J-A08021-16
2016 PA Super 197
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellant
v.
KEVIN MICHAEL CARONTENUTO,
Appellee No. 1693 EDA 2015
Appeal from the Order Entered May 7, 2015
In the Court of Common Pleas of Bucks County
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-09-CR-0001117-2015
BEFORE: BOWES, OLSON AND STRASSBURGER,* JJ.
OPINION BY OLSON, J.: FILED AUGUST 31, 2016
The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania appeals from the order entered on
May 7, 2015, which granted Kevin Michael Carontenuto’s pre-trial motion to
dismiss all criminal charges. We affirm.
On December 23, 2014, the Commonwealth charged Mr. Carontenuto
with one count of possession of a controlled substance and one count of use
or possession of drug paraphernalia.1 On April 28, 2015, the parties
appeared for a pre-trial motion hearing and, during the hearing, Mr.
Carontenuto orally moved to dismiss all criminal charges filed against him.
N.T. Pre-Trial Hearing, 4/28/15, at 2. As Mr. Carontenuto argued,
Pennsylvania’s “Drug Overdose Response Immunity” statute, found at 35
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1
35 P.S. § 780-113(a)(16) and (32), respectively.
*Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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P.S. § 780-113.7, applied to his case and rendered him statutorily immune
from prosecution. See id.; see also 35 P.S. § 780-113.7(c). In relevant
part, the immunity statute provides:
§ 780-113.7. Drug overdose response immunity
(a) A person may not be charged and shall be immune from
prosecution for any offense listed in subsection (b) and for a
violation of probation or parole if the person can establish
the following:
(1) law enforcement officers only became aware of the
person's commission of an offense listed in subsection
(b) because the person transported a person
experiencing a drug overdose event to a law
enforcement agency, a campus security office or a
health care facility; or
(2) all of the following apply:
(i) the person reported, in good faith, a drug
overdose event to a law enforcement officer, the 911
system, a campus security officer or emergency
services personnel and the report was made on the
reasonable belief that another person was in need of
immediate medical attention and was necessary to
prevent death or serious bodily injury due to a drug
overdose;
(ii) the person provided his own name and location
and cooperated with the law enforcement officer,
911 system, campus security officer or emergency
services personnel; and
(iii) the person remained with the person needing
immediate medical attention until a law enforcement
officer, a campus security officer or emergency
services personnel arrived.
(b) The prohibition on charging or prosecuting a person as
described in subsection (a) bars charging or prosecuting a
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person for probation and parole violations and for violations
of [35 P.S. § 780-113(a)](5), (16), (19), (31), (32), (33)
and (37).
(c) Persons experiencing drug overdose events may
not be charged and shall be immune from prosecution
as provided in subsection (b) if a person who
transported or reported and remained with them may
not be charged and is entitled to immunity under this
section.
35 P.S. § 780-113.7 (internal footnote omitted) (emphasis added).2
During the pre-trial hearing, the parties stipulated to the following
facts for purposes of the motion:
on December 23[, 2014,] at approximately [12:20 a.m.],
Mark Rizzo, manager of a recovery house at 29 Sweetgum
Road in Middletown Township, called 911 for medical
assistance.
Mr. Rizzo reported finding [Mr. Carontenuto] unconscious
and experiencing an overdose event. Officer Zachary
Brosius of the Middletown Township Police Department
responded to the recovery house and observed [Mr.
Carontenuto] blue in the face, unresponsive and with an
irregular pulse and breathing pattern.
Officer Brosius spoke to Mr. Rizzo, who had remained on
scene and was cooperative to law enforcement and was also
truthful.
Officer Brosius, then, moved [Mr. Carontenuto] from the
bathroom and observed an empty syringe bottle cap and
glassine envelopes that tested positive for heroin later.
Officer Brosius observed no evidence that the drug
paraphernalia belonged to anyone but [Mr. Carontenuto].
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2
35 P.S. § 780-113.7 took effect on November 29, 2014. All relevant
events in this case occurred on December 23, 2014.
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N.T. Pre-Trial Hearing, 4/28/15, at 5-7.
The Commonwealth opposed Mr. Carontenuto’s motion and argued
that Mr. Carontenuto was not entitled to immunity under the statute.
Specifically, the Commonwealth argued, since Mr. Carontenuto was the
individual who “experience[ed the] drug overdose event[],” any immunity he
might have under the statute would need to fall under subsection (c).
However, the Commonwealth noted, immunity under subsection (c) is
derivative of the immunity granted under subsection (a). As the
Commonwealth argued: “[since] there was no evidence that Mr. Rizzo, the
manager of the recovery house, had committed any of the enumerated
offense[s] set forth in the immunity statue . . . [Mr. Rizzo] did not require
immunity under subsection (a) of the immunity statute. Consequently, [Mr.
Carontenuto] is not entitled to the derivative immunity under subsection
(c).” Commonwealth’s Brief in Opposition, 5/4/15, at 10 (some internal
capitalization omitted).
On May 7, 2015, the trial court granted Mr. Carontenuto’s motion and
dismissed all charges against Mr. Carontenuto. As the trial court ably and
succinctly explained:
Here the statutory factors of [35 P.S. § 780-113.7(a)(2)]
are met because Mr. Rizzo reported the overdose to the
Middletown Township Police Department, cooperated with
law enforcement, and remained with [Mr. Carontenuto] until
Officer Brosius arrived. It is not contested that Mr. Rizzo
believed that [Mr. Carontenuto] was in need of immediate
medical attention or that Mr. Rizzo provided his name and
location when he called the police.
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The key provision applicable to [this] case is [35 P.S. § 780-
113.7(c)], which describes the manner in which the
immunity of the overdose victim depends upon the
individual who reported the incident to law enforcement.
...
[Mr. Carontenuto] is entitled to immunity from prosecution
for violations of [35 P.S. § 780-113(a)(16) and (32)]
because Mr. Rizzo may not be charged and is entitled to
immunity under [35 P.S. § 780-113.7(a)(2)]. There is no
evidence that Mr. Rizzo committed any crime. However, the
statute applies if the reporting individual meets the
requirements to be protected by the statute because of his
actions.
I would note parenthetically that almost anyone present at
an overdose could or would be fearful of being prosecuted
for constructive possession of anything that is on site.
The contrary result would be that . . . individuals who have
committed a crime need not fear calling for help in the
event of an overdose, but individuals who have not
committed a crime should hesitate before reporting an
overdose for fear that [they or] the victim may be
prosecuted. The overarching purpose of the statute is to
encourage persons to report an overdose and to ensure that
the victim would receive . . . help.
N.T. Decision and Order, 5/7/15, at 6-7 and 8-9.
The Commonwealth filed a timely notice of appeal and now raises the
following claim:
Did the trial court err when it dismissed the charges against
[Mr. Carontenuto] pursuant to the Drug Overdose Response
Immunity Act, 35 [P.S.] § 780-113.7, concluding that [Mr.
Carontenuto], who had experienced a drug overdose event
and was found in possession of drugs and drug
paraphernalia, was entitled to immunity from prosecution
pursuant to the Drug Overdose Response Immunity statute,
for charges relating to his drug and drug paraphernalia use
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and/or possession, where the person who called the police
to report [Mr. Carontenuto’s] drug overdose event remained
on the scene and cooperated with police, but where it was
undisputed that there was no evidence that the caller
himself had committed any criminal act from which the
caller required immunity?
Commonwealth’s Brief at 4 (some internal capitalization and bolding
omitted).
The Commonwealth’s claim on appeal revolves entirely around the
proper interpretation of 35 P.S. § 780-113.7. “Because statutory
interpretation is a question of law, our standard of review is de novo[] and
our scope of review is plenary.” Commonwealth v. Hacker, 15 A.3d 333,
335 (Pa. 2011) (internal quotations and citations omitted). Further:
The principal objective of statutory interpretation and
construction is to ascertain and effectuate the intention of
the legislature. 1 Pa.C.S.A. § 1921(a). When possible,
every statute should be construed to give effect to all its
provisions. Courts must read and evaluate each section of
a statute in the context of, and with reference to, the other
sections of the statute, because there is a presumption that
the legislature intended the entire statute to be operative
and effective.
The plain language of a statute is the best indication of
legislative intent. The basic tenet of statutory construction
requires a court to construe words of the statute according
to their plain meaning. “When the words of a statute are
clear and free from all ambiguity, the letter of it is not to be
disregarded under the pretext of pursuing its spirit.” 1
Pa.C.S.A. § 1921(b).
Commonwealth v. Poncala, 915 A.2d 97, 104 (Pa. Super. 2006) (some
internal quotations and citations omitted).
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The Commonwealth’s argument on appeal is singular: it argues that
Mr. Carontenuto was not entitled to immunity because Mr. Rizzo (the
individual who reported Mr. Carontenuto’s overdose) committed no crime.
According to the Commonwealth, since Mr. Carontenuto’s immunity is
derivative of Mr. Rizzo’s immunity – and since Mr. Rizzo “did not require
immunity under subsection (a) of the immunity statute” – Mr. Carontenuto is
not entitled to immunity under subsection (c) of the statute.
Commonwealth’s Brief at 20-21. This claim fails under a plain reading of the
statute.
In the case at bar, there is no question that: 1) Mr. Rizzo reported, in
good faith, a drug overdose event to the 911 system “and the report was
made on the reasonable belief that [Mr. Carontenuto] was in need of
immediate medical attention and was necessary to prevent death or serious
bodily injury due to a drug overdose;” 2) Mr. Rizzo “provided his own name
and location and cooperated with” the 911 system; and, 3) Mr. Rizzo
remained with Mr. Carontenuto until Officer Brosius arrived. N.T. Pre-Trial
Hearing, 4/28/15, at 5-7; 35 P.S. § 780-113.7(a)(2). Therefore, Mr. Rizzo
complied with all three of the statutory requirements for immunity listed in
35 P.S. § 780-113.7(a)(2) – and, since Mr. Rizzo complied with the three
statutory requirements, under the plain terms of Section 780-113.7(a)(2),
Mr. Rizzo “may not be charged and shall be immune from prosecution . . .
for violations of [35 P.S. § 780-113(a)(16) (possession of a controlled
substance) and (32) (use or possession of drug paraphernalia)].” 35 P.S.
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§ 780-113.7(a)(2) and (b). Further, under the plain terms of Section 780-
113.7, since Mr. Rizzo “may not be charged and is entitled to immunity
under” the statute, Appellant “may not be charged and shall be immune
from prosecution” for possessing a controlled substance and using or
possessing drug paraphernalia. 35 P.S. § 780-113.7(c).
The Commonwealth argues that, “because [Mr. Rizzo] had not
committed any of the enumerated offense[s], he did not require immunity
under subsection (a) of the immunity statute. Consequently, [Mr.
Carontenuto] is not entitled to [] derivative immunity under subsection (c).”
Commonwealth’s Brief at 21. This argument is not well taken.
At the outset, the plain terms of the statute contain no probable cause
requirement for the “person who . . . reported and remained with” the
overdose victim – and the plain terms of the statute do not require the
“person who . . . reported and remained with” the overdose victim to have
“committed” any crime at all. Rather, the statute simply declares that, if the
reporting individual complies with the three statutory requirements
enumerated in Section 780-113.7(a)(2), that individual “may not be charged
and shall be immune from prosecution for” things such as possessing a
controlled substance and using or possessing drug paraphernalia. 35 P.S.
§ 780-113.7(a).
Therefore, under the plain terms of the statute, the Commonwealth
could not have charged Mr. Rizzo with possessing the contraband, even if it
believed Mr. Rizzo and Mr. Carontenuto jointly possessed the heroin and
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drug paraphernalia that was found in the bathroom. Further, under the plain
terms of the statute, even though the Commonwealth states it believes that
Mr. Rizzo did not possess the contraband, the Commonwealth’s belief does
not alter the fact that Mr. Rizzo “may not be charged and shall be immune
from prosecution” for the contraband found in the house.
Moreover, and on a related note, the Commonwealth’s entire position
in this case is oddly astigmatic. In effect, it is saying it believes Mr. Rizzo
and it believes that Mr. Rizzo did not use or possess any of the contraband
found at the scene – that’s why the Commonwealth did not charge him with
a crime. Moreover, since the Commonwealth believes that Mr. Rizzo is
innocent, Mr. Rizzo did not “require” immunity from prosecution, and, since
Mr. Rizzo did not “require” immunity from prosecution, Mr. Carontenuto
cannot claim immunity derivatively from Mr. Rizzo. Yet, and simply stated,
regardless of whether the Commonwealth believed Mr. Rizzo or not, the
Commonwealth could not have charged Mr. Rizzo with any crime in this case
since Mr. Rizzo complied with the requirements of Section 780-113.7(a)(2)
and was thus “entitled to immunity” under the statute. 35 P.S. § 780-
113.7(c) (emphasis added).3 As such, under the statute, Mr. Carontenuto
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3
On appeal, the Commonwealth also looks to the statutory language
contained in Section 780-113.7(a)(1) and argues:
As further evidence of the legislature’s intent, the statute
explicitly provides in subsection (a)(1) – regarding those
who transport a person who experiences a drug overdose
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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“may not be charged and shall be immune from prosecution” for possessing
a controlled substance and using or possessing drug paraphernalia. 35 P.S.
§ 780-113.7(c) and (b).
Thus, the trial court properly granted Mr. Carontenuto’s motion to
dismiss the criminal charges filed against him. Under the plain terms of 35
_______________________
(Footnote Continued)
event – that “law enforcement officers only became aware
of the person’s commission of an offense . . . because the
person transported a person experiencing a drug overdose
event.” This language renders it beyond dispute that
someone who transports a person experiencing an overdose
to get help must have committed an enumerated offense in
order to be entitled to immunity under subsection (a). . . .
Yet, if this [Court] were to accept the trial court’s
interpretation of [subsection (a)(2),] – that the person who
reports and remains under subsection (a)(2) need not have
committed an enumerated offense to be entitled to
immunity – this would lead to inconsistent results [between
cases that fall under subsection (a)(1) and subsection
(a)(2)].
Commonwealth’s Brief at 18 (internal footnote omitted).
We express no opinion on the meaning of 35 P.S. § 780-113.7(a)(1).
However, we note that, under the guise of a parity claim, the
Commonwealth is, in effect, requesting this Court to supply language that
the legislature purposefully omitted from subsection (a)(2). See
Commonwealth’s Brief at 18 n.4 (“[t]he Commonwealth acknowledges that
subsection (a)(2), pertaining to those who report and remain, does not
repeat this specific language and that in an earlier draft of this statute that
same language had been included in subsection (a)(2) and was struck”).
We will not do so. Moreover, to the extent subsection (a)(1) and subsection
(a)(2) may be read differently, we simply note that the subsections use
different language to define the scope of their respective immunities.
Therefore, if different results are obtained, the difference is a function of the
explicit language the legislature purposefully utilized.
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P.S. § 780-113.7, Mr. Carontenuto “may not be charged and shall be
immune from prosecution” for possessing a controlled substance and using
or possessing drug paraphernalia. 35 P.S. § 780-113.7(c) and (b). The
Commonwealth’s claim on appeal fails.
Order affirmed. Jurisdiction relinquished.
Judge Bowes joins this Opinion.
Judge Strassburger files a Concurring Statement.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 8/31/2016
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