Filed 10/30/14 Yakoubian v. City of Pasadena CA2/1
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
MARAL YAKOUBIAN et al., B250151
Plaintiffs and Appellants, (Los Angeles County
Super. Ct. No. GC046386)
v.
CITY OF PASADENA,
Defendant and Respondent.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County. Laura
A. Matz, Judge. Affirmed.
______
Geragos Law Group and Matthew J. Gerragos for Plaintiffs and Appellants.
Michele Beal Bagneris, City Attorney, Frank L. Rhemrev, Assistant City
Attorney, for Defendant and Respondent.
______
Maral Yakoubian, Bedros Yakoubian, Hovsep Yakoubian and Garbis Bedros
Yakoubian (collectively, plaintiffs) appeal from the judgment entered after the trial court
granted summary judgment for the City of Pasadena (City) in this action for dangerous
condition of public property pursuant to Government Code section 835.1 Plaintiffs
contend that triable issues of material fact exist as to whether a dangerous condition of
public property contributed to the cause of the automobile-pedestrian accident that
injured Maral and killed Angele Kazanjian, Maral’s mother. We sympathize with the
tragedy of the accident but agree with the grant of summary judgment for the City. We,
therefore, affirm the judgment.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
1. The Operative Complaint
On April 21, 2011, plaintiffs filed the operative first amended complaint against
the City alleging a cause of action for dangerous condition of public property pursuant to
section 835.2 According to the complaint, on November 23, 2009, between 5:00 p.m. and
5:30 p.m., Maral and Angele were crossing the street in a crosswalk at the intersection of
Washington Boulevard and Bresee Avenue in Pasadena when they were struck by a 1989
Plymouth Colt driven by Bedikian. Angele sustained severe head trauma, brain injury,
face lacerations and bruises on her legs and ultimately died as the result of her injuries.
Maral sustained lacerations to her lips, bruises to her face, abrasions to her elbow, shins,
ankles and knees and back injury, in addition to witnessing the impact of the collision on
her mother. Plaintiffs alleged that the City “failed to properly maintain the [c]rosswalk
and failed to place, maintain, and repair appropriate signage, lighting, and striping at, or
on, the [c]rosswalk and the adjacent roadway.” “The City had prior notice of these
conditions and the attendant danger and risk, as there was a prior accident at the same
1
Statutory references are to the Government Code unless otherwise specified.
2
Plaintiffs collectively alleged one cause of action based on the death of Angele,
and Maral alleged a second cause of action based on her injuries. Plaintiffs also sued
Jeanette Lucy Bedikian, the motorist who struck Maral and Angele. Bedikian no longer
is a party to the action.
2
[c]rosswalk and roadway on December 9, 2003, that resulted in physical injuries and
another accident on July 19, 2004[,] which involved a fatality. Despite this prior notice
of the dangerous conditions of the [c]rosswalk or roadway, the City failed to make any
necessary repairs or improvements to the [c]rosswalk or roadway prior to the [c]ollision.”
2. The Summary Judgment Motion and Opposition
The City moved for summary judgment, arguing, as relevant, that as a matter of
law no dangerous condition of public property caused the accident so as to subject it to
liability under section 835. Evidence submitted in support of the motion included the
accident report, police photographs taken on the night of the accident and excerpts of
deposition testimony from Maral and Bedikian. The City also submitted declarations
from a police officer who had investigated the accident, the City’s traffic engineer, its
engineer responsible for streets and sidewalks, its claims coordinator, and an expert civil
and traffic engineer who observed the accident scene once during the day and again on
the year anniversary of the accident at the same time of evening as when the accident
had occurred. The expert opined that, based on the geometrics of the intersection,
the street lighting and signs and markings, “[t]he pedestrian crossing facilities at the
intersection . . . on [the date of the accident] were reasonable in order to give adequate
warning to drivers of 1) the presence of the eastern crosswalk and 2) the potential that
pedestrians may cross Washington Boulevard by means of such crosswalk.” The expert
also opined that the accident rate at the intersection was less than average given the
volume of traffic passing through per day.
Plaintiffs opposed summary judgment, asserting that triable issues of material
fact exist as to whether the City’s property was a dangerous condition that caused the
accident. Plaintiffs maintained that at the time of the accident the crosswalk and “PED
XING” markings were faded, the lighting was minimal and a tree partially obscured a
sign warning of the crosswalk, all limiting visibility. In addition, plaintiffs claimed that
prior accidents at the intersection, as well as the City’s evaluation of the intersection,
constituted evidence of a dangerous condition. Plaintiffs submitted the expert declaration
of a civil and traffic engineer, who faulted the City’s expert’s conclusions because
3
his visits to the intersection took place after changes had been made to the crosswalk.
Plaintiffs’ expert opined that, “[w]hile the crosswalk was marked, the painted lines
were well worn and not maintained. The advanced pavement markings, ‘PED XING,’
were well worn and not maintained. The street lighting was minimal. A tree partially
obstructed the reflective yellow sign indicating the crosswalk. The crosswalk was
difficult for motorists approaching the intersection to see even in the daylight.” The
expert also opined that, due to limited visibility, the crosswalk did not meet California’s
or the City’s standards for pedestrian safety.
3. The Trial Court’s Ruling
The trial court granted summary judgment for the City. According to the
court, “[t]he City has demonstrated that plaintiffs will be unable to establish there was
a dangerous condition of public property. [Citation.] Plaintiffs contend the alleged
faded condition of the crosswalk markings and ‘PED XING’ street markings and the
obstruction of a pedestrian warning sign by tree limbs constitute a dangerous physical
condition of public property. This contention is equivalent, in essence, to an argument
the City failed to provide signals, signs or markings. Under . . . section 830.8, however,
‘[n]either a public entity nor a public employee is liable . . . for an injury caused by the
failure to provide traffic or warning signals, signs or markings or devices . . . [unless] . . .
a signal, sign, marking or device (other than one described in [s]ection 830.4) was
necessary to warn of a dangerous condition[,] which endangered the safe movement
of traffic and which would not be reasonably apparent to, and would not have been
anticipated by, a person exercising due care.’ . . . Plaintiffs fail to identify, and there is no
evidence of, some other dangerous condition not readily apparent[,] which the subject
crosswalk or sign w[as] necessary to warn of, such that the exception to non-liability set
forth in section 830.8 is implicated. Plaintiffs’ arguments that in-road lighting, or other
lighting or other measures not presently existing at the intersection would make the
intersection safer is not relevant both because the issue is whether the intersection in its
physical condition at the time of the accident was in a dangerous condition, not whether it
4
could be made safer, and because those items are not required by the City . . . .
[Citation.]”
The trial court continued, “Even if [s]ections 830.4 and 830.8 were inapplicable,
it appears to the court from the photographs taken at the scene immediately after the
accident that the yellow pedestrian sign on the lamp post standard was not blocked by the
nearby tree and was visible without obstruction by anyone traveling in the number one
lane, as [Bedikian] was, at the time of the accident. It also appears to the court that the
crosswalk and ‘PED XING’ signs on the roadway, though somewhat faded in the center
of the road, were not so faded that they could not reasonably be seen. There is no
evidence offered to establish that the three prior incidents at this intersection referred to
by plaintiffs were similar to this incident such that their occurrence would establish this
intersection constituted a dangerous condition. In fact, two of those incidents occurred
before changes were made to this crosswalk. Under these circumstances, the court finds
that the risk created by the claimed deficiencies of the crosswalk were of such a minor,
trivial or insignificant nature that no reasonable person would conclude that the condition
of the crosswalk created a substantial risk of injury.”
The trial court entered judgment for the City. Plaintiffs timely appealed.
DISCUSSION
1. Standard of Review
A trial court must grant a summary judgment motion when no triable issue exists
as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
(Code Civ. Proc., § 437c, subd. (c).) We independently review the trial court’s decision,
“considering all of the evidence the parties offered in connection with the motion (except
that which the court properly excluded) and the uncontradicted inferences the evidence
reasonably supports. [Citation.] In the trial court, once a moving defendant has ‘shown
that one or more elements of the cause of action, even if not separately pleaded, cannot be
established,’ the burden shifts to the plaintiff to show the existence of a triable issue; to
meet that burden, the plaintiff ‘may not rely upon the mere allegations or denials of its
pleadings . . . but, instead, shall set forth the specific facts showing that a triable issue of
5
material fact exists as to that cause of action . . . .’ [Citations.]” (Merrill v. Navegar, Inc.
(2001) 26 Cal.4th 465, 476-477.)
2. Summary Judgment Was Proper
a. Liability requirements for a dangerous condition of public property
A public entity is not liable for an injury arising out of its act or omission except
as provided by statute. (§ 815, subd. (a).) Section 835 is the sole statutory basis for
imposing liability on a public entity for the condition of its property. (Cerna v. City of
Oakland (2008) 161 Cal.App.4th 1340, 1347 (Cerna).) Under that statute, “a public
entity is liable for injury caused by a dangerous condition of its property if the plaintiff
establishes that the property was in a dangerous condition at the time of the injury,
that the injury was proximately caused by the dangerous condition, that the dangerous
condition created a reasonably foreseeable risk of the kind of injury which was incurred,
and either: [¶] (a) A negligent or wrongful act or omission of an employee of the public
entity within the scope of his employment created the dangerous condition; or [¶] (b) The
public entity had actual or constructive notice of the dangerous condition under [s]ection
835.2 a sufficient time prior to the injury to have taken measures to protect against the
dangerous condition.” (§ 835.)
A “‘dangerous condition’” is “a condition of property that creates a substantial (as
distinguished from a minor, trivial or insignificant) risk of injury when such property or
adjacent property is used with due care in a manner in which it is reasonably foreseeable
that it will be used.” (§ 830.) “A plaintiff’s allegations, and ultimately the evidence,
must establish a physical deficiency in the property itself. [Citations.] A dangerous
condition exists when public property ‘is physically damaged, deteriorated, or defective
in such a way as to foreseeably endanger those using the property itself,’ or possesses
physical characteristics in its design, location, features or relationship to its surroundings
that endanger users. [Citation.]” (Cerna, supra, 161 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1347-1348.)
With respect to traffic control signals or signs, “[a] condition is not a dangerous
condition within the meaning of this chapter merely because of the failure to provide
regulatory traffic control signals, stop signs, yield right-of-way signs, or speed restriction
6
signs, as described by the Vehicle Code, or distinctive roadway markings as described in
[s]ection 21460 of the Vehicle Code.” (§ 830.4) In addition, “neither a public entity
nor a public employee is liable under this chapter for an injury caused by the failure to
provide traffic or warning signals, signs, markings or devices described in the Vehicle
Code.” (§ 830.8.) Nevertheless, “a public entity or public employee [is not exonerated]
from liability for injury proximately caused by such failure if a signal, sign, marking or
device (other than one described in [s]ection 830.4) was necessary to warn of a dangerous
condition[,] which endangered the safe movement of traffic and which would not be
reasonably apparent to, and would not have been anticipated by, a person exercising due
care.” (Ibid.) As a result, “a concealed dangerous condition that is a trap to motorists or
pedestrians may require the posting of a warning sign but the absence of a warning sign
itself is not a dangerous condition. [Citations.]” (Mixon v. Pacific Gas & Electric Co.
(2012) 207 Cal.App.4th 124, 136 (Mixon).)
“A public entity may be liable for a dangerous condition of public property even
where the immediate cause of a plaintiff’s injury is a third party’s negligence if some
physical characteristic of the property exposes its users to increased danger from third
party negligence. [Citation.] ‘But it is insufficient to show only harmful third party
conduct, like the conduct of a motorist. “‘[T]hird party conduct, by itself, unrelated to
the condition of the property, does not constitute a “dangerous condition” for which a
public entity may be held liable.’” [Citation.] There must be a defect in the physical
condition of the property and that defect must have some causal relationship to the third
party conduct that injures the plaintiff. [Citation.]’ [Citation.]” (Salas v. Department of
Transportation (2011) 198 Cal.App.4th 1058, 1069-1070 (Salas).) “‘[P]ublic liability
lies under . . . section 835 only when a feature of the public property has “increased or
intensified” the danger to users from third party conduct.’ [Citation].” (Cerna, supra,
161 Cal.App.4th at p. 1348.) “With respect to public streets, courts have observed ‘any
property can be dangerous if used in a sufficiently improper manner. For this reason, a
public entity is only required to provide roads that are safe for reasonably foreseeable
careful use. [Citation.] “If [] it can be shown that the property is safe when used with
7
due care and that a risk of harm is created only when foreseeable users fail to exercise
due care, then such property is not ‘dangerous’”’” under the statutory definition. (Sun v.
City of Oakland (2008) 166 Cal.App.4th 1177, 1183 (Sun).)
“The existence of a dangerous condition is ordinarily a question of fact but ‘can
be decided as a matter of law if reasonable minds can come to only one conclusion.’
[Citation.]” (Cerna, supra, 161 Cal.App.4th at p. 1347.) In that regard, “[a] condition is
not . . . dangerous . . . if the trial or appellate court, viewing the evidence most favorably
to the plaintiff, determines as a matter of law that the risk created by the condition was of
such a minor, trivial or insignificant nature in view of the surrounding circumstances
that no reasonable person would conclude that the condition created a substantial risk
of injury when such property or adjacent property was used with due care in a manner in
which it was reasonably foreseeable that it would be used.” (§ 830.2.) This provision,
while “‘[t]echnically . . . unnecessary,’” “‘emphasize[s] that the courts are required to
determine that there is evidence from which a reasonable person could conclude that a
substantial, as opposed to a possible, risk is involved before they may permit the jury
to find that a condition is dangerous.’ [Citation.]” (Salas, supra, 198 Cal.App.4th
at p. 1069, fn. 4.)
b. No dangerous condition as a matter of law
Plaintiffs contend that the trial court erred by granting summary judgment on the
ground of no dangerous condition as a matter of law because triable issues of material
fact exist based on a combination of faded crosswalk and PED XING markings, a tree
near one of the crosswalk signs and inadequate lighting at the intersection, as well as a
prior history of accidents at and the City’s evaluation of the intersection. We disagree.
According to the undisputed facts, on the evening of November 23, 2009, about
5:20 p.m., Maral and Angele prepared to cross Washington Boulevard at Bresee Avenue
in Pasadena. Washington Boulevard, a directionally straight roadway with flat terrain,
runs east-west with a speed limit of 35 miles per hour. The traffic is divided by painted
double yellow lines. Breese Avenue runs north-south with one traffic lane in each
direction. A painted 14-foot-wide crosswalk spans Washington Boulevard at Bresee
8
Avenue. The words “PED XING” are painted on Washington Boulevard approximately
250 feet before Bresse Avenue. The sidewalk on Washington Boulevard has “bump
outs” at the location of the crosswalk. Yellow, metal, pedestrian-crossing signs are
located on both the north and south sides of the crosswalk. Streetlights occupy each of
the intersection’s corners, and decorative lighting is present as well. Maral and Angele
entered the crosswalk at the northeast corner of the intersection and proceeded south
across Washington Boulevard. Maral saw a car approaching from far before she stepped
into the crosswalk but expected the motorist to stop. Maral and Angele were struck
by Bedikian as she was driving east on Washington Boulevard in the number one
traffic lane, the lane closest to the middle of the intersection. Bedikian resides near
the intersection and drove through it many times before the accident. Yet, on the evening
of the accident, with the headlights of her car on, she did not see the “PED XING”
marking as she approached the intersection, nor crosswalk or the crosswalk signs. She
did not see Maral or Angele until she hit them and cannot explain why. Bedikian has
macular degeneration in one or both eyes. These undisputed facts do not demonstrate a
dangerous condition of public property as a matter of law.
According to plaintiffs’ expert, the City created a dangerous condition because the
crosswalk and “PED XING” markings were faded, a tree obstructed a crosswalk sign and
the lighting was minimal. Although “a dangerous condition of public property may be
based on a combination of factors” (Mixon, supra, 207 Cal.App.4th at p. 137), even
assuming the conditions identified by the expert existed, they do not create a triable issue
of material fact as to statutory liability for a dangerous condition of public property.
Regarding the faded markings and the tree obstructing the crosswalk sign, the
absence of markings or signs cannot create a dangerous condition of public property.
A dangerous condition in the form of a physical defect that causes a substantial risk of
injury even when the property is used with due care may require markings or signage.
But the lack of markings or signs is not a dangerous condition. (§ 830.8; Mixon, supra,
207 Cal.App.4th at p. 136 [“a concealed dangerous condition that is a trap to motorists or
pedestrians may require the posting of a warning sign but the absence of a warning sign
9
itself is not a dangerous condition]”.) For example, in Sun, supra, 166 Cal.App.4th 1177,
summary judgment was properly granted for the public entity in a case based on the death
of a pedestrian crossing the street and struck by a motorist when the purported dangerous
condition was that the public entity had failed to repaint crosswalk markings at an
intersection that once had markings. (Id. at pp. 1192-1193.) According to the appellate
court, “[t]o the extent [plaintiffs’] expert opined that the absence of the crosswalk
markings created a ‘trap’ for pedestrians, that claim is foreclosed by section 830.8[,]
which immunizes a public entity for liability for accidents proximately caused by its
failure to provide a signal, sign, marking, or device to warn of a dangerous condition
[that] endangers the safe movement of traffic unless that condition ‘would not be
reasonably apparent to, and would not have been anticipated by, a person exercising due
care.’ ‘This “concealed trap” statute applies to accidents proximately caused when, for
example, the public entity fails to post signs warning of a sharp or poorly banked curve
ahead on its road or of a hidden intersection behind a promontory [citations], or where a
design defect in the roadway causes moisture to freeze and create an icy road surface, a
fact known to the public entity but not to unsuspecting motorists [citation], or where road
work is being performed on a highway [citation].’ [Citation.]” (Id. at p. 1193.) No such
condition has been identified here.
As to the minimal lighting, the undisputed evidence reveals that the intersection
had streetlights at each of its corners, as well as decorative lighting. In any case, “[a]
public entity is under no duty to light its streets. . . . [A] prior dangerous condition may
require street lighting or other means to lessen the danger but the absence of street
lighting is itself not a dangerous condition.” (Mixon, supra, 207 Cal.App.4th at p. 133.)
Along the same lines, a public entity is not liable for failing to provide brighter lights.
(Antenor v. City of Los Angeles (1985) 174 Cal.App.3d 477, 483 [directed verdict proper
for city in action by pedestrians struck by motorist because, among other reasons, city
had no duty “to light its streets in the first instance” and thus could not be liable for
failing to provide brighter lights, even when light intensity at intersection was below
governmental standards].)
10
Plaintiffs have not identified any physical defect in the intersection that rendered
it unsafe even when used with due care. (See Brenner v. City of El Cajon (2003)
113 Cal.App.4th 434, 440-441 [demurrer properly sustained to complaint alleging
dangerous condition of public property because no allegation that intersection where
motorist hit pedestrian “had blind corners, obscured sightlines, elevation variances, or
any other unusual condition that made the road unsafe when used by motorists and
pedestrians exercising due care”]; see also Fredette v. City of Long Beach (1986)
187 Cal.App.3d 122, 132 (Fredette) [cases in which public entity held liable “the
inability of any user to see or appreciate the danger remained a constant feature of the
property whether used by careless or careful persons,” such as a deceptively sharp curve
with an elevation change].) The conditions cited by plaintiffs’ expert, therefore, do not
overcome summary judgment.
Plaintiffs also claim three prior accidents at the intersection demonstrate a
dangerous condition of public property. “While there must be substantial similarity to
offer other accident evidence for any purpose, a stricter degree of substantial similarity
is required when other accident evidence is offered to show a dangerous condition; ‘“the
other accident must be connected in some way with that thing . . . .”’ [Citation.]” (Salas,
supra, 198 Cal.App.4th at p. 1072.) Plaintiffs, however, fail to connect any of the prior
accidents on which they rely with any “thing” suggesting a physical defect in the property
constituted a dangerous condition. (See Sun, supra, 166 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1187-1188
[prior accidents do not show dangerous condition when not connected to alleged
physical defect claimed by plaintiffs to render the intersection dangerous with regard to
automobile-pedestrian accident]; Sambrano v. City of San Diego (2001) 94 Cal.App.4th
225, 234 [evidence relevant if it shows that “‘other persons have been injured on this
same defect’”].)
Plaintiffs also rely on the City’s failure to repaint the crosswalk markings
according to a certain schedule and on its identification of the intersection as one that
could be made safer. As to the markings, the City had no duty to create them so it cannot
be liable for failing to repaint them sooner. “‘According to the . . . [V]ehicle [C]ode,
11
there is a legal crosswalk at every intersection whether it is marked or not.” (Sun, supra,
166 Cal.App.4th at p. 1191.) Thus, the City’s failure to follow its proposed repainting
schedule does not create a dangerous condition. (See id. at pp. 1191-1192 [public
entity’s failure to comply with Vehicle Code provision requiring notice of removal of
marked crosswalk does not create liability for dangerous condition of public property].)
Nor does the City’s recognition of a potential to increase public safety by implementing
additional precautionary measures prove the condition at the time of the accident was
statutorily dangerous. (Fredette, supra, 187 Cal.App.3d at p. 132.) The potential that
public property in its original design could have been made safer is irrelevant; “‘liability
is not to be fastened upon a municipality merely because it may appear that certain
property, in nowise dangerous either in its construction or intended use, could possibly be
made safer by other means.’” (Dole Citrus v. State of California (1997) 60 Cal.App.4th
486, 494.) Although the accident at issue is tragic, liability for a dangerous condition of
public property does not exist.3
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed. The City is entitled to its costs on appeal.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED.
ROTHSCHILD, P. J.
We concur:
CHANEY, J.
JOHNSON, J.
3
Based on our decision that no dangerous condition exists as a matter of law, we
need not reach the issue of the City’s design immunity.
12