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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee
v.
CALEB DANIEL FOX
Appellant No. 1364 MDA 2014
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence of July 1, 2014
In the Court of Common Pleas of Luzerne County
Criminal Division at No.: CP-40-CR-0002759-2013
BEFORE: BOWES, J., WECHT, J., and FITZGERALD, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY WECHT, J.: FILED OCTOBER 20, 2015
Caleb Daniel Fox appeals the judgment of sentence entered against
him on July 1, 2014. Fox contends that the trial court erred in failing to
award him credit for one day of time that he served during the pendency of
his charges. He further contends that the trial court incorrectly classified
him as a Tier III offender under Pennsylvania’s Sex Offender Registration
and Notification Act (“SORNA”), 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 9799.10, et seq. Solely
because we find that Fox’s former claim requires the relief requested, we
vacate Fox’s judgment of sentence, and remand for resentencing.
The trial court has provided the following factual and procedural
history for this matter:
____________________________________________
*
Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
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[Fox] was sentenced . . . on July 1, 2014[,] after pleading guilty
on April 4, 2014 to [counts one through seven] of Docket
Number 2759 of 2013, Possession of Child Pornography, each a
felony of the third degree[,1] and to Count Eight (8), Criminal
Use of a Communications Facility, a felony of the third degree.2
On or about June 4, 2013, [Fox’s] computer was identified by
Special Agent Nicole Laudeman of the Pennsylvania Attorney
General’s Office as having a potential download candidate
(source) for at least seventeen (17) files of investigative interest
with child pornographic content. On this same day, Special
Agent Laudeman was able to make direct contact to [Fox’s]
computer . . . to download five (5) video files[, each of which
depicts] children under the age of eighteen (18) years engaged
in sexual acts and/or poses and is defined as child pornography
in violation of [18 Pa.C.S. § 6312(d)]. The videos contained on
[Fox’s] computer include very young female child victims
appearing to be between the ages of six (6) and eleven (11)
years . . . and include a variety of sexual intercourse, oral and
anal sex between adult men and the female children.
Additionally, [Fox] was in possession of additional child
pornography files depicting children appearing to be as young as
three (3) years old engaged in sexual acts as his computer
contained a file named “File 11: (pthc) toddler daughter cum 3y
(rare file) bebita y papi.avi.” On or about August 5, 2013,
agents from the Pennsylvania Office of the Attorney General
executed a search warrant upon [Fox’s] residence . . . and
previewed child pornography files found on four (4) laptop
computers and one (1) desktop computer throughout the
residence. [Fox] was subsequently arrested and charged with
the above-mentioned crimes . . . . [Fox] pled guilty before this
Court on April 4th, 2014 and was sentenced on July 1, 2014.3
____________________________________________
1
See 18 Pa.C.S. § 6312(d) (sexual abuse of children – child
pornography).
2
See 18 Pa.C.S. § 7512(a).
3
At sentencing, Fox was not designated a sexually violent predator.
However, as noted, supra, based upon Fox’s conviction of more than one
Tier I offense, the trial court designated him a lifetime registrant under
SORNA.
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[Fox] filed a Motion to Modify Sentence on July 8, 2014[,] which
was subsequently denied . . . on July 11, 2014.
[Fox] filed a Notice of Appeal on August 6, 2014[,] and on
August 13, 2014, [Fox] was ordered by [the trial court] to file a
Concise Statement of [Erros] Complained of on Appeal [pursuant
to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)]. Additionally, [Fox] filed a Motion to
Correct Sentencing Notification to Sexual Assessment Board on
August 7, 2014. [Fox] requested that the Sentence Notification
Sheet be corrected to reflect that [Fox] was sentenced on Count
7 to four (4) to eight (8) months concurrent to Count 6. [The
trial court] granted [Fox’s] request for a correction and filed an
Amended Order on August 13, 2014 correcting the sentencing
error originally sent to the Sexual Offenders Assessment Board
(“SOAB”). After an extension of time in which to receive . . .
transcripts, [Fox] filed a [timely] Concise Statement of Matters
Complained of on Appeal on September [8], 2014 . . . .
Trial Court Opinion (“T.C.O.”), 1/3/2015, at 1-3.
Before this Court, Fox raises the following issues:
1. Whether the trial court imposed an illegal sentence by
failing to give Mr. Fox credit for time served prior to sentencing?
2. Whether the trial court erred by classifying Mr. Fox as a
Tier III sexual offender, pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S.
§ 9799.14(d)(16) (multiple convictions), and imposing a lifetime
registration requirement, where Mr. Fox had no prior convictions
and the multiple offenses charged in this case arose from the
same course of criminal conduct.
Brief for Fox at 2. For purposes of clarity, we consider Fox’s second issue
first.
In Fox’s second issue, he challenges the application of 42 Pa.C.S.
§ 9799.14(d)(16) to the circumstances of the case. At stake is whether Fox
properly was designated a Tier III offender under SORNA, and, as such,
subjected to a lifetime reporting obligation. Subsection 9799.14(d)(16)
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identifies as a Tier III offender anyone who has two or more convictions for
Tier I or Tier II offenses. See 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 979914(b), (c) (respectively).
Fox’s convictions for sexual abuse of children, standing alone, undisputedly
qualify as Tier I sexual offenses, subject to a fifteen-year registration
requirement. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9799.14(b)(9). Thus, the question at issue
concerns only whether the counts to which Fox pleaded guilty count as
multiple offenses for purposes of subsection 9799.14(d)(16). This question
of statutory interpretation presents a pure question of law. Thus, our
standard of review calls upon us to determine whether the trial court
committed legal error; the scope of our review is plenary. Commonwealth
v. McDonough, 96 A.3d 1067, 1070 n.9 (Pa. Super. 2014); see
Commonwealth v. Merolla, 909 A.2d 337, 345 (Pa. Super. 2006) (“[T]he
application of a statute is a question of law, and our standard of review is
plenary.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).
In effect, Fox argues that the multiple offense Tier III designation is
intended by the legislature to address “serious offenders and true
recidivists,” rather than “first-time, nonviolent offenders.” Brief for Fox at 8.
In support of this argument, Fox cites only one case, A.S. v. Pennsylvania
State Police, 87 A.3d 914 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2014), which, as a decision of the
Commonwealth Court, does not bind this Court. See Petow v. Warehime,
996 A.2d 1083, 1088 n.1 (Pa. Super. 2010).
In A.S., the Commonwealth Court considered a mandamus petition
brought by an individual who, over a decade earlier, had pleaded guilty to
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several counts associated with his sexual involvement with a sixteen-year-
old girl when the petitioner had been twenty-one. Because Pennsylvania’s
age of consent was sixteen, the sexual relationship by itself was not
criminal. However, at the time of the relationship, photographing a
sixteen-year-old in sexual circumstances was a crime, and the petitioner had
pleaded guilty to several counts associated with that activity. At sentencing,
the Commonwealth Court found, the defense, the prosecution, and the trial
court itself all appeared to understand that the petitioner’s guilty plea
incurred only then-effective Megan’s Law’s ten-year reporting requirement.
See A.S., 87 A.3d at 916-917 (citing 42 Pa.C.S. § 9795.1 (expired)).
However, more than ten years after his release, when the petitioner asked
the Pennsylvania State Police (“PSP”) to release him from his reporting
obligations, PSP refused to do so, contending that, because the petitioner
had pleaded guilty to more than one ten-year registration offense, he was
subject to lifetime reporting requirements under now-expired subsection
9795.1(b)(1), which, as does the subsection at issue in the instant case,
required lifetime registration for those with two or more convictions of
offenses that, by themselves, would require the offender to register for a
shorter duration. Compare 42 Pa.C.S. § 9795(b)(1) (requiring lifetime
registration and reporting by “an individual with two or more conviction
of . . . the offenses set forth in subsection (a)”) with 42 Pa.C.S.
§ 9799.14(d)(16) (requiring lifetime registration and reporting by an
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individual with “[t]wo or more convictions of offenses listed as Tier I or Tier
II sexual offenses”).
The petitioner maintained that he was entitled to relief because his
offenses “stemmed from a single criminal act, criminal episode or course of
conduct, i.e., causing the photographing of a minor in a sexual act.” Id. at
918. He argued, inter alia, that upholding his lifetime registration would be
tantamount to violating the Equal Protection Clause of the United States
Constitution insofar as it would leave the duration of similarly situated
defendants’ reporting obligations up to the prosecution: Given a single
criminal episode, whether a defendant was subject to a ten-year or lifetime
reporting requirement could hinge upon whether the Commonwealth opted
to file one or more charges associated with the conduct in question.
Based primarily upon its review of the Supreme Court’s plurality
decision in Commonwealth v. Gehris, 54 A.3d 862 (Pa. 2012), the
Commonwealth Court agreed. Reviewing at length the opinions in support of
both affirmance and reversal in Gehris,4 the Commonwealth Court sided
with the justices who wrote in favor of reversal. Specifically, the
Commonwealth Court adopted the view “a defendant convicted of ‘two or
more’ subsection (a) offenses is subject to the lesser sanction of the ten-
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4
Because the equally divided, six-member Gehris Court failed to reach
a majority disposition, the Superior Court’s decision in that case was
affirmed per curiam, and neither Gehris opinion has precedential effect.
See A.S., 87 A.3d at 919-20.
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year registration requirement so long as it is clear that the offenses were
part of the same criminal course of conduct.” A.S., 97 A.3d at 922 (quoting
Gehris, 54 A.3d at 879 (opinion in support of reversal by Todd, J.)). The
court determined that the petitioner’s photographs of his minor paramour,
upon which the charges to which he pleaded guilty had been based,
constituted a single criminal episode. Consequently, the Commonwealth
Court held that the petitioner was entitled to be removed from PSP’s sexual
offender registration, having successfully fulfilled his ten-year obligation.
Although the reasoning was considerably more detailed than is related
here, see A.S., 87 A.3d at 918-22, one feature that distinguishes A.S. from
the instant matter is clear: The Commonwealth Court’s determination that
the petitioner’s photography of one young woman in connection with one
consensual sexual relationship differs from the instant case, in which the
record indicates that the individual counts against Fox were based upon
various electronic files depicting numerous individual victims.
More important, though, is the fact that our decision in Merolla—
which, unlike Gehris and A.S., binds this Court to the extent that it is
relevant to the instant matter5—provides a more robust basis upon which to
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5
See Commonwealth v. Beck, 78 A.3d 656, 659 (Pa. Super. 2013)
(“This panel is not empowered to overrule another panel of the Superior
Court.”). Notably, in passing, the A.S. court observed that the Gehris
opinion in support of affirmance adopted an approach similar to this Court’s
approach in Merolla, but implicitly disagreed with that approach in adopting
the reasoning underlying the opinion in support of reversal. See A.S., 87
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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distinguish this case from A.S. and its adoption of the Gehris Court’s
opinion in support of reversal. In Merolla, at three separate informations
resolved in one proceeding, Merolla pleaded nolo contendere to two counts
of indecent assault, each arising from sexual assault against one of two
sisters, and, at the same proceeding, one count of statutory sexual assault
against a third, unrelated victim. Merolla, 909 A.2d at 340. After a series
of procedural steps following the court’s acceptance of his plea and the entry
of Merolla’s judgment of sentence, the trial court determined that Merolla
was subject to Megan’s Law II’s lifetime reporting obligations because he
pleaded nolo contendere to two separate counts of indecent assault. Id. at
340-41 (citing 42 Pa.C.S. § 9795(b)(1) (expired)).
This Court agreed. We began by acknowledging the absence of
authority on the question whether “simultaneous pleas should be considered
as multiple convictions or one single conviction for registration and
notification purposes” under Megan’s Law II. Id. at 345. Finding no directly
on-point authority, we turned for guidance to our Supreme Court’s review of
similar circumstances in the context of Pennsylvania’s Three Strikes Statute,
_______________________
(Footnote Continued)
A.2d at 922 (noting that, if the opinion in support of reversal’s reasoning
were not adopted, “then having a ten-year requirement under the former
subsection (a) and a separate reporting requirement under the former
subsection (b) is meaningless”).
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42 Pa.C.S. § 9714(a)(2),6 specifically the Court’s decision in
Commonwealth v. Shiffler, 879 A.2d 185 (Pa. 1985).
In Shiffler, the Court considered whether the defendant should be
sentenced as a second or third-time offender under section 9714. The issue
arose because the defendant, charged with burglary, resisting arrest, and
other charges arising from a single criminal episode, had pleaded guilty
several years earlier in an unrelated case to three separate charges of
burglary. Id. at 187. The defendant argued that the prior burglary charges,
because the sentences were imposed at the same proceeding, should count
as only one offense for purposes of three-strikes analysis. The Superior
Court had disagreed, directing the trial court to sentence the defendant as a
third-time offender, because, it held, each of the earlier burglaries counted
as a separate offense. Id. at 187-88.
The Shiffler Court disagreed, finding that the Commonwealth’s
favored interpretation would lead to an absurd result, in violation of our
canons of construction. Id. at 194.
At the time of his concurrent sentencing for his three prior
burglaries . . ., [the defendant] was not, in fact, sentenced as a
second-time offender. Indeed, because he committed all of the
prior burglaries before he was convicted or sentenced for any of
them, he could not have been sentenced as a second-time
offender . . . . The anomaly of [the defendant’s] situation is
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6
Although section 9714 has been amended several times since the
Court decided Shiffler, the amendments have not modified subsection
9714(a)(2) in any relevant particular.
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thus: while he has not ever been—nor could he have been—
sentenced as a second-strike offender, a reflexive application of
subsection 9714(a)(2) would subject him to sentencing as a
third-strike offender. . . . We do not believe that such a result
was intended by the General Assembly . . . .
As to the recidivist philosophy, this and other Pennsylvania
appellate courts have repeatedly recognized that[] the point of
sentence enhancement is to punish more severely offenders who
have persevered in criminal activity despite the theoretically
beneficial effects of penal discipline. Particularly salient
here is the implicit link between enhanced punishment and
behavioral reform, and the notion that the former should
correspondingly increase along with a defendant’s foregone
opportunities for the latter. Any other conception would ignore
the rationale underlying the recidivist philosophy, i.e., that the
most culpable defendant is one, who after being reproved, still
hardeneth his neck. Just as the second-time offender
enhancement under subsection (a)(1) is meant to punish a
defendant more severely when that defendant has offended
before and has been afforded an opportunity to reform, so too is
the third-time offender enhancement under subsection (a)(2),
which increases the minimum punishment to twenty-five years,
obviously meant to punish a defendant more severely when he
has already foregone two opportunities to reform himself. The
generally recognized purpose of such graduated sentencing laws
is to punish offenses more severely when the defendant has
exhibited an unwillingness to reform his miscreant ways and to
conform his life according to the law.
Id. at 195 (emphasis in original; citations and internal quotation marks
omitted). Thus, the Court held that the defendant, having had only one, not
two, experiences with the penal system should not be punished as severely
as an offender who had two prior rehabilitative opportunities.
In Merolla, this Court found the reasoning in Shiffler illuminating to
the distinct context of Megan’s Law II’s then-applicable registration scheme
for multiple offenders. Noting that the Supreme Court had deemed the
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policy underlying registration and notification to be the promotion of public
safety, rather than penal in nature, see Commonwealth v. Williams,
832 A.2d 962 (Pa. 2003), we found meaning in a critical distinction between
the language used in the Three Strikes Statute and the relevant multiple-
offense language in Megan’s Law II:
The salient portion of [Megan’s Law II] provides: “[a]n
individual with two or more convictions of any of the offenses set
forth in subsection (a)” shall be subject to lifetime registration.
42 Pa.C.S. § 9795(b)(1). However, the Three Strikes Statute
applies “[w]here the person had at the time of the commission of
the current offense previously been convicted of two or more
such crimes . . . .” 42 Pa.C.S. § 9714(a)(2) (emphasis added).
Thus, the language of Megan’s Law II is distinguishable from the
language of the three Strikes Statute[,] as Megan’s Law II does
not require a previous conviction. Moreover, the legislative
intent behind Megan’s Law II is distinct from that of the Three
Strikes Statute. Whereas Megan’s Law II is based on concern for
public safety, the Three Strikes Statute, although it also
implicates public safety, is directed to heightening punishment
for criminals who have failed to benefit from the effects of penal
[discipline] . . . .
Merolla, 909 A.2d at 346-47 (citations modified). Thus, unlike in Shiffler,
this Court deemed it “irrelevant that Merolla had not been sentenced for his
first offense before the commission of his second crime.” Merolla, 909 A.2d
at 347. We further explained that “the intent of the legislature is better
served by subjecting Merolla to heightened registration requirements
because the public would continue to be notified of his whereabouts after the
initial ten-year registration period.” Id.
We find no material distinction between this case and Merolla,
notwithstanding the slightly different fact pattern and the enactment of
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SORNA in lieu of Megan’s Law III, the successor statute to the Megan’s Law
II. As noted, supra, the SORNA provision requiring individuals with multiple
Tier I offenses to be subject to Tier III’s lifetime registration requirement
does not differ from the parallel provision that we reviewed in Merolla.
Similarly, the policies and legislative intent embodied in those statutes have
not changed. Furthermore, in this case the separate counts, albeit charged
at one docket, arose from the possession of multiple files involving at least
several victims. In light of these considerations, Fox’s exclusive reliance
upon A.S., a decision that does not bind this Court in any event, is
unavailing. Accordingly, the trial court did not err as a matter of law in
subjecting Fox to SORNA’s lifetime registration requirement upon the basis
that Fox pleaded guilty to numerous distinct Tier I offenses.
We now turn to Fox’s first issue, in which he contends that the trial
court erroneously denied his motion for one day of credit against his
sentence for time served. Fox correctly notes that he is entitled to time
credit against his judgment of sentence “for all time spent in custody as a
result of the criminal charge for which a prison sentence is imposed,”
including credit for time spent in custody before and during trial, as well as
custodial time served during the pendency of an appeal. See 42 Pa.C.S.
§ 9760(1). Fox also correctly asserts that a failure to award time that is due
under section 9760 implicates the legality of sentence. See
Commonwealth v. Johnson, 967 A.2d 1001, 1003 (Pa. Super. 2009). We
review challenges to the legality of sentence de novo, and the scope of our
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review is plenary. Commonwealth v. Wolfe, 106 A.3d 800, 802
(Pa. Super. 2014).
Fox contends that the trial court failed to award him time served for
one day, August 5, 2013, the day of his arrest. The Commonwealth
concedes the point, agreeing that “[t]he trial court incorrectly denied Fox’s
request for credit for that day,” Brief for the Commonwealth at 7, and
averring that Fox is entitled to one day of heretofore uncredited time. The
trial court disposed of this particular challenge as follows: “After thorough
review of the record in its entirety, along with the Pre-Sentence
Investigation, [the trial court] can find no factual merit to [Fox’s] allegation
and therefore . . . cannot further discuss this erroneous claim of error.”
T.C.O. at 5.
Our review of the record indicates that Fox was arrested and
incarcerated on August 5, 2013, when bail was set at $50,000. The record
indicates that, although Fox did not post bail initially, a bail bondsman
arranged for Fox’s release on August 9, 2013. Our review further shows no
evidence that Fox was credited for the time he served on August 5, 2013.
Based upon the state of the record, and in light of the Commonwealth’s lack
of opposition to Fox’s request for one day of credit for time he evidently
served on August 5, 2013, we conclude that the trial court erred in failing to
credit Fox with one day against his sentence. Consequently, we vacate Fox’s
sentence and remand for the trial court to resentence Fox providing due
credit for the one day he seeks.
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Judgment of sentence vacated. Case remanded for resentencing.
Jurisdiction relinquished.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 10/20/2015
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