J-S23026-15
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellant
v.
GARY THOMPSON,
Appellee No. 1426 EDA 2014
Appeal from the Order Entered April 7, 2014
In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-51-CR-0012336-2011
BEFORE: DONOHUE, SHOGAN, and STRASSBURGER,* JJ.
MEMORANDUM BY SHOGAN, J.: FILED JUNE 19, 2015
The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania appeals from the order entered on
April 7, 2014, that dismissed the charges filed at docket number CP-51-CR-
0012336-2011 against Appellee, Gary Thompson, pursuant to 18 Pa.C.S. §
110. We reverse and remand for further proceedings consistent with this
memorandum.
The relevant facts of this matter were set forth in the trial court’s
opinion as follows:
The below-listed facts represent the case for the October
arrest (CP-51-CR-0012336-2011). On October 11, 2011, as a
result of a police narcotics surveillance operation in the area of
906 W. Huntingdon Street, Philadelphia, PA (hereinafter “subject
house”), the police arrested Robert Beckham. Mr. Beckham was
____________________________________________
*
Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
J-S23026-15
observed performing a hand-to-hand transaction with a
pedestrian, where Mr. Beckham delivered two packets of
marijuana in exchange for U.S. currency. Not long after,
[Appellee] was observed exiting the subject house, engaging in a
conversation with Mr. Beckman, and accepting a large volume of
U.S. currency from Mr. Beckham. Mr. Beckham was arrested
after he left the subject house.
Following the arrest, a female individual, who observed Mr.
Beckham’s arrest, hastily returned to the subject house,
presumably to inform [Appellee] of the arrest. Immediately
thereafter [Appellee] was observed exiting the subject house
with a large duffel bag. [Appellee] got into a vehicle and drove
off. The vehicle was subsequently stopped and [Appellee] was
arrested. The large duffel bag recovered contained a large
quantity of marijuana and multiple handguns. A search warrant
was issued for the subject house, where law enforcement
recovered marijuana, unused packaging for the drugs (jars and
lids), a ballistic vest, and $1,866.
The below-listed facts represent the case related to the
December arrest (CP-51-CR-0002319-2012). On December 6,
2011, through December 9, 2011, the police conducted a
narcotics surveillance operation at the subject house and on the
house next door (908 W. Huntingdon Street, hereinafter the
“adjacent house”). On December 6, 2011, a confidential
informant (hereinafter “CI”) purchased marijuana from
[Appellee]. The CI approached [Appellee], who was sitting on
the front steps of the subject house. After a brief conversation,
[Appellee] went into the subject house and, upon his return, he
engaged in a hand-to-hand transaction of marijuana with the CI.
On December 7, 2011, the CI went back to the subject
house, and a relative of [Appellee’s], from the window of the
adjacent house, informed the CI that [Appellee] was not home.
She then asked, “what do you need?” The relative then came
downstairs and engaged in a hand-to-hand transaction of
marijuana with the CI. On December 9, 2011, search warrants
were executed on the subject house and the adjacent house.
Handguns, as well as new and unused packaging (jars and lids),
baggies, and a scale were recovered from the adjacent house—a
box for one of the said handguns was recovered from the subject
house.
-2-
J-S23026-15
Trial Court Opinion, 12/12/14, at 3-4. The trial court also explained the
procedural history of this case as follows:
The procedural history in this case is somewhat complex.
On October 11, 2011, [Appellee] was arrested for events that
took place in around this date and charged with manufacture,
delivery, or possession with intent to manufacture or deliver (35
P.S. §780-113); conspiracy to manufacture, deliver, or
possession with intent to manufacture or deliver (18 Pa.C.S.A.
§903); firearms not to be carried without a license (18 Pa.C.S.A.
§6106); two counts of possessing instruments of crime (18
Pa.C.S.A. §907); possession of a controlled substance (35 P.S.
§780-113); and carrying firearms on public streets or public
property in Philadelphia (18 Pa.C.S.A. §6108).
On December 9, 2011, [Appellee] was arrested for events
that took place in around December 6, 2011, through to
December 9, 2011, and charged with conspiracy to manufacture,
deliver, or possession with intent to manufacture or deliver (18
Pa.C.S.A. §903); possession of firearm prohibited (18 Pa.C.S.A.
§ 6105); possession of marijuana (35 P.S. §780-113); use
and/or possession of drug paraphernalia (35 P.S. §780-113);
possessing instruments of crime (18 Pa.C.S.A. §907); and
manufacture, delivery, or possession with intent to manufacture
or deliver (35 P.S. §780 - 113).
On November 1, 2013, the Commonwealth filed a dual
motion entitled, “Notice of Intent to Introduce Other Acts or
Evidence [Pa.R.E. 404(b)] and Motion to Consolidate Matter for
Joint Trial [Pa.R.Crim.P. 582]” (hereinafter the “dual motion”).
The 404(b) component of the dual motion moved to admit
evidence related to the December arrest (hereinafter the
“December arrest”) to be used at trial for the October arrest
(hereinafter the “October arrest”) in order to demonstrate a
common plan, scheme and design, or to establish motive, intent,
knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake. The Rule 582
component of the dual motion moved for the December and the
October arrests to be consolidat[ed]/joined into a single trial.
The case for the December arrest, however, had already been
adjudicated on March 18, 2013, some eight months prior to the
Commonwealth’s joinder request.1 On November 25, 2013, the
Honorable Charles Ehrlich granted the 404(b) component of the
-3-
J-S23026-15
dual motion. The dual motion’s Rule 582 joinder request was
never ruled upon.
1
In the case related to the December arrest,
[Appellee] was found guilty of PWID and sentenced
to house arrest.
On December 10, 2013, [Appellee] filed with the
Honorable Kenneth Powell a Motion to Dismiss the case related
to the October arrest pursuant to 18 Pa.C.S.A. §110.
[Appellee’s] motion asserted that the October and December
arrests should have been consolidated into a single trial because
both cases stemmed from the same criminal episode; thus, since
the two cases were not joined, the October arrest should be
dismissed on the grounds that [Appellee] was formally
prosecuted for the same offense when he was adjudicated for
the December arrest. On December 23, 2013, [Appellee’s]
Motion to Dismiss was denied. On December 31, 2013, the
Defendant filed a Motion to Reconsider Order Denying Motion to
Dismiss with the Honorable Sean Kennedy. Judge Kennedy
granted [Appellee’s] Motion to Dismiss on March 4, 2013, but
the case dismissal was stayed for 30 days pending the
Commonwealth’s Appeal.
On March 9, 2014, the Commonwealth filed a Motion to
Reconsider the dismissal. The Commonwealth’s motion argued
that the October and December arrests were unfit to be
consolidated, which [the trial court concluded] was a position in
opposite of its previous Rule 582 joinder request. On April 7,
2014, an Order was issued denying [the] Commonwealth’s
Motion to Reconsider, and the October arrest case was
dismissed. The Commonwealth filed a timely appeal and a
subsequent statement of errors complained of on appeal,
pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b).
Trial Court Opinion, 12/12/14, at 1-3.
In this appeal, the Commonwealth raises one issue for this Court’s
consideration:
Did the lower court err when it dismissed the charges against
[Appellee] based on 18 Pa.C.S. § 110?
-4-
J-S23026-15
Commonwealth’s Brief at 4. Specifically, the Commonwealth asserts that
the trial court erred in concluding that prosecution of the October arrest was
barred by the prosecution of the December arrest and that the trial court
erred in concluding that judicial estoppel applied. Id. at 10, 13.
Our standard of review of issues concerning 18 Pa.C.S. § 110 is
plenary. Commonwealth v. George, 38 A.3d 893, 896 (Pa. Super. 2012)
(citation omitted). Section 110 provides, in relevant part, as follows:
When prosecution barred by former prosecution for
different offense
Although a prosecution is for a violation of a different provision
of the statutes than a former prosecution or is based on different
facts, it is barred by such former prosecution under the following
circumstances:
(1) The former prosecution resulted in an acquittal or in a
conviction as defined in section 109 of this title (relating to
when prosecution barred by former prosecution for same
offense) and the subsequent prosecution is for:
***
(ii) any offense based on the same conduct or arising
from the same criminal episode, if such offense was
known to the appropriate prosecuting officer at the
time of the commencement of the first trial and
occurred within the same judicial district as the
former prosecution unless the court ordered a
separate trial of the charge of such offense[.]
18 Pa.C.S. § 110(1)(ii).
The policies behind 18 Pa.C.S. § 110 serve two purposes: “to protect
accused persons from governmental harassment of undergoing successive
trials for offenses stemming from the same episode, and to promote judicial
-5-
J-S23026-15
economy and finality by avoiding repetitious litigation.” George, 38 A.3d at
896 (Pa. Super. 2012) (citation omitted). “By requiring compulsory joinder
of all charges arising from the same criminal episode, a defendant need only
‘once run the gauntlet’ and confront the awesome resources of the state.”
Id. (quoting Commonwealth v. Hude, 458 A.2d 177, 180 (Pa. 1983)).
The test for whether 18 Pa.C.S. § 110 bars a subsequent prosecution
was set forth in Commonwealth v. Fithian, 961 A.2d 66 (Pa. 2008); the
elements of that test are as follows:
(1) the former prosecution must have resulted in an acquittal or
conviction;
(2) the current prosecution is based upon the same criminal
conduct or arose from the same criminal episode as the
former prosecution;
(3) the prosecutor was aware of the instant charges before the
commencement of the trial on the former charges; and
(4) the current offense occurred within the same judicial district
as the former prosecution.
Id. at 72 (emphasis added).
Here, only the second prong, known as the “logical relationship”
prong, is at issue. In Commonwealth v. Reid, 77 A.3d 579 (Pa. 2013),
the Pennsylvania Supreme Court applied its earlier holding from Hude and
instructed that courts considering the logical-relationship prong should look
at the temporal and logical relationship among the charges to determine
whether they arose from a single criminal episode. Reid, 77 A.3d at 582
(citing Hude, 458 A.2d at 181). The Reid Court explained:
-6-
J-S23026-15
Generally, charges against a defendant are clearly related in
time and require little analysis to determine that a single
criminal episode exists. However, in defining what acts
constitute a single criminal episode, not only is the temporal
sequence of events important, but also the logical relationship
between the acts must be considered.
Reid, 77 A.3d at 582 (quoting Hude, 458 A.2d at 181). The Court
continued:
In ascertaining whether a number of statutory
offenses are logically related to one another, the
court should initially inquire as to whether there is a
substantial duplication of factual, and/or legal issues
presented by the offenses. If there is duplication,
then the offenses are logically related and must be
prosecuted at one trial. The mere fact that the
additional statutory offenses involve additional issues
of law or fact is not sufficient to create a separate
criminal episode since the logical relationship test
does not require an absolute identity of factual
backgrounds.
Id. (quoting Hude, 458 A.2d at 181).
In determining if the “logical relationship” prong of
the test has been met, we must ... be aware that a
mere de minimis duplication of factual and legal
issues is insufficient to establish a logical relationship
between offenses. Rather, what is required is a
substantial duplication of issues of law and fact.
In Hude, we found that such substantial duplication
had occurred. We did not, however, reach this
conclusion by merely cataloguing simple factual
similarities or differences between the various
offenses with which the defendant was charged.
Rather, we found that these offenses presented
substantial duplication of issues of law and fact
because the case did not involve “a situation where
different evidence was required to be introduced to
establish the alleged individual instances of
possession and delivery”, but rather, involved a
-7-
J-S23026-15
situation in which the Commonwealth’s case in both
the first and second drug trials rested solely upon
the credibility of a single witness. Thus, we
concluded that the drug charges brought against the
defendant were not only temporally related but also
logically related, and thus constituted a single
criminal episode.
Reid, 77 A.3d at 582-583 (quoting Commonwealth v. Bracalielly, 658
A.2d 755, 761-762 (Pa. 1995)). The Supreme Court also cautioned lower
courts against “cataloguing simple factual similarities or differences and
interpreting the term single criminal episode too rigidly.” Reid, 77 A.3d at
581-582 (internal quotation marks omitted).
In the case at bar, the Commonwealth claims that the October and
December arrests were not part of the same criminal episode.
Commonwealth’s Brief at 10. The Commonwealth asserts that:
the prosecution arising from the October arrest and the
prosecution arising from the December arrest related to different
criminal episodes. The two episodes were two months apart.
Moreover, they were not logically connected. They involved
different buyers (one was a CI and one was not), different police
officers, and different co-conspirators. [Appellee] delivered drugs
to the buyer directly in the December episode, while Beckman
delivered drugs in the October episode. [Appellee’s] relative was
involved in [the] December episode but not the October one,
and Beckman was involved in the October episode but not the
December one. Because different evidence would be necessary
to prove the offenses in each case, there is no substantial
duplication of issues of fact and law, and the two prosecutions
related to separate episodes.
Commonwealth’s Brief at 11-12.
We agree with the Commonwealth and conclude that the events
supporting the October arrest and the December arrest were not part of the
-8-
J-S23026-15
same criminal episode. The prosecutions do not depend on the same
evidence or the credibility of one witness. The buyers, sellers, and police
officers were different in each instance. Thus, we conclude that the trial
court erred in finding that the October arrest and the December arrest were
part of one criminal episode.
Additionally, the Commonwealth avers that the trial court erred in
concluding that it was estopped from opposing Appellee’s motion for
dismissal. Commonwealth’s Brief at 13. The trial court considered the
Commonwealth’s mention of Rule 582 and discussion of joinder as an
assertion that the October and December arrests were necessarily part of
the same criminal episode. The trial court concluded as follows:
In the present matter, the Commonwealth filed a dual
motion, which included a motion to consolidate [Appellee’s]
October and December arrests for joint trial, pursuant to
Pa.R.Crim.P. 582.[1] After the 404(b) component of the dual
____________________________________________
1
Rule 582. Joinder--Trial of Separate Indictments or Informations
(A) Standards
(1) Offenses charged in separate indictments or informations
may be tried together if:
(a) the evidence of each of the offenses would be
admissible in a separate trial for the other and is capable
of separation by the jury so that there is no danger of
confusion; or
(b) the offenses charged are based on the same act or
transaction.
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
-9-
J-S23026-15
motion was granted, [Appellee] filed a Motion to Dismiss,
pursuant to Pa.C.S.A. § 110, advocating that the October arrest
was from the same criminal episode as the December arrest;
therefore, failure to consolidate barred subsequent prosecution.
In response to [Appellee’s] Motion to Dismiss, the
Commonwealth advocated a position contrary to its previous
motion to consolidate and asserted that the two matters were
not fit to be joined.
Trial Court Opinion, 12/12/14, at 11.
The trial court continued:
The Commonwealth claims that the joinder component of
its dual motion was a mistake, with an unfortunate caption; and,
although filed with the Court, the Commonwealth maintains it
never had any intention to consolidate the two matters. Yet,
there are numerous instances in the dual motion that indicate
otherwise. For instance, the dual motion clearly stated that it
was being offered to the Court pursuant to Pa. R.E. 404(b) and
pursuant to Pa. R. Crim.P. 582. The dual motion also specifically
requested to take it as “an intention to introduce at trial . . .
evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts, if joinder of both
criminal matters is not granted.” (emphasis added). As
previously stated, the dual motion also asserted that, “both
cases consolidated together illustrate that there is a common
scheme.” (emphasis added and original, respectively). In
addition, the Commonwealth’s only requested relief under the
dual motion’s “WHEREFORE” paragraph “respectfully request[ed]
that these cases be consolidated for a joint trial.”
Trial Court Opinion, 12/12/14, at 11.
The trial court then engaged in a discussion of judicial estoppel and its
effects in the present case. We note that judicial estoppel provides that “a
party in a criminal proceeding cannot argue for a specific ruling and then,
_______________________
(Footnote Continued)
Pa.R.Crim.P. 582(A)(1).
- 10 -
J-S23026-15
after obtaining a favorable ruling, claim that the trial judge committed an
error of law in making that ruling.” Commonwealth v. Hayes, 755 A.2d
27, 35 (Pa. Super. 2000).2
As noted above, Pa.R.Crim.P. 582 permits offenses charged in
separate informations to be tried together if: the evidence of each of the
offenses would be admissible in a separate trial for the other and is capable
of separation by the jury so that there is no danger of confusion; or the
offenses charged are based on the same act or transaction. Pa.R.Crim.P.
582(A)(1)(a) and (b). However, we point out that the Commonwealth never
claimed that the October arrest and the December arrest were part of one
criminal episode. Rather, the Commonwealth argued that the facts
____________________________________________
2
With respect to the viability of the doctrine of judicial estoppel in
Pennsylvania, we note that:
A panel of this Court once held that notions of equity have no
place in criminal proceedings. See Commonwealth v. Shinn,
368 Pa.Super. 436, 534 A.2d 515, 518 (1987) (holding that
“equitable estoppel has no place in the criminal law”).
Nonetheless, a later panel has given equitable doctrines, in a
criminal context, an imprimatur of validity. This Court, in
Commonwealth v. Lam, 453 Pa.Super. 497, 684 A.2d 153
(1996), examined the concept of judicial estoppel as a viable
doctrine in criminal proceedings. See Lam, 684 A.2d at 164–65.
Although it ultimately proved to be an unsuccessful argument,
that panel accepted judicial estoppel as a practical theory. See
id.
Hayes, 755 A.2d at 35 (footnote omitted).
- 11 -
J-S23026-15
underlying the October and December arrests were part of a common
scheme under Pa.R.E. 404(b). Notice of Intent to Introduce Other Acts or
Evidence and Motion to Consolidate Matters for Joint Trial, 11/1/13, at 3-5.
In Commonwealth v. Spotz, 756 A.2d 1139 (Pa. 2000), our
Supreme Court discussed the distinction between evidence admitted under
Pa.R.E. 404(b) and evidence constituting a single criminal episode:
Initially, we reject appellant’s suggestion that, merely because
certain evidence of appellant’s previous crimes was relevant and
admissible in this prosecution, the crimes must be deemed to be
part of the same criminal episode. Other crimes evidence may be
admissible, as it was here, for a wide variety of evidentiary
purposes; but that fact alone does not prove such a logical
connection between the acts so as to constitute a single criminal
episode.
Spotz, 756 A.2d at 1158.
Here, the purpose of the Commonwealth’s motion was to introduce
direct evidence of Appellee’s involvement in the sale of drugs, as illustrated
through the scheme common to both the October and December arrests.
Notice of Intent to Introduce Other Acts or Evidence and Motion to
Consolidate Matters for Joint Trial, 11/1/13, at 3-5. The intention of the
motion was never a joint trial. Indeed, the Commonwealth avers that the
inclusion of “joint trial” language was a mistake. Commonwealth’s Brief at
14.3 The trial court rejected this explanation and discussed the language in
____________________________________________
3
The Commonwealth made this same argument at the April 7, 2014
hearing. The Commonwealth averred that joinder was impossible and that
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
- 12 -
J-S23026-15
the motion concerning a common scheme and found it was a request for
joinder. Trial Court Opinion, 12/12/14, at 11. However, as discussed
above, the language in the motion alleges only common scheme, not a
motion for joinder claiming a single criminal episode. Additionally, at the
time the Commonwealth filed its motion, a joint trial was not possible, as
the crimes underlying the December arrest had already been prosecuted to
conviction. We conclude that because the language in the motion focuses on
a request under Pa.R.E. 404(b), and given the impossibility of the relief
allegedly sought by the Commonwealth, the joint trial language was included
in error. Accordingly, what remains in the motion is only the
Commonwealth’s request under Pa.R.E. 404(b). Thus, because we conclude
that the Commonwealth did not argue for joinder, it cannot be estopped
from arguing against it.
For the reasons set forth above, we conclude the trial court erred in
granting Appellee’s motion to dismiss pursuant to 18 Pa.C.S. § 110.
Therefore, we reverse the order granting Appellee’s motion to dismiss and
remand this matter to the trial court to reinstate the charges from docket
number CP-51-CR-0012336-2011.
Order reversed. Case remanded with instructions. Jurisdiction
relinquished.
_______________________
(Footnote Continued)
the inclusion of the joinder language was a “cutting [and] pasting issue” and
was “clearly a mistake.” N.T., 4/7/14, at 3-4.
- 13 -
J-S23026-15
Judge Donohue joins the Memorandum.
Judge Strassburger files a Concurring Memorandum.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 6/19/2015
- 14 -