2014 IL App (1st) 123135
No. 1-12-3135
Filed December 12, 2014
FIFTH DIVISION
IN THE APPELLATE COURT
OF ILLINOIS
FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the
) Circuit Court
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) of Cook County
)
v. ) No. 08 CR 12211
)
JODECI WHITFIELD, ) Honorable
) Angela Munari Petrone,
Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge Presiding.
PRESIDING JUSTICE PALMER delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Justices McBride and Gordon concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Following a jury trial, defendant Jodeci Whitfield was convicted of two counts of
attempted murder, aggravated battery with a firearm, aggravated discharge of a firearm, and
aggravated unlawful use of a weapon (UUW). He was then sentenced to an aggregate term of 45
years' imprisonment, which included a 25-year mandatory enhancement. On appeal, defendant
contends that hearsay evidence was improperly admitted at trial, requiring remand for a new
trial; and that the sentences imposed by the court were excessive. We affirm.
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¶2 BACKGROUND
¶3 Prior to trial, defendant filed a motion in limine requesting, in pertinent part, that the State
be precluded from introducing at trial testimony that people at or near the scene of the incident
pointed in his general direction in the presence of police. He alleged that the pointing was a
nonverbal assertive statement communicated by unknown individuals, which would violate his
right to confrontation. Defendant maintained that the jury could easily conclude from this
testimony that he fired a gun.
¶4 At the proceeding on this motion, defendant argued that even if a limiting instruction is
given to the jury, a normal person is likely to speculate that the person they were pointing at had
a gun or fired a weapon. Defendant maintained that because what these people were indicating or
had seen is unknown, this evidence was irrelevant, had no probative value, and is highly
prejudicial.
¶5 The State responded that the evidence at trial would be that at least one of the victims ran
toward police yelling, "he is shooting," and pointed in the direction of defendant. Other evidence
would show that a group of people on a porch pointed at defendant and the police began to
pursue him. The State asserted that this evidence was admissible because identification is an
exception to the hearsay rule, and, further, that pointing goes to the course of conduct of the
officers.
¶6 The court denied defendant's motion, finding that police may recount the steps leading up
to defendant's arrest. The court noted that defendant never indicated that there were specific
words he wanted excluded, but only that he did not want testimony regarding the people
pointing, and that if he wanted certain words excluded, he should present a motion on it.
¶7 Defendant also filed a motion to bar the State from calling David Baker, one of the
victims, as a witness. Defendant alleged, in relevant part, that according to a detective's
supplementary report, Baker identified defendant as the person who shot him. However, when
Baker met with defendant's investigator, he told the investigator that he did not know who shot
him, but that he knew it was not defendant, and never identified defendant. Baker also provided a
signed, written statement to that effect. Defendant maintained that if Baker was allowed to testify
in the State's case, such testimony would only be admissible as impeachment and not substantive
evidence under section 115-10.1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (Code) (725 ILCS
5/115-10.1 (West 2012)) as no prior inconsistent statements had been memorialized in writing,
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audio or video. He also claimed that his due process rights would be violated if the State was
allowed to call Baker for the sole purpose of impeaching him with unmemorialized statements,
where he had not been provided with any impeachment evidence that conformed to section 115-
10.1 of the Code and any unrecorded oral statement is inadmissible under that section.
¶8 At the proceeding on this motion, defendant informed the court that the State could not
call a witness solely to impeach him, but must also offer substantive evidence. The State
responded that Baker was not being presented solely to impeach him, that he was going to testify
regarding everything that occurred on the night of the incident and that the only thing Baker was
recanting was his identification of defendant as the shooter. The State also informed the court
that Baker's prior identification of defendant could be admitted as substantive evidence. The
court denied defendant's motion, noting that Baker may testify consistently with what he told the
State or consistently with what he told defendant's counsel.
¶9 At trial, Deon Stewart testified that at 5 p.m. on June 3, 2008, he and his friend Baker
were on the 400 block of North Lavergne Avenue watching two people rapping. While there, a
male in a black "hoodie" with orange stripes came up to them and said something unintelligible.
Stewart could see the lower part of his face and identified defendant in court as this person.
When defendant was 10 feet away from Stewart, he pulled out a gun and pointed it at Stewart's
head. Stewart fled, hearing several gunshots, and when he turned around, he noticed that
defendant's gun had jammed. Stewart kept running with Baker, but they separated, and when he
returned to the location of the shooting to find Baker, Stewart saw defendant in the back of a
police car. Stewart informed police that defendant was the shooter and identified him in a lineup.
¶ 10 Stewart acknowledged that he had a 2010 conviction for possession of a controlled
substance, for which he received probation but violated it and was then incarcerated. He also had
a 2007 conviction for disarming a police officer.
¶ 11 Chicago police officer Leif Goff testified that at 6:40 p.m. on the day in question, he was
driving in the area of Kinzie Street and Lavergne Avenue with his partner, Officer Petrusonis,
when he heard three gunshots. As he drove in the direction of the gunshots, he saw two young
males running southbound on Lavergne Avenue, shouting, "he is shooting, he is shooting." One
of them pointed behind him, and when Officer Goff looked in that direction, he saw defendant,
and no one else, running eastbound on Hubbard Street in a dark shirt with an orange stripe.
Officer Goff turned east onto Hubbard Street and saw defendant look in his direction, then begin
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to walk.
¶ 12 Officer Goff continued driving in defendant's direction and saw a group of people on a
porch on the north side of Hubbard Street. When Officer Goff was asked by the State if these
people made any gestures, defendant objected but was overruled. The officer then testified that
three people pointed at defendant. At that point, the court interjected and informed the jury that
the officer's testimony regarding this encounter is not offered for the truth of the matter asserted,
but to show the course of conduct of police in their investigation.
¶ 13 Officer Goff further testified that defendant fled when he pulled alongside him. The
officers then exited their vehicle, announced their office, and told defendant to stop, but he
continued to run, and when told to show his hands, he refused. The officers eventually
handcuffed defendant and discovered a gun on him, but at the time, the officers were unaware
that anyone had been shot.
¶ 14 At that point in the proceedings, defendant renewed his objection to the State calling
Baker as a witness, which the court denied. Baker then testified that at the time in question, he
was watching some people rap with Stewart when someone came up to them and started
shooting. Baker had never seen this man before, had no idea why he was shooting at them, and
did not recall what the shooter was wearing. He fled when the shooting started, heard a total of
four gunshots, and was struck by a bullet in the back of his leg. Baker went to his grandmother's
house, then to the hospital where he received medical treatment, including antibiotics, for the
through-and-through gunshot wound to his leg, and was released after a couple of hours.
¶ 15 Baker testified that he later went to the police station to view a lineup. He stated that he
was told by police that the shooter was in position one in the lineup but that he told the officer
that this person was not the offender. Baker testified that he did not pick anyone out in the
lineup. He denied telling Detective Tedeschi that a male black wearing a black hooded sweatshirt
with an orange stripe had approached him. He also denied telling Tedeschi that the reason he had
not told police at the scene that he had been shot was because he was afraid. Baker testified that
he later saw the shooter at a mall, but did not call police.
¶ 16 Baker denied telling the assistant State's Attorney (ASA) that defendant was the shooter
and that he would not identify him in open court because he was afraid. He also denied telling
her he was afraid to identify defendant in court because he was afraid of what would happen to
him and his family. He testified that the shooter was not present in court. He then acknowledged
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that he was currently incarcerated for armed robbery in Indiana, that he was convicted of
aggravated UUW and delivery of cannabis in 2006 and that he was adjudicated delinquent of
burglary in 2004.
¶ 17 Chicago police officer Kyle Mingari testified that he and his partner, Officer Hart, met
with Baker after the shooting. Baker told him that he observed defendant placed in a squad car
and that defendant was the shooter.
¶ 18 Chicago police detective Brian Tedeschi testified that he put together the lineup of five
individuals. He told Baker that the offender may or may not be in the lineup, and Baker
identified defendant as the shooter.
¶ 19 The parties stipulated that Dr. Trac Nghiem would testify that at 7:15 p.m. on June 3,
2008, he treated Baker in the emergency room at Loyola Hospital for a gunshot wound to the
right lower leg. He found that Baker suffered soft tissue swelling from a through-and-through
gunshot wound, which was irrigated and dressed, and he was discharged from the hospital at
9:10 p.m.
¶ 20 At the close of evidence, the jury found defendant guilty of two counts of attempted
murder, aggravated battery with a firearm, aggravated discharge of a firearm, and aggravated
UUW. Defendant subsequently filed a motion for a new trial, alleging, in relevant part, that the
court erred in denying his motion in limine to preclude the State from introducing testimony that
people near the crime scene pointed in his general direction in the presence of police, and in
overruling his objections to that testimony at trial. He also alleged that the court erred in denying
his motion to bar the State from calling Baker as a witness.
¶ 21 The court denied the motion, finding no error in the denial of defendant's motion to bar
Baker from testifying where he was the victim, made an identification of defendant, and although
he recanted the identification, he provided evidence regarding the circumstances which led to his
being shot. The court further noted that the testimony regarding the people pointing to defendant
was admitted solely to show the course of police conduct.
¶ 22 ANALYSIS
¶ 23 On appeal, defendant continues to challenge the trial court's ruling on these evidentiary
matters. He first contends that the court erred in admitting hearsay evidence from police that
unknown individuals pointed him out. He maintains that the testimony that two unknown
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individuals yelled, "he is shooting, he is shooting," and pointed toward him and that three
bystanders pointed police in his direction were out-of-court hearsay identifications, which did
not conform to the requirements of section 115-12 of the Code (725 ILCS 5/115-12 (West
2012)).
¶ 24 As an initial matter, we observe that defendant did not object in the trial court to the
testimony regarding two unknown individuals yelling, "he is shooting, he is shooting," or to the
prosecutor's comments regarding it during closing argument. He also did not object during the
trial to Officer Goff's testimony that one of the two unknown individuals, who were running
from the scene yelling, pointed behind them. To preserve an issue for review, defendant must
object at trial and raise the matter in a written posttrial motion. People v. Enoch, 122 Ill. 2d 176,
186 (1988). Since defendant failed to raise these matters in the trial court, he failed to preserve
any issue regarding them for purposes of review. Enoch, 122 Ill. 2d at 186. Defendant did,
however, properly preserve his contention that the officer's testimony regarding the two
unknown individuals pointing in his direction and the people on the porch pointing him out to
police was inadmissible hearsay by objecting at trial and raising the issue in his posttrial motion.
¶ 25 It is axiomatic that a defendant is guaranteed the right to confront witnesses against him
by the confrontation clauses of both the United States and Illinois Constitutions. U.S. Const,
amend. VI; Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 8. Hearsay is an out-of-court statement offered to prove the
truth of the matter asserted and is excluded from evidence primarily because of the lack of an
opportunity to cross-examine the declarant. People v. Peoples, 377 Ill. App. 3d 978, 983 (2007).
However, an out-of-court statement that is offered for a purpose other than to prove the matter
asserted is not hearsay and does not implicate the confrontation clause. Peoples, 377 Ill. App. 3d
at 983. Thus, testimony concerning statements offered for the limited purpose of showing the
course of police investigation where such testimony is necessary to fully explain the State's case
to the trier of fact is not inadmissible hearsay. People v. Jura, 352 Ill. App. 3d 1080, 1085
(2004). The determination of the admissibility of evidence is within the discretion of the trial
court, and its ruling will not be reversed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion. Jura, 352 Ill.
App. 3d at 1085.
¶ 26 Defendant maintains that Officer Goff's testimony that three people pointed him out to
the officer was identification hearsay and thus inadmissible. He maintains that in order for this
identification to be substantively admissible under section 115-12 of the Code (725 ILCS 5/115-
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12 (West 2012)), the declarant must testify at trial or hearing, the declarant must be subject to
cross-examination concerning the statement, and the statement must be one of identification of a
person made after perceiving him.
¶ 27 Here, the record shows that the people on the porch merely pointed at defendant as police
pursued their investigation of the incident and made an investigatory stop. There is no indication
that these unidentified individuals witnessed the shooting that occurred on the 400 block of
North Lavergne Avenue, or that they identified defendant as the offender. Under these
circumstances, the testimony regarding this momentary encounter does not constitute
inadmissible identification hearsay.
¶ 28 Moreover, the record shows that this evidence was introduced for the sole purpose of
showing the conduct of police and the steps in their investigation, which falls outside the
category of hearsay. People v. Canity, 100 Ill. App. 3d 135, 150-51 (1981). Absent a showing to
the contrary, we presume that the jury followed the trial court's instructions to that effect in
reaching its verdict. People v. Richardson, 2011 IL App (5th) 090663, ¶ 23. We, therefore,
conclude that the testimony in question was not inadmissible hearsay (Canity, 100 Ill. App. 3d at
150-51), that it was properly allowed to show the course of police conduct, and there was no
abuse of discretion in its admission (Jura, 352 Ill. App. 3d at 1085).
¶ 29 Defendant next contends that the trial court erred in admitting as substantive evidence the
testimony of Officers Tedeschi and Mingari as to the alleged prior identification made by Baker
where Baker did not make an in-court identification of him and testified that he never made such
an identification. He maintains that the court erred in admitting this evidence because there is no
evidence that the statement is an identification made after Baker perceived the shooter as
required under section 115-12 of the Code (725 ILCS 5/115-12 (West 2012)). The State responds
that defendant forfeited this specific objection because he did not raise it below.
¶ 30 "The law is clear that '[a]n objection to evidence based upon a specific ground is a waiver
[i.e., forfeiture] of objection on all grounds not specified.' " People v. Bennett, 159 Ill. App. 3d
172, 180 (1987) (quoting People v. Washington, 23 Ill. 2d 546, 548 (1962)). In the trial court,
defendant objected to the State calling Baker on the specific ground that the State would be
improperly introducing Baker for the sole purpose of impeaching him with unmemorialized
statements to police. Defendant did not raise the specific objection presented here that there is no
evidence that the statements Baker made to police are identifications made after Baker perceived
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the shooter as required under section 115-12 of the Code (725 ILCS 5/115-12 (West 2012)).
Furthermore, the objection at the trial court level was to Baker's testimony and not the officers'
testimony, which defendant raises for the first time on appeal, resulting in waiver [i.e. forfeiture].
Enoch, 122 Ill. 2d at 186.
¶ 31 In any event, the issue is without merit. Section 115-12 provides: "A statement is not
rendered inadmissible by the hearsay rule if (a) the declarant testifies at the trial or hearing, and
(b) the declarant is subject to cross-examination concerning the statement, and (c) the statement
is one of identification of a person made after perceiving him." 725 ILCS 5/115-12 (West 2012).
In support of his position, defendant cites People v. Stackhouse, 354 Ill. App. 3d 265 (2004),
noting that it has been overruled "in part" in People v. Lewis, 223 Ill. 2d 393 (2006). In
Stackhouse, the victim testified that a man and a woman robbed him, but he did not see the man,
and the trial court allowed the responding officer to testify that the victim identified both
offenders shortly after the robbery. Stackhouse, 354 Ill. App. 3d at 267-69, 276. Defendant
argued on appeal that the officer's testimony on this point was hearsay and improperly admitted
under section 115-12. Stackhouse, 354 Ill. App. 3d at 276. Stackhouse held that the testimony
was impermissible hearsay under section 115-12 because that section requires "the declarant to
testify and be subject to cross-examination regarding the out-of-court identification statement
before a third party may testify to the making of such a prior statement of identification by the
declarant." (Emphasis in original.) Stackhouse, 354 Ill. App. 3d at 278. Stackhouse further held
that an unequivocal denial at trial by the identification witness that he ever made an out-of-court
statement of identification precludes the admissibility of any testimony by the third party of the
alleged prior identification under section 115-12. Stackhouse, 354 Ill. App. 3d at 279. The court
concluded that in that case the admission of the hearsay identification testimony was harmless
error where there was overwhelming, nonhearsay evidence of defendant's guilt. Stackhouse, 354
Ill. App. 3d at 281.
¶ 32 In coming to this conclusion, the Stackhouse court relied upon and extended the
reasoning of People v. Bradley, 336 Ill. App. 3d 62 (2002). In Bradley, the victim had identified
the defendant in a photo array to a detective. The photo array was not available on the first day of
trial and, therefore, the victim did not testify regarding the identification in the photo array. On
the second day of trial, the State did not recall the victim to the stand and instead called the
detective to testify that the victim previously identified the defendant in a photo array as the
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assailant. Bradley, 336 Ill. App. 3d at 70. The Bradley court held that under section 115-12,
"[b]efore a third person is permitted to testify as to a witness's out-of-court statement of
identification, the witness must first testify as to the out-of-court identification." Bradley, 336 Ill.
App. 3d at 70.
¶ 33 The Stackhouse court reasoned that given the holding in Bradley, it logically flowed that
if section 115-12 required the declarant to testify and be subject to cross-examination regarding
an out-of-court identification statement before a third party could testify to the making of such
prior identification, then a denial by the identification witness that an identification was made
precludes the admissibility of testimony by a third-party witness regarding the declarant's prior
identification statement. In so holding the Stackhouse court stated:
"Here, we have direct testimony from the victim, under both direct and
cross-examination, that he did not see the male offender during the course of the
robbery and did not identify the male offender shortly after the robbery during the
confrontation in the Walgreen's parking lot. Based on this testimony and our
decision in Bradley, we hold that Officer Ferguson's testimony that Ortiz
identified 'both' offenders in the Walgreen's parking lot was inadmissible hearsay.
Clear and unequivocal testimony that no identification was ever made of the
defendant by the victim of the crime precludes the admissibility of an out-of-court
identification statement by a third party no less so than when no testimony is
elicited from the victim regarding 'his out-of-court statement of identification.'
Bradley, 336 Ill. App. 3d at 70. Stated differently, if the absence of testimony by
the identification witness concerning 'his out-of-court statement of identification'
precludes the admissibility of testimony by the third party regarding the
declarant's prior identification statement, an unequivocal denial by the
identification witness that he ever made an 'out-of-court statement of
identification' likewise precludes the admissibility of any testimony by the third
party of the alleged prior identification statement under section 115-12. It is a
logical and compelling extension of our holding in Bradley that in the face of
clear and unequivocal testimony by Ortiz that he never identified the defendant at
the parking lot shortly after the robbery, Officer Ferguson's testimony that Ortiz
identified 'both' offenders shortly after the robbery was not admissible as
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substantive evidence under section 115-12. Bradley, 336 Ill. App. 3d at 70."
Stackhouse, 354 Ill. App. 3d at 279.
¶ 34 Ultimately however, Bradley, which was the logical underpinning of Stackhouse was
overruled by our supreme court in Lewis, 223 Ill. 2d 393, a case that presented the same exact
factual scenario as Bradley. There, the identification declarant testified but was not asked on
direct examination about her identification of the defendant from a photo array. The State then
asked a police detective to testify concerning that photo array identification. The trial court
overruled an objection that was based the argument that section 115-12 could only apply if the
declarant testified to the identification first. Our supreme court affirmed that ruling and rejected
Bradley and Stackhouse to the extent that they held otherwise.
¶ 35 In rejecting Bradley and Stackhouse on this point, our supreme court stated:
"The plain language of section 115-12 requires the declarant to testify and
be subject to cross-examination on the identification statement. 725 ILCS 5/115-
12 (West 2002). There are no other requirements for admission of a third party's
testimony about the declarant's out-of-court identification. The statute does not
expressly require the declarant to testify on the out-of-court identification before a
third party may testify about that identification. This court may not add a
requirement for the order of the witness' testimony when it is not found in the
plain language of the statute. [Citation.] In sum, the language of section 115-12 is
plain and unambiguous, and it does not require a declarant to testify to the out-of-
court identification before a third party may offer testimony on that matter.
As noted, Bradley and Stackhouse have held that section 115-12 requires a
declarant to testify on his or her out-of-court identification before a third party
may testify about that identification. Bradley and Stackhouse conflict with our
holding that the plain language of section 115-12 does not impose a requirement
concerning the order of the witness' testimony. Accordingly, we hereby overrule
Bradley and Stackhouse to the extent that those cases conflict with our decision."
Lewis, 223 Ill. 2d at 402-03.
See also People v. Miller, 363 Ill. App. 3d 67, 73-74 (2005) (another division of this court,
contrary to Stackhouse, held that the declarant's prior statement of identification is admissible as
substantive evidence when testified to by a witness to the identification, such as an officer, even
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when the declarant at trial denies making or repudiates the identification and denies that
defendant was involved in the crime). As noted above, the Stackhouse court stated that its
decision was a logical extension of Bradley. Bradley was overturned on the very point that
Stackhouse relied. As a result, we believe that Stackhouse was wrongly decided and we decline
to follow it.
¶ 36 Here, defendant maintains that the victim, Baker, did not perceive the shooter as required
by section 115-12. 1 The victim testified that he saw the offender during the shooting. His
identification of defendant, as testified to by police, was thus made after he perceived the
shooter. Furthermore, as noted above, even though Baker denied identifying defendant as the
shooter, his out-of-court statements of identification made to the officers were substantively
admissible under section 115-12 of the Code. Miller, 363 Ill. App. 3d at 73, n.1. Accordingly, the
trial court did not err in allowing this evidence in substantively.
¶ 37 Defendant also contests the State's questioning of Baker regarding his motive for not
identifying defendant in court and his prior statements that he had been afraid to testify.
Defendant did not object to this line of questioning below and, accordingly, has waived [i.e.,
forfeited] any issue regarding it. Enoch, 122 Ill. 2d at 186.
¶ 38 Finally, defendant contends that his sentences for the attempted murders were excessive
where he had no history of prior adult convictions, Baker's injury was minor and Stewart
suffered no injury. He claims that the sentences are manifestly disproportionate to the nature of
the offense, especially where he received a 30-year sentence for aggravated battery with a
firearm, and the sentence imposed for shooting at Stewart was greater than the one imposed for
shooting Baker.
¶ 39 As an initial matter, we observe, contrary to defendant's contention, that the record shows
that the court sentenced defendant on count III (attempted murder of Baker) to 20 years'
imprisonment with a 25-year firearm enhancement, and on count V (attempted murder of
Stewart) the court "likewise sentenced [defendant] to a total term of 45 years." Accordingly, the
1
On appeal, defendant does not contend that the first two prongs of section 115-12 have
been met. We note further that, in Lewis, our supreme court specifically held that when the
identification witness takes the stand and testifies, that witness is considered to be "subject to
cross-examination concerning the statement," even if that witness did not testify to the
identification on direct examination. (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Lewis, 223 Ill. 2d at
404.
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sentences imposed for counts III and V were the same.
¶ 40 We further observe that there is no dispute that the sentences imposed for attempted first
degree murder fell within the statutory range of 6 to 30 years' imprisonment (730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-
25 (West 2012)), and provided for a sentencing enhancement of 25 years to natural life (720
ILCS 5/8-4(c)(1)(d) (West 2012). As a result, we may not disturb the sentences imposed by the
court absent an abuse of discretion (People v. Bennett, 329 Ill. App. 3d 502, 517 (2002)), and
find none here.
¶ 41 Although defendant points out that he had no prior adult convictions, we note that he was
16 years old when he committed these offenses and that the court was aware of the various
sentencing factors set out here for our consideration. The record shows that the court denied the
State's request to impose consecutive sentences, but also noted that Baker sustained a through-
and-through gunshot wound to his leg, and defendant's act of shooting in the direction of
Stewart's head, thwarted only by a malfunction of his gun, was a very serious offense. We note
that the court was not required to give greater weight to defendant's rehabilitative potential than
to the seriousness of the offense (People v. Phillips, 265 Ill. App. 3d 438, 450 (1994)), which
involved shooting unarmed victims who did not provoke him, and imposed sentences within the
statutory requirements.
¶ 42 We further observe that defendant briefly maintains that the maximum sentence of 30
years' imprisonment for aggravated battery with a firearm for shooting at Baker further
demonstrates that the sentences imposed were disproportionate to the nature of the offense. We,
however, agree with the trial court that defendant's crime of his unprovoked shooting of unarmed
victims on a public street was a serious offense. In addition, the record shows that the trial court
gave serious consideration to defendant's personal history, as well as the mitigating and
aggravating factors presented, and imposed the maximum term on this offense. We find the
sentence proportionate to the nature of the offense and consistent with the purpose of the law,
including balancing the seriousness of the offense with defendant's rehabilitative potential
(People v. Campbell, 2014 IL App (1st) 112926, ¶ 74), and no abuse of discretion by the trial
court in imposing it.
¶ 43 CONCLUSION
¶ 44 In light of the foregoing, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County.
¶ 45 Affirmed.
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