FILED
AUGUST 18, 2016
In the Office of the Clerk of Court
WA State Court of Appeals, Division Ill
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION THREE
RHONDA L. DUNCAN d/b/a THE )
COMPASSIONATE KITCHEN, ) No. 33245-4-111
)
Respondent, )
)
V. )
) UNPUBLISHED OPINION
STATE OF WASHINGTON )
DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE, )
)
Appellant. )
SIDDOWAY, J. -At issue in this appeal is whether the retail sale in 2009 of
medical marijuana was exempt from retail sales tax as a prescribed drug. We agree with
the Department of Revenue and the Board of Tax Appeals that it was not. We reverse the
superior court's contrary decision, thereby reinstating the Department's denial of Rhonda
Duncan's request for a refund of retail sales tax she paid for that period.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
In 2008, Rhonda Duncan opened a medical marijuana dispensary doing business
as The Compassionate Kitchen. Believing that her method of operation was not subject
to retail sales taxation, she did not collect sales tax on transactions with customers. 1 But
1
In seeking a tax refund, Ms. Duncan asserted she provided consultation services
on the medical use of cannabis in exchange for donations. She claimed to have provided
medical cannabis to her customers free of charge. She abandoned that argument in
No. 33245-4-111
Duncan v. Dep 't ofRevenue
in light of the Department's contrary view, she reported retail sales revenue in 2009 and
paid the required tax.
In 2011, Ms. Duncan filed an amended return for the January-December 2009 tax
period and requested a refund of the $19,312.38 she had paid. The Department denied
the refund request, and Ms. Duncan appealed to the Department's appeal division. It
affirmed denial of the refund.
Ms. Duncan appealed to the Board of Tax Appeals. The only issue before the
I Board was whether pursuant to former RCW 82.08.0281 (2004) 2-an exemption from
I
I retail sales tax for drugs dispensed to patients pursuant to a prescription-her sale of
I
I medical marijuana in 2009 had been tax exempt. In response to a motion for summary
I judgment, the Board ruled that the exemption provided by former RCW 82.08.0281 did
I not apply to sales of medical marijuana and affirmed the Department's denial of the
refund request.
I Ms. Duncan sought judicial review of the Board's decision by the Spokane County
I Superior Court. It concluded the sales were exempt from retail sales tax and reversed the
Board. The Department appeals.
I
I
I proceedings before the Board.
2
An amendment in 2014 substituted language that the retail sales tax "does not
apply" to such drug sales for prior language that it "shall not apply." LA ws OF 2014, ch.
140, § 19.
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Duncan v. Dep 't ofRevenue
ANALYSIS
Statutory background
In 1971, the Washington Legislature enacted the Uniform Controlled Substances
Act, chapter 69.50 RCW (UCSA), which made it a crime to manufacture, deliver, or
possess marijuana. RCW 69.50.401-.445. The same activities are criminalized under
federal law. 21 U.S.C. ch. 13; Cannabis Action Coal. v. City of Kent, 183 Wn.2d 219,
222,351 P.3d 151 (2015).
In the 1998 general election, Washington voters approved Initiative 692 (I-692),
which became effective December 3, 1998, and was later codified at chapter 69.51A
RCW. Initiative 692, LA ws OF 1999, ch. 2. "By passing [I-692], the people of
Washington intended that ' [q]ualifying patients with terminal or debilitating illnesses
who, in the judgment of their physicians, would benefit from the medical use of
marijuana, shall not be found guilty of a crime under state law for their possession and
limited use of marijuana."' State v. Fry, 168 Wn.2d 1, 6-7, 228 P.3d 1 (2010) (second
alteration in original) (quoting former RCW 69.5 lA.005 (1999)). RCW 69.51.040(1)
created an affirmative defense to the crimes of providing or possessing marijuana used by
qualifying patients.
In order to assert the affirmative defense, a qualifying patient or designated
marijuana provider was required to present the patient's "valid documentation" to any
law enforcement official questioning the asserted medical use of marijuana. Former
3
No. 33245-4-III
Duncan v. Dep 't ofRevenue
RCW 69.51A.040(4)(c). The definition of"valid documentation" has been amended
since 1998; most recently, the legislature has replaced the term with "authorization." See
LA ws OF 2015, ch. 70, § 17 (substituting "authorization" for "valid documentation")
codified as RCW 69.5 lA.010(7).
Notwithstanding the amendments, the substance of the required documentation has
remained the same. Relevant here, "valid documentation" was defined in 2009 as:
A statement signed by a qualifying patient's physician ... which states that,
in the physician's professional opinion, the patient may benefit from the
medical use of marijuana.
Former RCW 69.51A.010(5)(a) (2007).
Based on the law's requirement for a written physician authorization, Ms. Duncan
argues that her sales of medical marijuana in 2009 were exempt from retail sales tax
under RCW 82.08.0281 ( 1), which exempts sales of drugs for human use dispensed
"pursuant to a prescription." She concedes that medical marijuana authorizations are not
"prescriptions" under the UCSA. See RCW 69.50.308 (identifying the requisites to
dispensing a controlled substance). But she contends that the retail sales tax exemption
provided by RCW 82.08.0281 uses a definition of "prescription" that is broader than that
used by laws dealing with controlled substances-broad enough to encompass her
customers' medical marijuana authorizations.
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No. 33245-4-III
Duncan v. Dep 't ofRevenue
Standard of review and construction of tax statutes
The Administrative Procedure Act, chapter 34.05 RCW (APA) authorizes courts
to grant relief from an agency order in an adjudicative proceeding in nine enumerated
instances; here, Ms. Duncan obtained superior court review on the basis that the Board
had "erroneously interpreted or applied the law." RCW 34.05.570(3)(d); Clerk's Papers
(CP) at 92. Challenges to an agency's interpretation or application of the law are
reviewed de novo. Dep 't ofRevenue v. Bi-Mor, Inc., 171 Wn. App. 197, 202, 286 P .3d
417 (2012).
"In reviewing a superior court's final order on review of a Board decision, an
appellate court applies the standards of the [APA] directly to the record before the
agency, sitting in the same position as the superior court." Honesty in Envtl. Analysis &
Legis. v. Cent. Puget Sound Growth Mgmt. Hr 'gs Bd., 96 Wn. App. 522, 526, 979 P.2d
864 (1999). We do not give deference to the superior court's ruling. Verizon Nw., Inc. v.
Emp't Sec. Dep't, 164 Wn.2d 909,915, 194 P.3d 255 (2008).
In this case, the Board's task and our own is to construe the breadth ofRCW
82.08.0281, including its definition of the term "prescription." "The court's fundamental
objective in construing a statute is to ascertain and carry out the legislature's intent."
Arborwood Idaho, LLCv. City of Kennewick, 151 Wn.2d 359,367, 89 P.3d 217 (2004).
"' Under the "plain meaning" rule, examination of the statute in which the provision at
issue is found, as well as related statutes or other provisions of the same act in which the
5
No. 33245-4-111
Duncan v. Dep 't of Revenue
provision is found, is appropriate as part of the determination whether a plain meaning
can be ascertained."' City ofSeattle v. Allison, 148 Wn.2d 75, 81, 59 P.3d 85 (2002)
(quoting Dep 't ofEcology v. Campbell & Gwinn, LLC, 146 Wn.2d 1, 10, 43 P.3d 4
(2002)). Where the meaning of a statute is plain and unambiguous on its face, the court
must give effect to that plain meaning. Overlake Hosp. Ass 'n v. Dep 't ofHealth, 170
Wn.2d 43, 52,239 P.3d 1095 (2010). Only if a statute is ambiguous will we give
substantial weight to the agency's interpretation of the statute it administers-here, the
Department's interpretation. Bi-Mor, 171 Wn. App. at 202.
Because the statute we construe is a tax exemption, the burden of showing
qualification for the tax benefit rests with the taxpayer. Group Health Coop. of Puget
Sound, Inc. v. Wash. State Tax Comm 'n, 72 Wn.2d 422,429,433 P.2d 201 (1967).
Statutes providing for either exemptions or deductions "are, in case of doubt or
ambiguity, to be construed strictly, though fairly and in keeping with the ordinary
meaning of their language, against the taxpayer." Id. (citing Crown Zellerbach Corp. v.
State, 45 Wn.2d 749, 278 P.2d 305 (1954); Helvering v. Ohio Leather Co., 317 U.S. 102,
63 S. Ct. 103, 87 L. Ed. 113 (1942)).
Tax provisions at issue
Under RCW 82.08.020, a retail sales tax is levied on each retail sale of tangible
personal property unless a specific statute exempts the transaction from the tax. RCW
6
I
I
!
§
I No. 33245-4-III
! Duncan v. Dep 't ofRevenue
I
I
I 82.08.020; RCW 82.04.050. In 2009, the statutory exemption for the sale of prescribed
Ii
I drugs provided:
i
I The tax levied by RCW 82.08.020 shall not apply to sales of drugs for
I human use dispensed or to be dispensed to patients, pursuant to a
l prescription.
I Former RCW 82.08.0281(1) (2004). "Prescription" is a defined term for purposes of the
I
I! exemption:
I
"Prescription" means an order, formula, or recipe issued in any form of
oral, written, electronic, or other means of transmission by a duly licensed
Ii practitioner authorized by the laws of this state to prescribe.
I
RCW 82.08.0281(4)(a).
I
j
I As previously noted, Ms. Duncan concedes that a medical marijuana authorization
is not a "prescription" within the meaning of controlled substance statutes. As pointed
I
I out by the Department, this is no accident. A physician would violate UCSA and commit
I a crime by "prescribing" marijuana as the term is used in UCSA. Both federal and state
I statutes list marijuana as a schedule I controlled substance. Former RCW
69.50.204(c)(l4) (2008); 21 C.F.R. § 1308.l l(d)(l9). And
[c]ontrolled substances listed in schedule I under federal law may not be
prescribed or dispensed anywhere in the United States unless a specific
registration to do so is obtained to use the substance for research purposes.
See 21 U.S.C. §§ 822-23, 872 (1981). Marijuana cannot be legally
prescribed, nor can a prescription for marijuana be filled by a pharmacist
in Washington unless afederal registration is granted.
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No. 33245-4-III
Duncan v. Dep 't ofRevenue
Seeley v. State, 132 Wn.2d 776, 783, 940 P.2d 604 (1997) (emphasis added); RCW
69.50.308 (2001) (identifying the only manner in which controlled substances may be
dispensed).
We agree with Ms. Duncan that we construe "prescription" for retail sales tax
purposes based on its definition by RCW 82.09.0281(4)(a), however, not by how it is
defined elsewhere. "It is an axiom of statutory interpretation that where a term is defined
we will use that definition." United States v. Hoffman, 154 Wn.2d 730, 741, 116 P.3d
999 (2005).
The Department argues there are two grounds on which we should conclude that a
medical marijuana authorization is not a "prescription" as defined by RCW
82.08.0281(4)(a). One-the argument adopted by the Board-is that a physician's
medical marijuana authorization is not "issued ... by a duly licensed practitioner
authorized by the laws of this state to prescribe." The other is that a medical marijuana
authorization is not an "order, formula, or recipe." We turn first to the reasoning that
persuaded the Board.
Practitioners "authorized by [law] to prescribe"
The Department persuaded the Board that a medical marijuana authorization is not
a "prescription" in light of the last clause of the statutory definition: that it be issued "by
a duly licensed practitioner authorized by the laws of this state to prescribe." RCW
82.08.0281(4)(a) (emphasis added). Ms. Duncan argues that plainly read, the definition
8
No. 33245-4-111
Duncan v. Dep 't ofRevenue
merely provides that as long as a practitioner is authorized by Washington law to
prescribe something, then the exemption applies to any order he or she issues-legally or
illegally-for a drug to be dispensed to a patient. "Everyone knows that Al Capone, for
example, was nailed for income-tax evasion, not for the bootlegging, loan-sharking,
extortion and prostitution that generated the income." United States v. Ytem, 255 F.3d
394, 397 (7th Cir. 2001 ).
The Department's argument persuaded the Board, whose final decision
characterized Ms. Duncan's reading as "either circular or vague." CP at 27.
First, if the Taxpayer is contending that the definition requires only the
authority to prescribe the order itself, the Taxpayer is ignoring the ordinary
meaning of the verb "to prescribe": "to direct, designate, or order the use of
as a remedy ." Practitioners do not
prescribe a prescription; they prescribe medications. Second, if the
Taxpayer is arguing that the practitioner need only have the authority under
state law to prescribe something, then, as the Department observes, the
Taxpayer is "interpret[ing] this last phrase in a vacuum" and "employ[ing]
a simplistic reading" of the statute.
And:
The Board concludes that, by its plain meaning, the statute defines a
"prescription" as an order issued by a practitioner who is authorized to
prescribe the drugs or devices referenced in that order.
Id. at 27-28 (alterations in original) (footnotes omitted).
We do not entirely agree. The verb "to prescribe" can be both transitive and
intransitive. A transitive verb is one that must take a direct object, while an intransitive
verb does not. WEBSTER'S THIRD NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY 2428, 1186 (1993).
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No. 33245-4-111
Duncan v. Dep 't of Revenue
The transitive use of "to prescribe" is the one that the Board characterizes as its "ordinary
meaning;" it means "3 : to direct, designate, or order the use of as a remedy ." Id. at 1792. The object of the transitive verb "to prescribe" is the
substance being prescribed.
Yet "to prescribe" can also mean "2 : to lay down a rule: give directions: DICTA TE,
DIRECT 3 a : to write or give medical prescriptions <- for a patient> b : to give advice in
the manner of a doctor giving a medical prescription." Id. This form does not take a
direct object. So we cannot reject Ms. Duncan's argument on the basis that use of the
verb "to prescribe" always implicates the substance being prescribed.
We agree with the Board, however, that it is not reasonable to read the prescribed
drug exemption in a vacuum. The legislature has exempted from retail sales taxation
only those drugs that are "dispensed to patients," "by a duly licensed practitioner
authorized ... to prescribe." RCW 82.08.0281(1), (4)(a). No duly licensed practitioner
in Washington can legally prescribe marijuana. We may look to related statutes when
determining a statute's plain meaning, City of Seattle, 148 Wn.2d at 81 (citing Campbell
& Gwinn, LLC, 146 Wn.2d at 10), and we must avoid constructions that yield unlikely,
absurd or strained consequences. Kilian v. Atkinson, 14 7 Wn.2d 16, 21, 50 P .3d 63 8
(2002). In carrying out our fundamental objective of ascertaining and carrying out the
legislature's purpose, we cannot overlook the unlikelihood-indeed, the absurdity-that
the legislature required a prescription to be issued by a "duly-licensed practitioner
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No. 33245-4-111
Duncan v. Dep 't of Revenue
authorized by the laws of this state to prescribe" but didn't care whether the prescription
was illegal.
And the fact that criminals are liable for taxes on ill-gotten gains does not undercut
our conclusion. It is not unlikely or absurd to infer a legislative intent to tax revenue or
income from a criminal activity. It is unlikely and absurd to infer a legislative intent to
bestow a tax benefit on such activity.
The Board concluded that the last clause of the definition plainly means that a
"prescription" is an order issued by a practitioner authorized to prescribe the drug he or
she prescribes. We are inclined to agree, but even ifwe found ambiguity, several
principles would then support the Department's construction. 3 As earlier discussed, tax
3
Ms. Duncan invokes the nearest-reasonable-referent canon of construction that,
while not applied in plain meaning analysis, can be applied where a statute is ambiguous.
Overtake, 170 Wn.2d at 52. It provides that'" [w]hen the syntax involves something
other than a parallel series of nouns or verbs, a prepositive or postpositive modifier
normally applies only to the nearest reasonable referent.'" Goldberg v. Companion Life
Ins. Co., 910 F. Supp. 2d 1350, 1353 (M.D. Fla. 2012) (quoting ANTONIN SCALIA &
BRYAN A. GARNER, READING LAW: THE INTERPRETATION OF LEGAL TEXTS 152-53
(2012)). Ms. Duncan argues the canon requires that we read the phrase "authorized by
the laws of this state to prescribe" as modifying only "licensed practitioner," not the
substance that the practitioner prescribes. As pointed out by the Board, however, her
reliance on the canon "is unnecessary, since the Department also reads the phrase
'authorized ... to prescribe' as modifying the word 'practitioner."' CP at 27 (alteration
in original).
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No. 33245-4-111
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exemptions, if ambiguous, are construed strictly, though fairly, against the taxpayer.
Group Health, 72 Wn.2d at 429. Where a tax statute is ambiguous, we give substantial
weight to the Department's interpretation. Bi-Mor, 171 Wn. App. at 202.
Finally, legislative history predating the tax period at issue supports the
Department's interpretation of the statute's plain meaning. Before 2004, RCW
82.08.0281(4)(a) provided that a "prescription" was issued "by a duly licensed
practitioner authorized by the laws of this state." By amendment in 2004, the legislature
added two concluding words, "authorized by the laws of this state to prescribe." Former
RCW 82.08.0281(4)(a) (LAWS OF 2004, ch. 153, § 108) (emphasis added). According to
the Senate Bill Report, which described the legislation as intended to correct "errors,
omissions, and inconsistencies," "[a] prescription for items or drugs that are exempt must
be prescribed by a person whose license authorizes him or her to prescribe the item or
drugs." S.B. REP. ON S.B. 6515, at 1, 3, 58th Leg., Reg. Sess. (Wash. 2004).
Bill reports may be relevant in the interpretation of a statute being enacted. Dep 't
ofLabor & Indus. v. Landon, 117 Wn.2d 122, 127, 814 P .2d 626 ( 1991 ). For periods
after the effective date of the change, the 2004 amendment and bill report support the
Department's interpretation of "prescription" as requiring issuance by a practitioner
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No. 33245-4-III
Duncan v. Dep 't of Revenue
authorized to prescribe the drug prescribed. 4
For the reasons stated, the Board properly concluded that sales of medical
marijuana were not exempt from retail sales tax in 2009.
Order, formula, or recipe
The Department also argues that a medical marijuana authorization is not an
"order, formula, or recipe" as required by the retail sales tax provision's definition of
"prescription," since an authorization "merely indicates that 'in the health care
professional's professional opinion, the patient may benefit from the medical use of
marijuana."' Br. of Appellant at 22 (quoting former RCW 69.51A.010(5). It "does not
indicate the type of product, the quantity, or dosage, all elements of a prescription." Id. at
23.
Ms. Duncan responds that a practitioner's order of a drug-a prescription in "the
common parlance," as she describes it-"can be terse affairs," with "[DRUG] PRN" or
4
The Department also relies on subsequent legislation explicitly excluding
marijuana from the definition of drugs exempted from retail sales tax, which it argues
was an intended clarification, LAWS OF 2014, ch. 140, § 19; and on 2015 amendments to
chapters 69.51A and 82.02 RCW that clarified that a medical marijuana "authorization is
not a prescription as defined in RCW 69.50.101," and explicitly exempted qualifying
sales of medical marijuana from retail sales tax. RCW 69.51A.010(l)(c) (amended by
LAWS OF 2015, ch. 70, § l 7(7)(c), effective July 24, 2015); RCW 82.08.9998 (amended
by LAWS OF 2015, 2d Spec. Sess., ch. 4, § 207, effective July 1, 2015). Ms. Duncan
responds that these amendments "point out [her] argument quite nicely: without the
amending language," she argues, "a grammatical fair-reading of the statute as it existed in
2009-10 excludes medical marijuana from taxation." Br. ofResp't at 11.
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No. 33245-4-111
Duncan v. Dep 't ofRevenue
"as needed" sufficing. Br. of Resp't at 5, 7. She cites no authority in asserting that a
prescription in common parlance need not contain specifics. As the Department points
out, federal law requires that medical orders for dispensing controlled substances be
specific:
All prescriptions for controlled substances shall be dated as of, and signed
on, the day when issued and shall bear the full name and address of the
patient, the drug name, strength, dosage form, quantity prescribed,
directions for use, and the name, address and registration number of the
practitioner.
Reply Br. at 4-5 (emphasis added) (citing 21 C.F.R. § 1306.05(a) (2015)).
And terse or not, there is still a difference between what Ms. Duncan characterizes
as an order or prescription ("marijuana as needed") and a medical marijuana
authorization ("patient may benefit from the medical use of marijuana"). The former is
an instruction or directive to take marijuana as needed; the latter is a declaration of the
practitioner's professional opinion.
The distinction is borne out by relevant dictionaries. The ordinary meaning of
"order" is "to give orders to : COMMAND ... : require or direct (something) to be done."
WEBSTER'S, supra, at 1588. As a medical term, "order" is defined by Taber's
Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary as meaning:
Instructions from a health care provider specifying patient treatment and
care. A directive mandating the delivery of specific patient care services.
TABER'S CYCLOPEDIC MEDICAL DICTIONARY 1678 (22d ed. 2013).
14
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No. 33245-4-III
Duncan v. Dep 't ofRevenue
We conclude that the technical meanings of "order," "formula," and "recipe" are
the appropriate meanings to apply. Where words carry special significance in a particular
field, the court should resort to a technical definition. See Tingey v. Haisch, 159 Wn.2d
652, 658, 152 P.3d 1020 (2007). Because the exemption from retail sales tax is for
"drugs for human use dispensed or to be dispensed to patients, pursuant to a prescription"
issued by a "duly licensed practitioner," we are dealing with a particular field: the
practice of medicine. RCW 82.08.0281(1); (4)(a).
Both Taber's and Stedman 's 5 define "formula." Taber's defines it as "[a] rule
prescribing ingredients and proportions for the preparation of a compound," and
Stedman 's defines it as "[a] recipe or prescription containing directions for the
compounding of a medicinal preparation." TABER'S, supra, at 960; STEDMAN'S, supra,
at 762.
Both medical dictionaries define "recipe." Taber's defines it, "Take, indicated by
the sign R. 2. A prescription or formula for a medicine. SEE: prescription." TABER'S,
supra, at 1995. Stedman 's defines it, "The superscription of a prescription, usually
indicated by the sign R. 2. A prescription or formula." STEDMAN'S, supra, at 1654. 6
5
STEDMAN'S MEDICAL DICTIONARY (28th ed. 2005).
6
"Prescription," which both Taber's and Stedman 's use in defining "recipe," is
itself defined by both dictionaries. Taber's defines it as:
A written direction or order for dispensing and administering drugs. It is
signed by a physician, dentist, or other practitioner licensed by law to
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No. 33245-4-111
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"Valid documentation" under former RCW 69.51A.OI0(5)(a) is not a command,
instruction, or directive. Medical marijuana authorizations do not require or direct
anyone to dispense marijuana. They do not specify or mandate treatment or services.
i
I
II They do not prescribe ingredients, proportions, or directions for compounding. There is
II
no Rsign on the medical marijuana authorization forms in use in 2009. See
I
I
i
i
Administrative Record at 111, 113. "Valid documentation"-stating only that a patient
may benefit from the use of marijuana-is not an "order, formula, or recipe."
II
!
I
I prescribe such a drug. Historically, a prescription consists of four main
I parts:
1. Superscription, represented by the symbol R, which signifies Recipe,
I meaning "take"
I
I
!
2. Inscription, containing the ingredients
3. Subscription, directions to the dispenser how to prepare the drugs
I
! 4. Signature, directions to the patient how to take the dosage; the
I physician's signature, address, and telephone number; the date; and
II whether the prescription may be refilled. When applicable, the physician's
Drug Enforcement Administration number must be included.
I
I
I
TABER'S, supra, at 1901.
A written formula for the preparation and administration of any remedy. 2.
I A medicinal preparation compounded according to formulated directions,
said to consist of four parts: 1) superscription, consisting of the word
II recipe, take, or its sign, R; 2) inscription, the main part of the p., containing
the names and amounts of the drugs ordered; 3) subscription, directions for
Ii mixing the ingredients and designation of the form (pill, powder, solution,
i
etc.) in which the drug is to be made, usually beginning with the word,
misce, mix, or its abbreviation, M.; 4) signature, directions to the patient
regarding the dose and times of taking the remedy, preceded by the word
signa, designate, or its abbreviation, S. or Sig.
STEDMAN'S, supra, at 1556-57.
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No. 33245-4-III
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For this additional reason, Ms. Duncan cannot establish that her retail sales fell
within the exemption from taxation provided by RCW 82.08.0281.
The superior court's order is reversed.
A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to RCW
2.06.040.
2zr&io
doway,J.
t(}.
~ ~ ,
WE CONCUR:
Pennell, J.
17