against their
will. See Oral Argument Audio at 2:20 to 2:40 (Freeman’s counsel conceding the point).
Freeman’s sole challenge to his abduction convictions is premised entirely upon the
argument that he cannot be convicted of abducting Jiggetts and Deroo because their abductions
were merely “incidental to the detention necessary to complete the attempted robbery” of these
two victims. Appellant’s Br. at 2. He looks to Brown v. Commonwealth, 230 Va. 310, 337
S.E.2d 711 (1985), and its progeny for support for this assertion. We find such support lacking.
An abduction conviction can stand side by side with a detention-plus conviction (such as
robbery) so long as they truly constitute factually distinct crimes. See, e.g., Smith v.
Commonwealth, 56 Va. App. 711, 723, 697 S.E.2d 14, 20 (2010) (upholding convictions of both
abduction and attempted rape on the basis that “[t]he essence of appellant’s deception” of the
victim in getting her to enter his house “was the perpetration of separate and distinct criminal
wrongs against the victim”).4 This unremarkable observation stems from the truism that “a
single occurrence may constitute two or more distinct offenses and the accused may be
prosecuted for each offense.” Miles v. Commonwealth, 205 Va. 462, 467, 138 S.E.2d 22, 26
(1964).
Virginia cases applying Brown emphasize this factually dissimilar point. The question is
not “whether the restraint was merely useful to perpetrating a detention-plus crime,” Pryor, 48
Va. App. at 6, 628 S.E.2d at 49, but whether the restraint was “factually distinct from the
restraint inherent in” the detention-plus crime, Fields v. Commonwealth, 48 Va. App. 393, 399,
632 S.E.2d 8, 11 (2006) (emphasis added). Thus, “[t]he only issue when abduction is charged
4
We assume, without deciding, that attempted robbery can be characterized as a
detention-plus crime subject to Brown and its progeny. We recognize, as noted by the
concurrence, that no Virginia case has so held.
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alongside an offense for which detention is an intrinsic element is whether any detention
exceeded the minimum necessary to complete the required elements of the other offense.”
Lawlor v. Commonwealth, 285 Va. 187, 225, 738 S.E.2d 847, 869 (2013) (emphasis added).
“But additional restraint, either as to duration or degree, is not inherent in [the detention-plus
crime] and therefore is not an intrinsic element.” Id. at 226, 738 S.E.2d at 869 (emphasis
added).5 This formulation cuts a path through nearly every Virginia case discussing the topic.6
Whether such additional restraint occurs is a question of fact, not law. As with all issues of
factual sufficiency, we defer to the factfinder unless it can be fairly said that no “rational trier of
5
It logically follows that a detention of someone other than the victim of the detention-
plus crime falls outside the scope of Brown. It is not inherent in the crime of raping one victim
that the rapist simultaneously detains another. Nor is it inherent in the crime of robbing one
victim that someone else also be detained at the scene of the crime. In each scenario, the
“additional restraint” of the other victim exceeds the “minimum necessary” to be guilty of the
detention-plus crime. Lawlor, 285 Va. at 225-26, 738 S.E.2d at 869. Freeman’s counsel
correctly concedes this point on appeal. See Oral Argument Audio at 1:01 to 1:41, 22:53 to
23:06.
6
See Hoke v. Commonwealth, 237 Va. 303, 311, 377 S.E.2d 595, 600 (1989) (act of
binding and gagging victim was detention “greater than the kind of restraint that is inherent in
the act of rape, or in the commission of robbery” (emphasis added) (internal quotation marks
omitted)); Brown, 230 Va. at 314, 337 S.E.2d at 714 (degree of “force and intimidation” used to
detain victim was “separate and apart from the restraint inherent in the commission of the rape”
(emphasis added)); Fields, 48 Va. App. at 399, 632 S.E.2d at 11 (“[A]bduction-detention of the
victim was factually distinct from the restraint inherent in his crimes of rape and forcible
sodomy.” (emphasis added)); Wiggins v. Commonwealth, 47 Va. App. 173, 190, 622 S.E.2d
774, 782 (2005) (duration of robbery was significant consideration in finding the restraint of
victim “was greater than that inherent in the underlying robbery” (emphasis added)); Hoyt v.
Commonwealth, 44 Va. App. 489, 494, 605 S.E.2d 755, 757 (2004) (“duration of [victim’s]
detention” and any “significant danger to the victim independent of that posed by the separate
offense” are significant considerations in deciding inherent detention issue (internal quotation
marks omitted)); Bell v. Commonwealth, 22 Va. App. 93, 97, 468 S.E.2d 114, 116 (1996)
(pulling victim around to side of car and making her lie face down on sidewalk were acts of
restraint, asportation, and avoidance of detection “separate and apart from the restraint inherent
in either the sexual assault or the robbery” (emphasis added)); Coram v. Commonwealth, 3
Va. App. 623, 626, 352 S.E.2d 532, 534 (1987) (dragging victim behind bushes to avoid
detection was act of detention “not . . . inherent in or necessary to the restraint required in the
commission of attempted rape” (emphasis added)).
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fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.”
Commonwealth v. McNeal, 282 Va. 16, 20, 710 S.E.2d 733, 735 (2011) (quoting Jackson v.
Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)).
In this case, ample evidence supports the rationality of the trial court’s finding that
Freeman used additional restraint beyond what was even arguably inherent or intrinsic in the
crime of attempted robbery. Freeman detained Jiggetts and Deroo against their will (and thus
abducted them) when he entered their offices and ordered them at gunpoint to follow him to the
reception area.7 He did not once demand money from them during this detention. Freeman’s
attempted robbery of Jiggetts and Deroo took place later — when he pointed his revolver at them
in the reception area of the Center and demanded money.
On appeal, Freeman argues that he moved Jiggetts and Deroo to the reception area for the
purpose of robbing them there.8 Perhaps he did — but we nonetheless fail to see the legal
relevance of that assertion. It matters not that the detention “was merely useful to perpetrating a
detention-plus crime.” Pryor, 48 Va. App. at 6, 628 S.E.2d at 49. No doubt it was useful for
7
This fact alone distinguishes this case from Wiggins, which focused on the detention
occurring during an actual (not attempted) robbery after the robber had demanded money from
the victims. 47 Va. App. at 183-87, 622 S.E.2d at 779-81 (addressing victims of Hardee’s
robberies).
8
We do not assume, however, the assertion to be factually true. Jiggetts, in particular,
was in the process of calling the police when Freeman found him in his office. As noted earlier,
Freeman even said to Jiggetts, “I know you are on the phone with the police, get up and come
out.” App. at 145; accord id. at 82, 88, 113; Oral Argument Audio at 4:57 to 5:25 (counsel’s
concession that there was “merit” to the Commonwealth’s contention that Freeman had
interrupted the phone call not because abducting Jiggetts was inherent in or incidental to the
attempted robbery, but because Jiggetts was trying to request aid). The trial court, sitting as
factfinder, could have justifiably concluded that Freeman intended at that moment merely to
prevent Jiggetts and Deroo from thwarting his escape by summoning the police. See Smith, 56
Va. App. at 723, 697 S.E.2d at 19-20 (citing Coram, 3 Va. App. at 626, 352 S.E.2d at 534)
(holding that an abduction took place when the defendant lured his intended rape victim into his
home in order to decrease the possibility of being caught).
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Freeman. Robbing half of a dozen people is far easier when the robber can do it all at once, with
all of the victims consolidated in the same area. It makes it less likely that anyone would run off
or that the robber (while brandishing his handgun) would have to repeat his give-me-all-your-
money threats more than once. When Brown is legally applicable, however, the “only issue” it
raises factually “is whether any detention exceeded the minimum necessary” to be guilty of the
detention-plus crime. Lawlor, 285 Va. at 225, 738 S.E.2d at 869. By seizing Jiggetts and Deroo
from their offices and forcing them at gunpoint to reassemble with other intended victims,
Freeman went beyond the minimum detention necessary to either rob or to attempt to rob them.
Brown thus does not dictate that his abduction convictions be vacated.
III.
Because the trial court did not misapply Brown, we affirm Freeman’s convictions for
abduction and his related firearm convictions.
Affirmed.
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Kelsey, J., concurring.
I write separately to point out that Freeman’s argument, as a matter of law, should never
leave the starting blocks.
In Brown v. Commonwealth, 230 Va. 310, 311-12, 337 S.E.2d 711, 712 (1985), the
defendant argued that double jeopardy principles forbid the coupling of an abduction conviction
with related rape and forcible sodomy convictions when the conduct arose “out of the same
criminal episode.” Brown resolved the “constitutional problem” by holding that the General
Assembly authorized a separate punishment for abduction so long as it did not involve the “kind
of restraint which is an intrinsic element of crimes such as rape, robbery, and assault.” Id. at
313-14, 337 S.E.2d at 713 (emphasis added). Applying that principle to the facts, Brown found
that “the record before us shows that the detention underlying the abduction conviction was not
the kind of restraint that is inherent in the act of rape.” Id. at 314, 337 S.E.2d at 714 (emphasis
added). Because the “acts of force and intimidation employed in the abduction were separate
and apart from the restraint inherent in the commission of the rape,” id. (emphasis added), the
multiple-punishment challenge failed.
As the Virginia Supreme Court has emphasized, Brown applies only when “the guarantee
of double jeopardy may be implicated.” Walker v. Commonwealth, 272 Va. 511, 516, 636
S.E.2d 476, 479 (2006). It is inapplicable to a case in which “we are not concerned with the
application of the double jeopardy clause” because the “constitutional guarantee is not pertinent
to the resolution” of such cases. Id. Thus, “[a]bsent the imposition of multiple punishments” for
the same offense, “the double jeopardy concerns animating Brown’s interpretation of [the
abduction statutes] do not exist.” Walker v. Commonwealth, 47 Va. App. 114, 123, 622 S.E.2d
282, 286 (2005), aff’d, 272 Va. 511, 516, 636 S.E.2d 476, 479 (2006).
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The very restatement of the Brown principle, understood in its proper context, shows the
unprecedented nature of Freeman’s argument. No Virginia court has ever applied Brown to
prohibit convictions of both a detention and an attempted detention-plus crime. Without
exception, Virginia cases applying Brown have done so only when the defendant was convicted
of a detention crime (abduction) and some other fully consummated detention-plus crime (such
as rape, robbery, battery) because only these completed crimes include some “intrinsic” or
“inherent” (albeit often fleeting) act of detention. Pryor v. Commonwealth, 48 Va. App. 1, 6,
628 S.E.2d 47, 49 (2006) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Fields v. Commonwealth,
48 Va. App. 393, 398-99, 632 S.E.2d 8, 10 (2006).
This makes a great deal of sense. An act of detention is not intrinsic or inherent in an
attempted rape, an attempted robbery, or an attempted battery. A criminal attempt requires only
the intent to commit a crime coupled with a direct, though ineffectual, act toward its commission.
Coles v. Commonwealth, 270 Va. 585, 589, 621 S.E.2d 109, 111 (2005). The “direct, though
ineffectual, act,” id., need not be the act of detaining the intended victim. A defendant can be
convicted of attempted rape without actually detaining, even for a moment, the intended victim.9
Similarly, a defendant can be convicted of attempted robbery without ever detaining anyone.10
9
See, e.g., Wright v. Commonwealth, 245 Va. 177, 190, 427 S.E.2d 379, 388 (1993)
(affirming attempted rape conviction when, upon exiting her vehicle, the victim was accosted by
the gun-wielding defendant who instructed her to remove her clothes so that he could “have sex”
with her in the woods, but she took off running instead); Preddy v. Commonwealth, 184 Va. 765,
775, 36 S.E.2d 549, 553 (1946) (holding that “when it is shown by the evidence that the accused
did any overt act showing intent, then the crime [of attempted rape] is consummated”); accord
Lewis v. State, 35 Ala. 380, 387-90 (1860) (rejecting a similar argument by a defendant that
assault was inherent in attempted rape and noting that the victim, who immediately ran upon
encountering the defendant, had not been touched or otherwise detained by him).
10
See, e.g., United States v. Whitfield, 695 F.3d 288 (4th Cir. 2012) (affirming attempted
robbery conviction where armed defendant who intended to rob a bank was thwarted by a
locking mechanism triggered by metal detectors at the bank’s entrance and was thus kept from
ever entering the bank or detaining any victims); Braxton v. Commonwealth, 13 Va. App. 585,
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As an analogy, consider multiple punishments in the context of murder. “No Virginia
case has ever held that the Brown multiple-punishments principle applies to abduction coupled
with homicide.” Pryor, 48 Va. App. at 6, 628 S.E.2d at 49. Why not? Could not a murderer
detain his victim for the sole purpose of killing him? Yes, but that does not matter. A restraint
of the victim’s liberty “is not a necessary element of homicide. Thus, [a defendant’s] contention
that the restraint of [the victim] was not more than what was necessary incident to his attempt to
kill her is without merit,” Powell v. Commonwealth, 261 Va. 512, 541 n.11, 552 S.E.2d 344, 360
n.11 (2001) (emphasis added), because an abduction “can never be said to be legally ‘inherent in
the act’ of murder,” Pryor, 48 Va. App. at 6, 628 S.E.2d at 49 (citing Brown, 230 Va. at 314, 337
S.E.2d at 714; Jerman v. Dir. of the Dep’t of Corr., 267 Va. 432, 440, 593 S.E.2d 255, 260
(2004) (dismissing habeas complaint on the ground that abductions immediately preceding and
following a murder cannot, as a matter of law, be “inherent in the act of murdering”)).
Freeman’s argument fails this threshold test of Brown. Convicting him of abduction and
attempted robbery does not implicate Brown because detention is not intrinsic to, or inherent in,
the crime of attempted robbery. As a result, the constitutional “guarantee of double jeopardy” is
not “implicated” as a matter of law, Walker, 272 Va. at 516, 636 S.E.2d at 479 — and, thus,
neither is Brown. In short, Brown is inapplicable because “we are not concerned with the
application of the double jeopardy clause,” and the “constitutional guarantee is not pertinent to
the resolution of this appeal.” Id.
586, 414 S.E.2d 410, 411 (1992) (upholding conviction of attempted robbery when the victim
bank teller had not been detained, but defendant’s threatening statements to her that he would not
hurt her if she gave him money as a “withdrawal,” accompanied by his feigned possession of a
weapon in his pocket, constituted the ineffectual act); see also Chappelle v. Commonwealth, 28
Va. App. 272, 275, 504 S.E.2d 378, 379 (1998) (emphasizing that “either violence or fear may
precede robbery” and noting that the “violence inherent in the presentation of a firearm” may be
present even though a victim is not placed in fear or does not feel detained).
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For this reason alone, Freeman’s challenge to his abduction convictions cannot succeed
as a matter of law.
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