Armagan v. Pesha

Illinois Official Reports

Appellate Court

Armagan v. Pesha, 2014 IL App (1st) 121840

Appellate Court OSEP ARMAGAN, M.D., Plaintiff-Appellee, v. MICHAEL PESHA,
Caption KATHY PESHA, and STEPHEN PESHA, Individually and as Agents
for Gold Dust Coins, Defendants-Appellants.

District & No. First District, Second Division
Docket Nos. 1-12-1840, 1-12-2783 cons.

Filed March 4, 2014

Held In an action for conversion, breach of bailment, and a violation of the
(Note: This syllabus Illinois Bailment Insurance Act arising from plaintiff’s tender of 253
constitutes no part of the gold coins to defendant and his coin business, the appellate court
opinion of the court but vacated the trial court’s order deeming that the facts plaintiff
has been prepared by the requested to be admitted by defendant pursuant to Supreme Court
Reporter of Decisions Rule 216 were admitted due to defendant’s untimely response to the
for the convenience of request, since defendant’s response to the request to admit was timely
the reader.) served on plaintiff when it was mailed to plaintiff within 28 days after
the request to admit was served on defendant; therefore, the cause was
remanded to the trial court with directions to allow defendant’s
responses to the request to admit to stand, the order granting summary
judgment for plaintiff was vacated, and plaintiff’s amended verified
complaint was reinstated for further proceedings.

Decision Under Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 10-CH-13571; the
Review Hon. Carolyn Quinn, Judge, presiding.

Judgment Affirmed in part and reversed in part; cause remanded.
 Counsel on Naughton Law Office, of Tinley Park (Gino P. Naughton, of counsel),
Appeal for appellants.

Kerkonian Law Firm PC, of Evanston (Karnig S. Kerkonian, of
counsel), for appellee.

Panel JUSTICE PIERCE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Presiding Justice Harris and Justice Simon concurred in the judgment
and opinion.

OPINION

¶1 Defendants bring this appeal arguing the circuit court erred in denying their motion to
dismiss plaintiff’s verified complaint; in granting plaintiff’s motion to deem facts admitted;
and in granting summary judgment on two counts in favor of plaintiff. For the following
reasons, we affirm in part and reverse in part and remand to the circuit court for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion.

¶2 BACKGROUND
¶3 Plaintiff’s verified complaint alleged he tendered 253 gold coins to defendant Michael
Pesha (Michael) and his business, defendant Gold Dust Coins, for safekeeping and when
plaintiff later demanded the return of those coins, defendants refused. All three Pesha
defendants are alleged to have an interest in Gold Dust Coins. Attached to plaintiff’s verified
complaint is Exhibit E, a purported receipt for the deposit of the gold coins. The verified
complaint alleged eight causes of action sounding in conversion, breach of bailment, violation
of the Illinois Bailment Insurance Act (765 ILCS 1015/0.01 et seq. (West 2008)), violation of
section 7-204(a) of the Illinois Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) (810 ILCS 5/7-204(a) (West
2008)), common law fraud, consumer fraud, unjust enrichment and constructive trust.
¶4 Defendants filed a motion to strike and dismiss the verified complaint pursuant to section
2-615 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS 5/2-615 (West 2010)). After hearing,
the circuit court denied the motion to dismiss. Defendants then filed a verified answer wherein
they denied all material facts alleged.
¶5 Plaintiff later served Michael with a request to admit facts on November 18, 2010. Michael
filed his response to these requests with the circuit court clerk and mailed the response to
plaintiff’s counsel on December 17, 2010.
¶6 On December 30, 2010, plaintiff filed a motion to deem all requests admitted because the
response was not served on the plaintiff within the 28 days as provided in Illinois Supreme
Court Rule 216 (eff. May 30, 2008). Plaintiff argued Illinois Supreme Court Rule 12 (eff. Dec.
29, 2009), which governs proof of service, provides that service by mail is complete four days
after mailing and, therefore, plaintiff’s service of the request to admit on defendant was

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 effective on November 22, 2010, making the response due 28 days later, or December 20,
2010. Because Michael’s response was mailed on December 17, 2010, service to plaintiff’s
counsel was complete on December 21, 2010, one day past the deadline. Michael responded to
the motion arguing that he timely served plaintiff with his response to the requests to admit by
filing and mailing his response on December 17, 2010. Furthermore, Michael asserted that he
was out of town prior to December 17, 2010 and was unable to affix his signature to the
response prior to that date. On March 10, 2011, the circuit court granted plaintiff’s motion and
entered an order deeming all requested facts admitted for failing to comply with Rule 216.
¶7 Michael filed a motion to reconsider on April 8, 2011, arguing that if the court finds his
service was untimely, the court has the discretion to allow the response to be filed late under
Illinois Supreme Court Rule 183 for good cause shown. Plaintiff responded arguing that
Michael’s service of his response to the Rule 216 requests to admit were untimely and,
furthermore, even if Michael’s motion to reconsider is read as a Rule 183 request for an
extension of time, the motion fails because he has not established good cause to invoke the
circuit court’s discretion to allow the late service. In his reply, Michael requested the court
grant him an extension of time to serve his response nunc pro tunc and allow his response.
Supporting the reply was Michael’s sworn affidavit wherein he stated that he was out of state
for a period of time prior to December 17 and was unable to sign the document before his
return. On July 15, 2011 the court denied the motion to reconsider and found that Michael
being out of town between December 13 and December 17, when he signed the requests, was
not good cause to allow a late response of one day. The court noted that Michael did not
explain why he did not sign the response before he left town on December 13.
¶8 Based on the judicial admissions, plaintiff moved for summary judgment on all counts.
Plaintiff argued all relevant material facts had been deemed admitted and, therefore, it was
undisputed that plaintiff left the coins with Michael to store and later sell upon plaintiff’s
request and those coins were not returned to plaintiff when demanded. Michael responded,
arguing that he had “vigorously” disputed all facts alleged by plaintiff. Michael asserted that
plaintiff did not leave the gold coins with him; that he did not place them in a safe; that he did
not make a notation on the receipt that referenced the gold pieces; he denied having any of
plaintiff’s gold coins or money; and that he told plaintiff he could not keep the coins at the store
unless plaintiff sold them to Michael. He further argued that “plaintiff’s credibility is at issue in
this matter” and asserted that the disparate level of education between Michael and the plaintiff
should be taken into consideration. He disputed the authenticity of the receipt attached to the
verified complaint and asserted that the court should not rely on the receipt to enter summary
judgment. Furthermore, he argued that questions of fact existed which defeat plaintiff’s motion
for summary judgment. The response was supported by Michael’s own affidavit wherein he
disputed plaintiff’s asserted facts and allegations.
¶9 After a hearing on November 8, 2011, the circuit court, based on the facts deemed
admitted, entered a written order granting summary judgment in plaintiff’s favor on the
conversion and breach of bailment counts. For his remedy, plaintiff elected the imposition of a
constructive trust. On September 5, 2012, the court entered a deficiency judgment against
defendants in the amount of $459,995.20 and imposed a constructive trust on defendants’
precious metal inventories and cash until satisfaction of the deficiency judgment. This appeal
followed.

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¶ 10 ANALYSIS
¶ 11 Defendants appeal the circuit court’s ruling that deemed facts admitted; the denial of their
section 2-615 motion to dismiss; and the entry of summary judgment in plaintiff’s favor on
counts I and II.

¶ 12 I. Motion to Deem Facts Admitted and Summary Judgment
¶ 13 Plaintiff requested that Michael admit the following facts pertinent to this appeal:
“(6) Exhibit E is a true copy of a Gold Dust Coin receipt dated on or about June 6,
2008.
***
(16) The gold purchased by Gold Dust Coin in the gold purchase transaction
evidenced by Exhibits F and G was already in the possession of Gold Dust Coin at the
time of the telephone call from Plaintiff on or about June 30, 2008.
***
(21) While Plaintiff was in the Store on June 6, 2008, Defendant Pesha told
Plaintiff that Plaintiff could store his gold at the Gold Dust Coin.
(22) While Plaintiff was in the store on June 6, 2008, Defendant Pesha told Plaintiff
that, when Plaintiff was ready to sell the gold Plaintiff left with Defendants, Plaintiff
could call Defendant Pesha and direct him to sell the gold;
(23) While Plaintiff was in the Store on June 6, 2008, Defendant Pesha told
Plaintiff that Plaintiff could always come in to the store to retrieve the gold he left with
Defendants.
(24) Exhibit E indicated that Plaintiff left at the store 143 Kruggerands and 110
Maple Leaf gold coins;
(25) Plaintiff left 143 Kruggerands and 110 Maple Leaf gold coins with Defendant
Pesha on or about June 6, 2008.
***
(27) Defendant Pesha told Plaintiff, in a telephone conversation between them on
October 5, 2009 that, given the amount of the sale directed by Plaintiff in Exhibit H,
Defendant Pesha preferred to handle the transaction in person.
(28) Plaintiff came to the Store, in person, on or about October 8, 2009, and
demanded the return of the gold coins.
(29) To date, Defendants have not returned to Plaintiff the gold coins or paid
Plaintiff for the value of the gold coins.”
¶ 14 Defendants’ appeal involves the question of whether Michael’s response was timely served
where it was mailed to plaintiff within 28 days after his receipt of plaintiff’s requests to admit.
To answer this question, we must construe both Rule 216 and Rule 12. Vision Point of Sale,
Inc. v. Haas, 226 Ill. 2d 334, 341-42 (2007). We construe supreme court rules in the same
method as statutes and our review is de novo. Id. at 342.
¶ 15 Illinois Supreme Court Rule 216(a) (eff. May 30, 2008) provides that “[a] party may serve
on any other party a written request for the admission by the latter of the truth of any specified
relevant fact set forth in the request.” Rule 216(c) also provides in pertinent part:
“Each of the matters of fact and the genuineness of each document of which admission
is requested is admitted unless, within 28 days after service thereof, the party to whom

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 the request is directed serves upon the party requesting the admission either (1) a sworn
statement denying specifically the matters of which admission is requested or setting
forth in detail the reasons why the party cannot truthfully admit or deny those matters
or (2) written objections on the ground that some or all of the requested admissions are
privileged or irrelevant or that the request is otherwise improper in whole or in part.”
Ill. S. Ct. R. 216(c) (eff. May 30, 2008).
¶ 16 The purpose of Rule 216 is to establish certain material facts as true, to narrow the issues
for trial. P.R.S. International, Inc. v. Pax Shred Corp., 184 Ill. 2d 224, 238 (1998); In re
Application of the County Treasurer & ex officio County Collector, 2012 IL App (1st) 112897,
¶ 27. Rule 216(c) does not require a party to file a response within the 28-day deadline but,
rather, “only requires that responses to requests for admissions be served on the opposing party
within the specified time period.” (Emphasis in original.) Bright v. Dicke, 166 Ill. 2d 204, 207
(1995). Service of the response is the operative event, not filing. Id.; Vision Point of Sale, Inc.,
226 Ill. 2d at 357. “When a response [to a request to admit] is filed with the court is irrelevant.”
Bright, 166 Ill. 2d at 207. The requirement to provide a timely sworn response “must be strictly
complied with.” In re Application of the County Treasurer, 2012 IL App (1st) 112897, ¶ 27.
Failing to comply with Rule 216(c) can result in judicial admission of the facts and is
considered incontrovertible. Id.
¶ 17 Defendants first argue that the trial court erred in its analysis when it found Michael’s
response to the request to admit was untimely because it was served 1 day beyond the 28-day
time limit imposed under Rule 216. We agree.
¶ 18 The trial court reasoned that Illinois Supreme Court Rule 12(c) provides that service by
mail is complete four days after the mailing. Because plaintiff mailed the request to admit on
November 18, service on Michael was complete on November 22, giving Michael until
December 20 to serve plaintiff with his response, otherwise the facts would be deemed
admitted under Rule 216. The trial court found that, although the response was mailed on
December 17, service was complete four days later on December 21, or one day late.
¶ 19 There are several errors with this analysis. The method or act of “service” is not the
equivalent of “proof” of service. The method of service of documents, other than service of
process and serving a complaint, is controlled by Illinois Supreme Court Rule 11 (eff. Dec. 29,
2009). Rule 11, entitled “Manner of Serving Documents Other Than Process and Complaint on
Parties Not in Default in the Trial and Reviewing Courts,” authorizes the service of documents
by various methods, including mailing. Rule 11 provides in pertinent part:
“(b) Method. Documents shall be served as follows:
***
(3) by depositing them in a United States post office or post office box,
enclosed in an envelope, plainly addressed to the attorney at the attorney’s business
address, or to the party at the party’s business address or residence, with postage
fully prepaid[.]” Ill. S. Ct. R. 11 (eff. Dec. 29, 2009).
There is nothing ambiguous in this language and, indeed, it has been routinely followed by
lawyers and unrepresented litigants to the effect that one serves a document on the opposing
party by depositing the document in the mail, assuming that is the method of service selected.
Nothing in Rule 11 indicates that anything further need be done in order to “serve” a
document. In the present case, there is no question the defendant mailed his response to
plaintiff on December 17. There was no issue of whether the response was “served” under Rule

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 216. The issue before the trial court was the timeliness of service. This issue relates to Rule 12,
not Rule 11.
¶ 20 Rule 12, entitled “Proof of Service in the Trial and Reviewing Courts; Effective Date of
Service,” in pertinent part provides:
“(b) Manner of Proof. Service is proved:
***
(3) in case of service by mail ***, by certificate of the attorney, or affidavit of a
person other than the attorney, who deposited the paper in the mail ***, stating the
time and place of mailing ***, the complete address which appeared on the
envelope ***, and the fact that proper postage *** was prepaid[.]
***
(c) Effective Date of Service by Mail. Service by mail is complete four days after
mailing.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 12(c) (eff. Dec. 29, 2009).
¶ 21 It would seem inevitable that litigants would dispute when documents were effectively
served. In this regard, the Committee Comments to Rule 12 state that “[P]aragraph (c) was
added in 1971 to establish, when service is made by mail, a definite starting point for
measuring time periods that begin to run from the date of service, as in Rules 213(c) and
216(c).” Ill. S. Ct. R. 12(c), Committee Comments (rev. July 1, 1975). Thus, in this case, the
starting point for measuring the time period for defendant to timely respond to the request to
admit was 28 days from the date that service of the plaintiff’s requests on him was completed.
Nothing in Rule 12 can reasonably be construed to mean that the time for compliance is viewed
from the point that the requesting party is served. To accept this view, where a party elects to
serve its response by mail, the compliance period would be reduced by as much as 4 days, from
28 days to 24 days, and would needlessly encourage motion practice on the issue of timely
compliance. Rule 216 requires the response to be served within 28 days, not received within 28
days. Therefore, reading Rules 11 and 12 together, they clearly and unambiguously provide
that documents are served when placed in an envelope, properly addressed with postage
prepaid and deposited in the mail. In the event service is questioned, service is proved by
compliance with Rule 12. Because the response was timely mailed it was error to deem the
requested facts admitted. Vision Point of Sale, Inc. v. Haas, 226 Ill. 2d 334, 358 (2007) (“The
inverse is implicit in the rule–requests will not be deemed admitted if the responding party
serves a proper response within 28 days after service.”).
¶ 22 We further note that Vision Point acknowledged that the responses in that case were timely
served and this was “the only action required pursuant to Rule 216 and Bright.” Id. at 357-58.
A review of Vision Point of Sale, Inc. v. Haas, 366 Ill. App. 3d 692 (2006), shows that the Rule
216 request was faxed to the plaintiff on December 14 (effective the next court day under Rule
12 (e)) and the response was “sent” on January 12 or 28 days later. Here, as in Vision Point,
defendant timely served his response to plaintiff’s Rule 216 request to admit when he
deposited the response in the mail within 28 days of his receipt of the request.
¶ 23 Under Rule 216, Michael had the burden to serve his response to the request to admit
within 28 days from the date plaintiff served the request and, under Rule 12, the clock began to
tick 4 days after the request was properly placed in the mail. This is so regardless of whether
Michael actually received the request at that time or later. See People v. Bywater, 223 Ill. 2d
477, 491 n.4 (2006) (Freeman, J., dissenting, joined by Burke, J.); Commonwealth Eastern
Mortgage Co. v. Vaughn, 179 Ill. App. 3d 129, 134 (1989) (mailing the notice to defendant’s

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 attorney was all that was required of plaintiff in serving the notice of motion under Supreme
Court Rule 11). Therefore, Michael timely responded to the Rule 216 request to admit by
mailing his response within 28 days of November 20. Nothing in Rule 216 requires the
response to be received by the requesting party within 28 days of serving the request.
¶ 24 Next, when defendant sought an extension of time pursuant to Rule 183 to serve his Rule
216 response, the trial court relied on Bright v. Dicke, 166 Ill. 2d 204, 207 (1995), in denying
his motion. The trial court focused on our supreme court’s reiteration that supreme court rules
“are not aspirational. They are not suggestions. They have the force of law, and the
presumption must be that they will be obeyed and enforced as written.” Id. at 210. On
reconsideration, the trial court also concluded that, pursuant to Bright, even if Michael had
formally sought an extension of time under Rule 183, he had the burden to establish good
cause for an extension of time to serve his response late, which he failed to do. The trial court
found that his affidavit explaining that he was out of state from December 13 until December
17 and unavailable to sign the response was insufficient to establish good cause because he did
not explain why he “could not sign the [r]esponses before going out of town.” The
determination of whether good cause exists for allowing a late response is reviewed for an
abuse of discretion. Larson v. O’Donnell, 361 Ill. App. 3d 388, 395 (2005). A trial court abuses
its discretion when no reasonable person would take the view adopted by the court. In re
Marriage of Carpenter, 286 Ill. App. 3d 969, 974 (1997).
¶ 25 Rule 183 affords the trial court, for good cause shown on motion and notice to the opposite
party, the discretion to extend the time for doing of any act which is required by the rules to be
done within a limited period, either before or after the expiration of the time. Here, the
defendant brought the request for an extension of time in his motion to reconsider the earlier
ruling that deemed the requests admitted. To the extent the court may have considered the
motion as improper for a motion to reconsider, we find the court misapprehended the nature of
the request. While it would have been better to separately request an extension of time to serve
the response, the extension request was clearly brought as an alternative to the order previously
entered. Plaintiff had notice of the requested extension and he resisted the nature and substance
of the motion and the court fully considered the grounds upon which it was presented. As such,
the court should have considered and granted the motion for an extension of time to serve the
Rule 216 response.
¶ 26 The record does not indicate that the trial court considered the shift from the bright-line test
employed by the post-Bright decisions as discussed by our supreme court when it revisited the
issue in Vision Point of Sale, Inc. v. Haas, 226 Ill. 2d 334 (2007). In Vision Point, our supreme
court discussed the “post-Bright decisions which *** created a ‘trap for the unwary’ ” where
courts did not consider “ ‘mistake, inadvertence, or attorney neglect’ ” as the basis for good
cause to support an extension pursuant to Rule 183. Id. at 348. The court noted that because of
the limited inquiry to determine good cause, in most cases where a respondent had failed to
comply with Rule 216(c) the respondent was unable to establish good cause for a Rule 183
extension. Id. at 350-51. This created an “unworkable analytical framework that is unduly
severe.” Id. at 351. The court observed that testimony before the Rules Committee indicated
that diligent attorneys sometimes make technical and inadvertent mistakes and that after Bright
the trial courts were perceived as being improperly limited in the exercise of discretion in
considering objective evidence relevant to its good cause decisions. Id. at 351-52. Further, the
supreme court emphasized that “there is a broad overall policy goal of resolving cases on the
merits rather than on technicalities (see, e.g., Shimanovsky v. General Motors Corp., 181 Ill. 2d

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 112, 123 (1998) (in resolving discovery disputes, the goal is to “ ‘insure[ ] both discovery and
a trial on the merits’)).” Vision Point of Sale, Inc. v. Haas, 226 Ill. 2d at 351. The supreme court
explained that the good-cause analysis includes “all objective, relevant evidence presented by
the delinquent party with respect to why there is good cause for its failure to comply *** and
why an extension of time should now be granted.” Id. at 353. This consideration includes
“mistake, inadvertence, or attorney neglect” but does not permit “an open-ended inquiry”
unrelated to the noncompliance. Id. The purpose of good-cause review is “in the interest[ ] of
judicial economy and the need to reach an equitable result.” Id. at 354.
¶ 27 Vision Point makes clear that Rule 216 requests to admit are discovery tools. Id. at 343. As
such, broad discretion is vested in the trial court in the administration of its trial docket and its
supervision over the conduct of discovery. The goals are to do justice and to not allow
discovery to become a “trap for the unwary” and to resolve disputes on the merits either
through trial or settlement.
¶ 28 Since Vision Point we have issued several recent unpublished orders applying these more
liberal standards to determine good cause under Rule 183. We refer to these cases, not as
precedent, but as examples illustrative of situations brought before the trial court that were
resolved with an appropriate exercise of discretion. See Cooney v. Balmer, 2012 IL App (2d)
199059-U (respondent filed her response with the clerk of the court within 28 days but failed to
serve opposing party in that time; however, petitioner’s counsel was in possession of the
response within a few days of the 28-day deadline and, therefore, the trial court permitted the
late service and did not err in granting respondent the extension and admitting the response); In
re Marriage of Burrell, 2012 IL App (3d) 120101-U (trial court did not abuse its discretion in
finding good cause shown where respondent filed her Rule 216(c) response with the clerk of
the court but did not serve the response within 28 days due to attorney inadvertence).
¶ 29 Good cause requires fact-dependent analysis on a case-by-case basis. Vision Point of Sale,
Inc., 226 Ill. 2d at 353. It is undisputed that Michael mailed the response within 28 days of
being served. Plaintiff’s counsel was in possession of the response by December 21, 2010, at
the latest, and most certainly by December 30, 2010 when he filed the motion to deem facts
admitted with Michael’s response to the requests attached. The trial court was permitted to
consider all relevant evidence underlying the alleged delinquency, including the filing of the
response with the trial court within 28 days of being served. “Discovery is not a tactical game”
but, rather, “is intended as, and should be, a cooperative undertaking by counsel and the parties
*** for the purpose of ascertaining the merits of the case and thus promoting either a fair
settlement or a fair trial.” Williams v. A.E. Staley Manufacturing Co., 83 Ill. 2d 559, 566
(1981). The overall goal of litigation is to resolve disputes “on the merits rather than on
technicalities.” Vision Point of Sale, Inc., 226 Ill. 2d at 352.
¶ 30 Here, the trial court abused its discretion in rejecting the proffered reason for not earlier
serving the response, Michael was out of town, because he did not explain why he did not sign
the response before going out of town. Clearly, the response had to be prepared, reviewed and
signed before service. Had this not occurred, it is almost certain plaintiff would have moved to
have the requests deemed admitted. Given the reality of practicing law and the daily demands
of addressing most litigation matters, it is not unusual for an attorney to wait until the last
moment to finalize a document for his client. While we do not condone or encourage
noncompliance with court-imposed deadlines, trial courts must be mindful of and recognize
the wisdom of Rule 183 and exercise properly the discretion granted thereby. In any event, we
have previously affirmed a late filing because of the affiant’s unavailability as good cause for

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 exercising discretion in allowing a late filing. Hammond v. SBC Communications, Inc. (SBC),
365 Ill. App. 3d 879 (2006).
¶ 31 We find defendant served his response when he mailed the document within 28 days after
he was served with the request to admit and that service as contemplated under Rule 216 was
timely. To allow the circuit court’s order to stand would contravene the requirements of Rule
216 and the plain language of Rule 12(c), the general goals of discovery and the overall policy
to resolve disputes on the merits. Therefore, we vacate the trial court order deeming facts
admitted and remand this cause to the circuit court with directions to allow defendants’
original responses to plaintiff’s request for admission to stand.
¶ 32 Based on the foregoing, we find it unnecessary to address other arguments in support of
their appeal regarding their compliance with Rule 216.
¶ 33 Defendants also argue the trial court erred in granting plaintiff’s motion for summary
judgment. Plaintiff moved for summary judgment on all counts. The circuit court granted
plaintiff’s motion as to counts I and II, alleging conversion and breach of bailment. Because we
find the circuit court erred in ruling the response was untimely and deemed the requested facts
admitted, we vacate the order granting summary judgment in favor of plaintiff and reinstate the
amended verified complaint for further proceedings.

¶ 34 II. Motion to Dismiss
¶ 35 Defendants also contend the circuit court erred in denying their section 2-615 motion to
dismiss the verified complaint. A section 2-615 motion to dismiss challenges the legal
sufficiency of a complaint based on defects apparent on its face. Pooh-Bah Enterprises, Inc. v.
County of Cook, 232 Ill. 2d 463, 473 (2009); Beacham v. Walker, 231 Ill. 2d 51, 57 (2008). All
well-pleaded facts in the complaint are taken as true and a reviewing court must determine
whether the allegations of the complaint, construed in a light most favorable to the plaintiff, are
sufficient to establish a cause of action upon which relief may be granted. Bell v. Hutsell, 2011
IL 110724, ¶ 9. A trial court’s ruling on a section 2-615 motion to dismiss is subject to de novo
review. T&S Signs, Inc. v. Village of Wadsworth, 261 Ill. App. 3d 1080, 1083-84 (1994).
¶ 36 Plaintiff alleged in his verified complaint that for approximately two years he purchased
and sold gold coins through Gold Dust Coins without incident. After each transaction,
defendants would give plaintiff a copy of a Gold Dust Coins receipt evidencing the transaction.
On June 6, 2008, plaintiff allegedly sold eight coins to Gold Dust Coins. After the sale,
plaintiff and Michael had a conversation after which plaintiff tendered 253 gold coins and
several irregular gold pieces to Michael to keep in defendants’ safes. Defendants or their
agents counted the gold coins and Michael placed them into a box and kept them in a store safe.
¶ 37 On June 30, 2008, plaintiff spoke with defendants via telephone and requested they sell the
irregular gold pieces on his behalf. After that sale, the proceeds were wired to plaintiff’s bank
account and the sale of the irregular pieces was evidenced on a receipt. In September 2009,
plaintiff spoke with defendants and requested the sale of certain other gold coins. Plaintiff did
not speak to Michael at that time. On October 5, 2009, plaintiff sent a letter directing Michael
to sell the coins. Michael informed plaintiff that due to the large monetary amount of the
transaction, the sale would have to be done in person. Plaintiff flew to Chicago on October 7,
2009, for this purpose only. However, Michael would not let plaintiff enter the store and
refused to return the coins to plaintiff. At that time, plaintiff contacted Michael’s attorney, who

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 refused to acknowledge plaintiff’s receipt which evidenced plaintiff’s deposit of the gold coins
with defendants.
¶ 38 Defendants Michael Pesha, Kathy Pesha and Gold Dust Coins filed an abbreviated motion
to dismiss the verified complaint. Defendants asserted two contradictory arguments. First, that
plaintiff’s claims were based on a written instrument not attached to the complaint, which
required its dismissal pursuant to section 2-606 of the Code (735 ILCS 5/2-606 (West 2010)).
Second, that the nature of plaintiff’s alleged agreement with defendants was not evidenced in
writing as required by the statute of frauds and the claims must be dismissed. 1
¶ 39 Section 2-606 of the Code provides that if a claim is based on a written instrument, it “must
be attached to the pleading as an exhibit or recited therein, unless the pleader attaches to his or
her pleading an affidavit stating facts showing that the instrument is not accessible to him or
her.” 735 ILCS 5/2-606 (West 2010). After review of the verified complaint, it is clear that
plaintiff alleged defendants orally agreed to hold, store and, if requested, return his gold coins.
Plaintiff attached to the complaint Exhibit E, alleging it was a receipt prepared by defendants
for leaving the gold coins with defendants. We find plaintiff’s claims, as alleged, are based on
an oral agreement between the parties and are not based on Exhibit E, or any written document.
Exhibit E was referenced as corroboration of the alleged agreement. Therefore, plaintiff was
not required under section 2-606 of the Code to attach any writing to the complaint.
¶ 40 Defendants next argue that because there is no writing to evidence the agreement for
defendants to store the coins, plaintiff’s claims are barred by the statute of frauds found in
section 2-201 of the Uniform Commercial Code (810 ILCS 5/2-201 (West 2010)). Article 2 of
the UCC governs the sale of goods. Id. However, the “transaction” alleged, the holding of the
coins, constitutes a service and not the sale of goods. See 810 ILCS 5/2-105(1) (West 2010).
As such, it falls outside of the purview of the statute of frauds found in article 2 of the Uniform
Commercial Code, which governs only the sale of goods and not the services alleged in the
complaint. See 810 ILCS 5/2-102 (West 2010). Therefore, we reject defendants’ contention
that plaintiff’s claims are barred by the statute of frauds.
¶ 41 Defendants also argue that plaintiff’s claims are barred by the statute of frauds found in the
Frauds Act (Act) (740 ILCS 80/1 (West 2010)). The Act provides in pertinent part:
“No action shall be brought *** upon any agreement that is not to be performed within
the space of one year from the making thereof, unless the promise or agreement upon
which such action shall be brought, or some memorandum or note thereof, shall be in
writing, and signed by the party to be charged therewith, or some other person
thereunto by him lawfully authorized.” 740 ILCS 80/1 (West 2010).
To determine whether the Act applies to a contract, the test is “whether the contract is capable
of being performed within one year of its formation, not whether such occurrence is likely.”

1
The statute of frauds constitutes an affirmative matter outside of the facts alleged in a complaint
and should be raised in a motion to dismiss pursuant to section 2-619(a)(7) of the Code (735 ILCS
5/2-619(a)(7) (West 2010)). Therefore, the defendants improperly raised the statute of frauds in a
section 2-615 motion to dismiss, which attacks the legal sufficiency of the complaint. 735 ILCS
5/2-615 (West 2010); Beahringer v. Page, 204 Ill. 2d 363, 369 (2003). Because we do not have the
benefit of transcripts or a bystander’s report from the hearing on the motion, we do not know how the
circuit court treated this impropriety. Nonetheless, we review a trial court’s ruling on a motion to
dismiss brought pursuant to section 2-615 or section 2-619 under the de novo standard. See Reynolds v.
Jimmy John’s Enterprises, LLC, 2013 IL App (4th) 120139.

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 Robinson v. BDO Seidman, LLP, 367 Ill. App. 3d 366, 370 (2006). “If an oral agreement
possibly could be performed within one year, it does not come within the Statute of Frauds.”
Meyer v. Marilyn Miglin, Inc., 273 Ill. App. 3d 882, 892 (1995).
¶ 42 Plaintiff alleged that in June of 2008, he left the coins with defendants for safekeeping and
he also alleged he could get them back at any time and in October 2008, he was unable to
retrieve them upon demand. Under the time line alleged, the agreement to store the coins was
capable of, and was allegedly performed in one year. Therefore, plaintiff’s claims are not
barred by the statute of frauds under the Act.
¶ 43 Defendants make additional arguments for dismissal of the verified complaint in their
appeal brief: that Exhibit E, the alleged “receipt,” is a forgery; they attack the veracity of the
allegations in the complaint; and that the “receipt” is unenforceable pursuant to section 3-401
of the UCC (810 ILCS 5/3-401 (West 2010)) (employer’s responsibility for fraudulent
endorsement by an employee). However, these arguments were not raised in the circuit court
and therefore, they will not be considered here on appeal. Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(7) (eff. July 1,
2008); see Mabry v. Boler, 2012 IL App (1st) 111464, ¶ 24 (“arguments not raised before the
circuit court are forfeited and cannot be raised for the first time on appeal”).
¶ 44 Therefore, for the foregoing reasons, we find the trial court properly denied defendants’
motion to dismiss the verified complaint.

¶ 45 CONCLUSION
¶ 46 For the reasons stated, we affirm the order of the circuit court denying defendants’ motion
to dismiss. We reverse the circuit court’s order granting plaintiff’s motion to deem facts
admitted and remand this cause to the circuit court with directions to allow defendants’
original responses to plaintiff’s request for admission to stand, as they are compliant with the
requirements of Rule 216; and we vacate the order of summary judgment in favor of plaintiff.

¶ 47 Affirmed in part and reversed in part; cause remanded.

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