IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
No. COA14-1193
Filed: 6 October 2015
North Carolina Industrial Commission, I.C. No. W78660
JOHNNIE WILKES, Employee, Plaintiff
v.
CITY OF GREENVILLE, Employer, SELF-INSURED (PMA MANAGEMENT
GROUP, Third-Party Administrator), Defendant
Appeal by plaintiff from opinion and award entered 9 April 2014 by the North
Carolina Industrial Commission. Heard in the Court of Appeals 7 April 2015.
The Hunt Law Firm, PLLC, by Anita B. Hunt, for plaintiff-appellant.
Brooks, Stevens & Pope, P.A., by Matthew P. Blake, for defendant-appellee.
DAVIS, Judge.
Johnnie Wilkes (“Plaintiff”) appeals from the Opinion and Award of the North
Carolina Industrial Commission (“the Commission”) determining that he (1) failed to
demonstrate that his anxiety and depression were causally related to his work-
related accident; and (2) was no longer entitled to temporary total disability benefits.
After careful review, we reverse in part, vacate in part, and remand for further
proceedings.
Factual Background
Plaintiff is a 62-year-old man who, at the time of his accident, had been
employed by the City of Greenville (“Defendant”) for approximately nine years. On
WILKES V. CITY OF GREENVILLE
Opinion of the Court
21 April 2010, Plaintiff was driving one of Defendant’s trucks when a third party ran
a red light and collided into the truck. The force of the accident caused the truck to
collide with a tree, breaking the windshield and deploying the airbags. Plaintiff was
transported to Pitt County Memorial Hospital, where he was treated for an abrasion
on his head, broken ribs, and various injuries to his neck, back, pelvis, and left hip.
At the hospital, Plaintiff underwent a brain MRI, which appeared “negative for acute
infarction but . . . showed mild paranasal sinus disease resulting from a concussion.”
Plaintiff was discharged from the hospital the next day.
On 22 April 2010, Defendant filed a Form 19, reporting to the Commission that
Plaintiff had in the course of performing his duties as a landscaper for the Recreation
and Parks Department sustained injuries in a multi-vehicle accident. One week
later, on 29 April 2010, Defendant filed a Form 60, admitting Plaintiff’s entitlement
to compensation for his injury by accident.
In January 2011, both parties filed a Form 33 requesting that the claim be
assigned for hearing. Defendant’s Form 33 stated that the “[p]arties disagree about
the totality of plaintiff’s complaints related to his compensable injury and need for
additional medical evaluations.” Plaintiff’s Form 33 alleged that Plaintiff “is in need
of additional medical treatment . . . specifically an evaluation by a neurosurgeon.”
On 4 February 2011, Deputy Commissioner Theresa B. Stephenson entered an order
requiring Defendant to “send Plaintiff for a one time evaluation to a neurosurgeon of
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their choosing. If that neurosurgeon recommends additional neurological or
neuropsychological treatment, Defendant shall provide this and direct treatment.”
On 21 September 2011, a hearing was held before Deputy Commissioner Mary
C. Vilas on Defendant’s Form 33 Request for Hearing. The record was closed on 18
July 2012 and then reopened by order on 10 January 2013 to allow the parties to
submit three additional stipulated exhibits. Deputy Commissioner Vilas entered an
opinion and award on 1 February 2013 determining that Plaintiff’s low back and knee
pain, anxiety, depression, sleep disorder, tinnitus (ringing in one’s ears), headaches,
and temporomandibular joint pain were causally related to his 21 April 2010
compensable injury and ordering Defendant to pay all of Plaintiff’s medical expenses
incurred or to be incurred with regard to treatment of these conditions. Deputy
Commissioner Vilas also concluded that Plaintiff demonstrated “that he is capable of
some work but that it would be futile to seek work at this time because of preexisting
conditions of his age, full-scale IQ of 65, education level and reading capacity at grade
level 2.6, previous work history of manual labor jobs, and his physical conditions
resulting from his April 21, 2010 compensable injury” such that he was entitled to
temporary total disability compensation.
Defendants appealed to the Full Commission, and the Commission heard the
matter on 4 November 2013. On 9 April 2014, the Commission entered its Opinion
and Award reversing Deputy Commissioner Vilas’ decision. Specifically, the
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Opinion of the Court
Commission concluded that (1) Plaintiff failed to meet his burden of demonstrating
that his anxiety and depression were caused by his work-related accident; and (2)
Plaintiff was no longer entitled to total temporary disability benefits because he
“presented insufficient evidence that a job search would be futile.” The Commission
found that Plaintiff’s tinnitus, however, was causally related to his 21 April 2010
accident and therefore ordered Defendant to pay all of Plaintiff’s past and future
medical expenses “that are reasonably required to effect a cure, provide relief or
lessen any disability” related to his tinnitus. Plaintiff filed a timely appeal to this
Court.
Analysis
Appellate review of an opinion and award of the Industrial Commission is
“limited to consideration of whether competent evidence supports the Commission’s
findings of fact and whether the findings support the Commission’s conclusions of
law.” Philbeck v. Univ. of Mich., ___ N.C. App. ___, ___, 761 S.E.2d 668, 671 (2014)
(citation and quotation marks omitted). “The findings of fact made by the
Commission are conclusive on appeal if supported by competent evidence even if there
is also evidence that would support a contrary finding. The Commission’s conclusions
of law, however, are reviewed de novo.” Morgan v. Morgan Motor Co. of Albemarle,
___ N.C. App. ___, ___, 752 S.E.2d 677, 680 (2013) (internal citation omitted), aff’d
per curiam, ___ N.C. ___, 772 S.E.2d 238 (2015).
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Here, Plaintiff makes two primary arguments on appeal. First, he contends
that the Commission misapplied the law when considering whether he was entitled
to medical compensation for his anxiety and depression. Second, he argues that the
Commission erred in concluding that he was not entitled to disability benefits because
he “has not presented evidence of a reasonable job search and has presented
insufficient evidence that a job search would be futile.” We address each of these
arguments in turn.
I. Request for Additional Medical Compensation
Plaintiff first argues that the Commission erred by failing to apply the
presumption arising from our decision in Parsons v. Pantry, Inc., 126 N.C. App. 540,
485 S.E.2d 867 (1997), to his request for additional medical treatment and
compensation for his complaints of anxiety and depression. We agree.
Pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 97-25, an employer must provide medical
compensation for the treatment of compensable injuries, which includes “additional
medical treatment . . . directly related to the compensable injury” that is designed to
effect a cure, provide relief, or lessen the period of disability. Perez v. Am.
Airlines/AMR Corp., 174 N.C. App. 128, 135, 620 S.E.2d 288, 292 (2005), disc. review
improvidently allowed, 360 N.C. 587, 634 S.E.2d 887 (2006); N.C. Gen. Stat. § 97-25
(2013) (explaining that “[m]edical compensation shall be provided by the employer”
for treatment of compensable injuries and employer’s responsibility for such
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compensation includes any changes in treatment so long as “the change is reasonably
necessary to effect a cure, provide relief, or lessen the period of disability”).
It is well established that an employee seeking compensation for an injury
bears the burden of demonstrating that the injury suffered is causally related to the
work-related accident. Hedges v. Wake Cty. Pub. Sch. Sys., 206 N.C. App. 732, 734,
699 S.E.2d 124, 126 (2010), disc. review denied, 365 N.C. 77, 705 S.E.2d 746 (2011).
Once the employee meets this initial burden, however, a presumption arises — often
referred to as the Parsons presumption — that “additional medical treatment is
directly related to the compensable injury.” Perez, 174 N.C. App. at 135, 620 S.E.2d
at 292; see also Pomeroy v. Tanner Masonry, 151 N.C. App. 171, 182, 565 S.E.2d 209,
216-17 (2002) (“When additional medical treatment is required, there is a rebuttable
presumption that it is directly related to the original compensable injury and the
employer has the burden of producing evidence showing the treatment is not directly
related to the compensable injury.”).
In Parsons, the plaintiff worked as an assistant manager at one of the
defendant’s stores and was injured when two men entered the store and assaulted
her, striking her in the forehead and shooting her four times with a stun gun.
Parsons, 126 N.C. App. at 540, 485 S.E.2d at 868. The plaintiff sought workers’
compensation benefits, and the Industrial Commission entered an opinion and award
determining that she had suffered compensable injuries as a result of this work-
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related incident and ordering the defendant to pay her medical expenses for these
injuries, which consisted primarily of frequent headaches. Id. at 540-41, 485 S.E.2d
at 868. Neither party appealed from this opinion and award. Eight months later, the
plaintiff sought medical compensation for the treatment of her headaches. Id. at 541,
485 S.E.2d at 868. The Commission denied the plaintiff’s request for medical
compensation, ruling that the plaintiff “‘ha[d] not introduced any evidence of
causation between her injury and her headache complaints at the time of the hearing’
and . . . ‘failed to meet her burden of proof for showing the necessity of continued or
additional medical treatment.’” Id. at 541, 485 S.E.2d at 869.
The plaintiff appealed to this Court, arguing that the Commission had erred
in placing the burden on her to prove that her current headaches were caused by the
employment-related assault. Id. at 541, 485 S.E.2d at 868. We agreed, explaining
that
[a]t the initial hearing, plaintiff’s main injury complaint
was headaches. At that time, it was her burden to prove
the causal relationship between her 30 April 1991 accident
and her headaches. Plaintiff met this burden, as evidenced
by the Commission’s initial opinion and award, from which
there was no appeal, granting her medical expenses and
future medical treatment. In effect, requiring that plaintiff
once again prove a causal relationship between the
accident and her headaches in order to get further medical
treatment ignores this prior award. Plaintiff met her
causation burden; the Industrial Commission ruled that
her headaches were causally related to the compensable
accident. Logically, defendants now have the
responsibility to prove the original finding of compensable
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injury is unrelated to her present discomfort. To require
plaintiff to re-prove causation each time she seeks
treatment for the very injury that the Commission has
previously determined to be the result of a compensable
accident is unjust and violates our duty to interpret the Act
in favor of injured employees.
Id. at 542, 485 S.E.2d at 869 (internal citation omitted).
This Court has applied the Parsons presumption to additional medical
treatment not only when the initial determination of compensability is made by the
Commission in an opinion and award, see id., but also when the employer makes an
admission of compensability by filing a Form 60, see Perez, 174 N.C. App. at 136, 620
S.E.2d at 293 (“As the payment of compensation pursuant to a Form 60 amounts to a
determination of compensability, we conclude that the Parsons presumption applies
in this context.”).
Plaintiff asserts that because Defendant filed a Form 60, which admitted that
he had suffered a compensable injury by accident, he was entitled to the presumption
that the additional medical treatment he sought for his symptoms of anxiety and
depression was directly related to his compensable injury. Defendant contends that
Plaintiff is not entitled to the Parsons presumption because it admitted
compensability only as to the injuries Plaintiff suffered to his “ribs, neck, legs and
entire left side” and not to Plaintiff’s complaints relating to anxiety and depression.
However, our caselaw since Perez has made clear that the Parsons presumption
applies even where the injury or symptoms for which additional medical treatment is
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being sought is not the precise injury originally deemed compensable. See Carr v.
Dep’t of Health & Human Servs. (Caswell Ctr.), 218 N.C. App. 151, 156, 720 S.E.2d
869, 874 (2012) (rejecting defendant’s argument that “the Parsons presumption does
not apply when plaintiff’s injury is a wholly different injury from the one accepted on
the Form 60” where plaintiff sought additional medical treatment for a neck injury
after defendant had admitted the compensability of her left hand injury).
This Court addressed this same issue in Perez. The plaintiff in Perez was
employed as a flight attendant and slipped and fell while carrying luggage down a
stairway. Perez, 174 N.C. App. at 129, 620 S.E.2d at 289. The plaintiff immediately
felt pain in her leg, hip, and lower back, and the defendant-employer filed a Form 60
shortly after the incident admitting the compensability of her injury, which was
described on the Form 60 as a “Sprain, Strain Lower Back.” Id. at 129, 137 n.1, 620
S.E.2d at 289, 293 n.1. The plaintiff returned to work as a flight attendant for several
years before changing careers. Id. at 130, 620 S.E.2d at 289.
Approximately four years after the injury, the plaintiff’s lower back pain
“started to intensify again,” and she sought medical treatment for her symptoms. Id.
The plaintiff sought medical compensation for this treatment from the defendant,
which the Commission awarded. Id. The defendant-employer appealed, arguing that
the plaintiff was not entitled to additional medical compensation because she failed
to produce evidence that her current symptoms were causally related to the
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compensable injury that had occurred four years earlier. Id. at 130-31, 620 S.E.2d at
290. Specifically, the defendant-employer contended that the Parsons presumption
did not apply to the plaintiff because the plaintiff’s “herniated disc was a different
injury from the injury stated on the Form 60 and, therefore, the admission of
compensability does not cover this later and distinct injury.” Id. at 136 n.1, 620
S.E.2d at 293 n.1. We rejected this argument, explaining that
[t]he presumption of compensability applies to future
symptoms allegedly related to the original compensable
injury. We can conceive of a situation where an employee
seeks medical compensation for symptoms completely
unrelated to the compensable injury. But the burden of
rebutting the presumption of compensability in this
situation, although slight, would still be upon the employer.
Id. at 137 n.1, 620 S.E.2d at 293 n.1 (emphasis added).
In the present case, Plaintiff requested additional medical treatment for his
anxiety and depression, which he alleged was the result of the 21 April 2010 accident.
Plaintiff has been evaluated by several medical and psychological professionals, who
expressed differing opinions both as to Plaintiff’s veracity in reporting these
symptoms and as to whether the psychological complaints were, in fact, causally
linked to the 21 April 2010 accident. In its Opinion and Award, the Commission
denied Plaintiff additional medical compensation for his anxiety and depression,
stating that based on the conflicting testimony of the physicians and psychologists
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who evaluated him, “Plaintiff has not met his burden of showing that his alleged
depression and anxiety is a result of the 21 April 2010 work-related accident.”
Thus, it is evident from the Opinion and Award that the Commission did not
apply the rebuttable presumption under Parsons to Plaintiff’s psychological
symptoms and instead kept the burden on Plaintiff to demonstrate causation despite
Defendant’s prior admission of compensability in the Form 60. Based on our Court’s
decisions in Parsons, Perez, and Carr, we hold that doing so was a misapplication of
the law. Consequently, we remand this matter to the Commission so that it may
apply the Parsons presumption and then make a new determination as to whether
Plaintiff’s psychological symptoms are causally related to the 21 April 2010 injury.
See Reinninger v. Prestige Fabricators, Inc., 136 N.C. App. 255, 260, 523 S.E.2d 720,
723-24 (1999) (remanding “this case to the Commission for a new determination of
causation” where the Commission’s findings indicated that it “failed to give Plaintiff
the benefit of the presumption that his medical treatment now sought was causally
related to his 1995 compensable injury”); see also Holley v. ACTS, Inc., 357 N.C. 228,
231, 581 S.E.2d 750, 752 (2003) (“When the Commission acts under a
misapprehension of the law, the award must be set aside and the case remanded for
a new determination using the correct legal standard.” (citation and quotation marks
omitted)).
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We express no opinion on the question of whether the evidence of record is
sufficient to rebut the presumption that Plaintiff’s current complaints are directly
related to his initial compensable injury. On remand, it is the role of the Commission
to make this determination by evaluating the applicable evidence in order to
determine whether the presumption has, in fact, been rebutted. See Miller v. Mission
Hosp., Inc., ___ N.C. App. ___, ___ , 760 S.E.2d. 31, 35 (2014) (“The employer may
rebut the presumption with evidence that the medical treatment is not directly
related to the compensable injury. If the defendant rebuts the Parsons presumption,
the burden of proof shifts back to the plaintiff.” (internal citations and quotation
marks omitted)).
II. Disability Benefits
Plaintiff next argues that the Commission erred in concluding that he was no
longer entitled to temporary total disability benefits. We agree.
“‘Disability,’ within the meaning of the North Carolina Workers’ Compensation
Act, is defined as incapacity because of injury to earn the wages which the employee
was receiving at the time of injury in the same or any other employment.” Demery v.
Perdue Farms, Inc., 143 N.C. App. 259, 264, 545 S.E.2d 485, 489 (citation and
quotation marks omitted), aff’d per curiam, 354 N.C. 355, 554 S.E.2d 337 (2001).
Thus, in order for the Commission to conclude that a plaintiff is entitled to disability
benefits to compensate him for the loss in wage-earning capacity, it must find
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(1) that plaintiff was incapable after his injury of earning
the same wages he had earned before his injury in the same
employment, (2) that plaintiff was incapable after his
injury of earning the same wages he had earned before his
injury in any other employment, and (3) that this
individual’s incapacity to earn was caused by plaintiff’s
injury.
Hilliard v. Apex Cabinet Co., 305 N.C. 593, 595, 290 S.E.2d 682, 683 (1982).
A plaintiff seeking to demonstrate disability may prove these first two
elements of disability through several methods, including
(1) the production of medical evidence that he is physically
or mentally, as a consequence of the work related injury,
incapable of work in any employment; (2) the production of
evidence that he is capable of some work, but that he has,
after a reasonable effort on his part, been unsuccessful in
his effort to obtain employment; (3) the production of
evidence that he is capable of some work but that it would
be futile because of preexisting conditions, i.e., age,
inexperience, lack of education, to seek other employment;
or (4) the production of evidence that he has obtained other
employment at a wage less than that earned prior to the
injury.
Russell v. Lowes Prod. Distribution, 108 N.C. App. 762, 765, 425 S.E.2d 454, 457
(1993) (internal citations omitted); see Medlin v. Weaver Cooke Constr., LLC, 367 N.C.
414, 422, 760 S.E.2d 732, 737 (2014) (“[The plaintiff] may prove the first two elements
[under Hilliard] through any of the four methods articulated in Russell, but these
methods are neither statutory nor exhaustive. In addition, a claimant must also
satisfy the third element, as articulated in Hilliard, by proving that his inability to
obtain equally well-paying work is because of his work-related injury.”).
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Once an employee meets his initial burden of production under Russell, the
burden shifts to the employer to rebut the evidence of disability by demonstrating
“not only that suitable jobs are available, but also that the plaintiff is capable of
getting one, taking into account both physical and vocational limitations.” Johnson
v. S. Tire & Serv., 358 N.C. 701, 708, 599 S.E.2d 508, 513 (2004) (citation and
quotation marks omitted); see also Thompson v. Carolina Cabinet Co., 223 N.C. App.
352, 360, 734 S.E.2d 125, 129 (2012). Our Supreme Court has explained that a
suitable job is “one that is available to the employee and that the employee is capable
of performing considering, among other things, his physical limitations” and that an
employee is capable of obtaining a suitable job “when there exists a reasonable
likelihood that he would be hired if he diligently sought the job.” Johnson, 358 N.C.
at 708-09, 599 S.E.2d at 514 (citations, quotation marks, and ellipses omitted).
Here, the Commission concluded as a matter of law that Plaintiff, who was
receiving total disability benefits from Defendant since the date of the 21 April 2010
accident, was no longer entitled to such benefits as of 18 January 2011, the date
Defendant filed its Form 33 challenging the totality of Plaintiff’s physical complaints
related to his compensable injury. The Commission concluded that Plaintiff had
failed to prove disability because he did not demonstrate that he had engaged in a
reasonable job search and “presented insufficient evidence that a job search would be
futile.”
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It is well established that “[t]he determination of whether a disability exists is
a conclusion of law that must be based upon findings of fact supported by competent
evidence.” Parker v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 156 N.C. App. 209, 212, 576 S.E.2d 112,
113 (2003). In its Opinion and Award, the Commission cited the testimony of Dr.
Kurt Voos (“Dr. Voos”), an orthopedic surgeon who examined Plaintiff and — after
several follow-up appointments — “authorized Plaintiff to return to work at
sedentary duty with permanent restrictions including lifting up to 10 lbs with
occasional walking and standing” and then made a factual finding that Plaintiff was
“incapable of returning to his previous job but is capable of working in sedentary
employment.”
However, the Commission also took note of several of Plaintiff’s personal
characteristics that relate to his employability. Specifically, the Commission found
that Plaintiff (1) was 60 years old at the time of the hearing; (2) had been employed
as a landscaper with Defendant since 2001; (3) had been employed in medium and
heavy labor positions throughout his entire adult life; (4) attended school until the
tenth grade; (5) was physically incapable of performing his former job as a
landscaper/laborer; (6) has “difficulty reading and comprehending” written material
as evidenced during his evaluation with Dr. Peter Schulz; and (7) has “an IQ of 65,
putting him in the impaired range.”
Plaintiff asserts that this uncontroverted evidence, which the Commission
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found as fact, was sufficient to meet his initial burden of showing that he was
incapable of earning his pre-injury wages because his preexisting personal
characteristics made it futile for him to seek sedentary employment — the only type
of employment within his physical restrictions. We agree.
As our Supreme Court explained in Peoples v. Cone Mills Corp., 316 N.C. 426,
342 S.E.2d 798 (1986),
[i]f preexisting conditions such as the employee’s age,
education and work experience are such that an injury
causes the employee a greater degree of incapacity for work
than the same injury would cause some other person, the
employee must be compensated for the actual incapacity he
or she suffers, and not for the degree of disability which
would be suffered by someone younger or who possesses
superior education or work experience.
It follows where occupational . . . disease [or injury
by accident] incapacitates an employee from all but
sedentary employment, and because of the employee’s age,
limited education or work experience no sedentary
employment for which the employee is qualified exists, the
employee is entitled to compensation for total disability.
Id. at 441, 342 S.E.2d at 808.
We find our decision in Johnson v. City of Winston-Salem, 188 N.C. App. 383,
656 S.E.2d 608, aff’d per curiam, 362 N.C. 676, 669 S.E.2d 319 (2008), instructive on
this issue. In Johnson, the plaintiff was a 38-year-old high school graduate who
worked for the defendant as a custodian for approximately 15 years before his
physician excused him from work after diagnosing him with bilateral carpal tunnel
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syndrome. Id. at 384-85, 656 S.E.2d at 611. In its opinion and award, the
Commission concluded that the plaintiff had suffered a compensable injury and
demonstrated disability under the first prong of Russell by showing he was physically
incapable of work in any employment. Id. at 389, 656 S.E.2d at 613. The defendant
appealed to this Court, and “[w]hile we agree[d] with the Full Commission’s ultimate
conclusion that [p]laintiff [was] totally disabled and entitled to temporary total
disability benefits,” we concluded that the plaintiff had met his burden of proving
disability under the third — rather than the first — prong of Russell. Id. That is, we
concluded that although the plaintiff was capable of performing some work, his
preexisting personal characteristics made a job search futile.
While the defendant argued that the plaintiff had failed to prove that engaging
in a job search would be futile, we disagreed, first noting that “the fact that [p]laintiff
can perform light-duty work does not in itself preclude the Full Commission from
making an award of total disability if the evidence shows that, because of preexisting
limitations, [p]laintiff is not qualified to perform the kind of light-duty jobs that might
be available in the marketplace” and then explaining that
the uncontradicted evidence established that [p]laintiff has
only a high school education, had been working as a
custodian for [d]efendant for almost his entire adult
working life, and has a litany of medical problems . . . .
There was no evidence that [p]laintiff was offered or
received any kind of vocational rehabilitation services.
Given [p]laintiff’s limited education, limited work
experience, and limited training, in addition to his poor
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health, his compensable injury causes him a greater degree
of incapacity than the same injury would cause some other
person with superior education or work experience, or who
is in better health. Thus, all the evidence tends to show
that any current effort by [p]laintiff to obtain sedentary
light-duty employment, the only employment Dr.
DeFranzo testified that [p]laintiff is physically capable of
performing, would have been futile.
Id. at 391-92, 656 S.E.2d at 615.
The circumstances of the present case — specifically the fact that Plaintiff has
an IQ in the “impaired range” coupled with limited education and training and has
been employed for his entire working life in a line of work he is no longer physically
capable of performing — are analogous to those in Johnson. As we clarified in that
case, when determining whether disability exists, “the relevant inquiry is whether
Plaintiff himself is capable of working and earning wages, not whether all or some
persons with Plaintiff’s degree of injury have such capacity.” Id. at 391, 656 S.E.2d
at 614 (emphasis added). Thus, the question before the Commission was whether
Plaintiff — who is in his sixties and has intellectual limitations, difficulties with
reading, and no other job experience outside of physical labor — would be able to
obtain a position in sedentary employment.
We conclude that by introducing evidence of these preexisting facts, Plaintiff
offered sufficient evidence that engaging in such a job search would be futile so as to
shift the burden to his employer “to show that suitable jobs are available and that [he
was] capable of obtaining a suitable job taking into account both physical and
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vocational limitations.” Thompson, 223 N.C. App. at 360, 734 S.E.2d at 129 (holding
that plaintiff met initial burden concerning futility by producing evidence that he had
only completed high school, his work experience was limited to heavy labor jobs, he
still suffered substantial pain from his injury, and his work restrictions foreclosed the
possibility of performing manual labor); see also Weatherford v. Am. Nat’l Can Co.,
168 N.C. App. 377, 383, 607 S.E.2d 348, 352-53 (2005) (concluding that plaintiff
established futility based on evidence that he was 61, had worked all of his life in
maintenance positions, had only a GED, and was restricted from repetitive bending,
stooping or walking for more than a few minutes at a time).
Thus, because Plaintiff demonstrated the futility of engaging in a job search
and Defendant made no attempt to show that suitable jobs were available to Plaintiff,
the Commission erred in ruling that Plaintiff was not temporarily totally disabled.
The Commission’s conclusions of law reaching the opposite result were not supported
by the findings of fact contained within its Opinion and Award. See White v.
Weyerhaeuser Co., 167 N.C. App. 658, 670, 606 S.E.2d 389, 398 (2005) (explaining
that conclusions concerning existence and extent of disability “must be based upon
findings of fact supported by competent evidence”).
Defendant attempts to rely on our recent decision in Fields v. H & E Equip.
Servs., LLC, ___ N.C. App. ___, 771 S.E.2d 791 (2015), in arguing for a contrary result
on this issue. In Fields, the plaintiff was employed as a mechanic for the defendant
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for 11 years when he sustained a back injury at work. Id. at ___, 771 S.E.2d at 792.
The Commission concluded the plaintiff was temporarily totally disabled because “it
has been and continues to be futile for him to seek competitive employment that
comports with the work restrictions [his doctor] has placed on him.” Id. at ___, 771
S.E.2d at 794. This Court reversed, holding that the plaintiff did not demonstrate
that engaging in a job search would be futile because he “failed to provide competent
evidence through expert testimony of his inability to find any other work as a result
of his work-related injury . . . .” Id. at ___, 771 S.E.2d at 792 (emphasis added).
Specifically, we stated that the plaintiff
offered no testimony from a vocational expert that his pre-
existing condition made it futile to seek any other
employment opportunities in his job market. There was no
evidence presented of any labor market statistics stating
that his pre-existing condition made him incapable of re-
entering the labor market. Plaintiff’s medical expert did
not state that it was impossible for him to work, only that
he should not continue in his current role. Without any
expert testimony establishing that [p]laintiff’s job with
[d]efendant is the only job obtainable, or any evidence
demonstrating that no other man of his age, education,
experience, and physical capabilities is currently working
anywhere, [p]laintiff did not meet his burden of proof of
disability under Russell prong three.
Id. at ___, 771 S.E.2d at 795.
While we believe Fields is distinguishable from the present case on its facts —
given that Plaintiff here lacks transferable skills such as computer proficiency and
offered evidence from medical, psychological, and neuropsychological professionals
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WILKES V. CITY OF GREENVILLE
Opinion of the Court
that he is intellectually impaired with a full-scale IQ of 65, a 2.6 grade reading level,
borderline nonverbal reasoning skills, and impaired verbal comprehension and
processing speed — we take this opportunity to note that our prior caselaw has made
clear that “a plaintiff is not required to present medical evidence or the testimony of
a vocational expert on the issue of futility.” Thompson, 223 N.C. App. at 358, 734
S.E.2d at 129 (emphasis added). Therefore, to the extent that the above-quoted
language in Fields can be read to conflict with our Court’s opinions in Johnson,
Thompson, and Weatherford concerning futility, we are obligated to follow these
earlier cases. See Respess v. Respess, ___ N.C. App. ___, ___, 754 S.E.2d 691, 701
(2014) (“[W]here there is a conflicting line of cases, a panel of this Court should follow
the older of those two lines.” (citation and quotation marks omitted)).
Accordingly, we conclude that the evidence establishing Plaintiff’s cognitive
limitations, in combination with his age and lack of any other training, adequately
demonstrates that searching for employment within his physical restrictions would
be futile. See Peoples, 316 N.C. at 444, 342 S.E.2d at 809 (“Where . . . an employee’s
effort to obtain employment would be futile because of age, inexperience, lack of
education or other preexisting factors, the employee should not be precluded from
compensation for failing to engage in the meaningless exercise of seeking a job which
does not exist.”).
Conclusion
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WILKES V. CITY OF GREENVILLE
Opinion of the Court
For the reasons stated above, we reverse the Commission’s termination of
Plaintiff’s total temporary disability benefits, vacate the portion of the Opinion and
Award concerning Plaintiff’s request for additional treatment for anxiety and
depression, and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
REVERSED IN PART; VACATED AND REMANDED IN PART.
Judges BRYANT and INMAN concur.
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