NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-3764-14T2
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
APPROVED FOR PUBLICATION
Plaintiff-Respondent,
December 14, 2016
v. APPELLATE DIVISION
MICHAEL RICHARD POWERS,
Defendant-Appellant.
__________________________________________________
Argued September 20, 2016 – Decided December 14, 2016
Before Judges Fisher, Ostrer and Leone.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New
Jersey, Law Division, Middlesex County,
Municipal Appeal No. 49-2014.
Michael Richard Powers, appellant, argued
the cause pro se.
Jason M. Boudwin, Assistant Prosecutor,
argued the cause for respondent (Andrew C.
Carey, Middlesex County Prosecutor, attorney;
Mr. Boudwin, of counsel and on the brief).
The opinion of the court was delivered by
FISHER, P.J.A.D.
Defendant was convicted after a trial in municipal court,
and again upon his appeal to the Law Division, of obstruction,
which occurs when, as pertinent here, a person "purposely
obstructs, impairs or prevents . . . a public servant from
lawfully performing an official function by means of . . .
physical interference . . . or by means of any independently
unlawful act." N.J.S.A. 2C:29-1(a). The State claimed that by
way of "physical interference" and by means of an "independently
unlawful act" defendant obstructed a state trooper in the
issuance of a summons for a parking violation at a New Jersey
Turnpike rest stop. We conclude that defendant could not be
convicted of obstruction by means of "an independently unlawful
act" but remand for further findings as to what the judge
believed constituted "physical interference."
In considering defendant's argument about the sufficiency
of the evidence,1 we start by recognizing that, on an appeal of a
municipal conviction, a Law Division judge is "to determine the
case completely anew on the record made in the municipal court,
giving due, although not necessarily controlling, regard to the
opportunity of the magistrate to judge the credibility of the
1
Defendant's attack on the sufficiency of the evidence is posed
over the course of two points of his brief. Defendant argues in
his other points that: (1) the municipal judge failed to arraign
him as required by Rule 7:6-1; (2) the municipal judge erred in
denying his motion for a judgment of acquittal; (3) the State
"did not disprove [his] affirmative defense beyond a reasonable
doubt"; (4) the State failed to provide discovery; and (5) the
municipal judge improperly reinstated the charges when he had
previously dismissed them. Because of our disposition of the
appeal, we need not reach these other points.
2 A-3764-14T2
witnesses." State v. Johnson, 42 N.J. 146, 157 (1964). Our
review of the factual record is also limited to determining
whether there is sufficient credible evidence in the record to
support the Law Division judge's findings. Id. at 161-62; State
v. Clarksburg Inn, 375 N.J. Super. 624, 639 (App. Div. 2005).
Accordingly, we defer to those findings made in the Law Division
that are supported by credible evidence, but we owe no deference
to the legal conclusions drawn from those findings. State v.
Handy, 206 N.J. 39, 45 (2011).
By way of a written opinion, the Law Division judge found
that, on November 6, 2013, at a Woodbridge rest stop on the New
Jersey Turnpike, defendant and another motorist had parked their
vehicles in a no-parking area. A state trooper came upon these
two unoccupied vehicles and provided a dispatcher with their
license plates to ascertain whether the vehicles were stolen or
abandoned. As this occurred, defendant exited the building and
approached. The trooper asked for defendant's license and
explained he was citing defendant's vehicle because it was
parked in a no-parking area.
The trooper instructed defendant to enter his vehicle; the
trooper testified this instruction was based on his concern for
defendant's safety due to the amount of traffic at the rest
stop. Defendant did not comply. In addition, as the Law Division
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judge observed, "defendant's hands repeatedly [went] in and out
of his pockets," causing the trooper to instruct defendant not
to do that. When defendant did not comply, the trooper grabbed
defendant's wrist and again instructed him to keep his hands out
of his pockets. With that, defendant responded, "Why did you
grab me? Why did you assault me?"; he removed a cellphone from
his vehicle and dialed 9-1-1, reporting he had just been
assaulted by an officer. Upon observing defendant recite his
patrol car numbers during this phone call, the trooper called
for backup.
The trooper again instructed defendant to get in his
vehicle. Defendant again refused; he told the trooper he was an
attorney, knew his rights, and was waiting for "direction from
someone on the phone." When another trooper arrived, defendant
was arrested.
In interpreting the significance of these events, the Law
Division judge described the issue as whether defendant, "in
failing to comply with the trooper's orders to keep his hands
out of his pockets and sit in his vehicle for the duration of
the motor vehicle stop," obstructed the officer.
As noted earlier, N.J.S.A. 2C:29-1(a) declares that a
person commits the offense of obstruction "if he purposely
obstructs, impairs . . . or attempts to prevent a public servant
4 A-3764-14T2
from lawfully performing an official function by means of
flight, intimidation, force, violence, or physical interference
or obstacle, or by means of any independently unlawful act." The
Law Division judge concluded that defendant impaired the
trooper's performance by both "physical interference" and "by
means of an[] independently unlawful act," ibid., but it is far
from clear whether he drew those different conclusions from the
same facts, as suggested in his opinion by these comments:
Although [d]efendant acted without violence,
his conduct (i.e., standing outside of his
car and repeatedly putting his hands in his
pockets) directly opposed [the] [t]roop-
er['s] instructions and physically inter-
fered with the officer's ability to perform
his official duties of issuing the summons
while protecting his own safety and the
safety of others.
. . . .
Notwithstanding the [c]ourt's finding that
[d]efendant in this case did in fact
physically interfere[] with the officer's
ability to carry out his duties, the [c]ourt
also finds, supra, that even absent such
physical interference, [d]efendant is still
guilty of obstruction on the independent
basis that [d]efendant committed an unlawful
act.
In short, the judge may have relied on the same facts – that
defendant stood outside his vehicle and repeatedly put his hands
in and took his hands out of his pockets contrary to the
trooper's directions – to conclude that defendant impeded the
5 A-3764-14T2
trooper by both physically interfering and by engaging in an
independently unlawful act.
Nonetheless, it is unclear exactly how the judge believed
defendant's failure to obey the trooper's commands physically
interfered with his ability to write or issue a parking ticket.
Nor is it clear whether the judge believed defendant engaged in
additional, unspecified conduct that physically interfered with
the trooper, such as standing in his path or physically
distracting him. What constitutes obstruction may often turn on
the precise details of the charged conduct. Absent clearer
findings, we cannot determine where on the existing continuum of
similar cases2 this matter might be found.
Because of this lack of clarity and the absence of specific
findings to support the judge's conclusion that defendant
2
In State v. Rone, 410 N.J. Super. 589, 596-97 (App. Div. 2009),
the evidence was sufficient to support an obstruction conviction
where the defendant arrived at the police stop, parked her
vehicle between the stopped vehicle and the police vehicle, and
later briefly stood between the two vehicles. And, in State v.
Perlstein, 206 N.J. Super. 246, 253 (App. Div. 1985), an
obstruction conviction was affirmed where, during a motor
vehicle stop, the defendant attempted to move her car contrary
to an officer's directions. On the other hand, in State v.
Camillo, 382 N.J. Super. 113, 118 (App. Div. 2005), we held that
the defendant's refusal to provide requested information "may,
in fact, have in a real sense obstructed the trooper from
preparing his report" but that, "in the absence of physical
interference," he could not be found to have violated N.J.S.A.
2C:29-1(a).
6 A-3764-14T2
physically interfered with the trooper, we remand for further
findings.
The Law Division judge, however, was clear about the
conduct he believed constituted an "independently unlawful act."
The judge found that defendant's actions were "independently
unlawful" by force of N.J.S.A. 39:4-57, which provides that
"[d]rivers of vehicles . . . shall at all times comply with any
direction, by voice or hand, of a member of a police department"
when the officer is in the course of "enforcing a provision of
this chapter." As part of his analysis of this statute, the Law
Division judge determined the trooper was enforcing "a provision
of this chapter" when issuing a summons because the vehicle was
parked in violation of N.J.A.C. 19:9-1.6. We disagree with the
judge's application of this statute.
First, N.J.S.A. 39:4-57 has no application because
defendant was not at the time a "driver[] of [a] vehicle[]." He
was not inside the vehicle and, in fact, the State insists
obstruction occurred in part because defendant refused to enter
his vehicle at the trooper's direction; that contention
logically defies what it means to be a driver of a vehicle
whether we apply existing case law3 or the law of physics.4
3
The Legislature's definition of "driver" is not helpful in
resolving the issue presented. N.J.S.A. 39:1-1 (defining
(continued)
7 A-3764-14T2
Second, the trooper was not in the process of enforcing
what N.J.S.A. 39:4-57 refers to as "a provision of this
chapter." The statute refers only to Chapter 39. Because the
trooper was not citing defendant for a moving violation or any
provision of Chapter 39, and instead was only in the process of
writing a ticket because defendant parked in a prohibited area,
(continued)
"[d]river" as "the rider or driver of a horse, bicycle or
motorcycle or the driver or operator of a motor vehicle, unless
otherwise specified" in Chapter 39). Questions regarding the
nature of a defendant's relationship to a vehicle frequently
arise when the defendant is charged with "operat[ing] a motor
vehicle" while under the influence, N.J.S.A. 39:4-50(a). But
"operation" suggests a broader scope of conduct than "driving."
See State v. Wright, 107 N.J. 488, 491 n.1 (1987) (relying on
the definition of "operator" in N.J.S.A. 39:1-1, as "a person
who is in actual physical control of a vehicle"). In Wright, the
Court found "evidence that defendant was sitting in the driver's
seat with the headlights on and the motor running seems to be
sufficient to establish that he was the 'operator' of the car."
107 N.J. at 491 n.1. In referring to another case decided the
same day, State v. Mulcahy, 107 N.J. 467 (1987), the Court held
a defendant was operating a vehicle because he "put [the] key in
[the] ignition [with the] intent to drive [the] car." 107 N.J.
at 491 n.1 (emphasis added). Wright and Mulcahy, in short,
recognize that "driving" a car involves the guiding of the
vehicle while in motion, whereas "operating" involves some
physical control over the vehicle with an "intent to drive."
Wright, supra, 107 N.J. at 491 n.1. Either way, until modern
technology causes a revisiting of what it means to "operate" or
"drive" a vehicle, our jurisprudence does not view a person in
possession of car keys but not actually inside the vehicle as a
"driver."
4
Just as Schrödinger's cat cannot logically be observed as both
dead and alive at the same time, defendant could not be both
inside and outside his vehicle at the same time.
8 A-3764-14T2
N.J.S.A. 39:4-57 cannot form a basis for the independently
unlawful act found by the Law Division judge.
Although we agree with the judge that the obstruction
statute was intended "to prohibit a broad range of behavior
designed to impede or defeat the lawful operation of
government," Camillo, supra, 382 N.J. Super. at 116-17 (quoting
Final Rep. of the N.J. Criminal Law Revision Comm'n (1971), Vol.
II, at 280), we cannot lose sight of the fact that we are
construing the elements of a criminal offense. See State v.
Churchdale Leasing, 115 N.J. 83, 102 (1989) (holding that courts
are obligated to strictly construe ambiguous criminal and quasi-
criminal statutes). We therefore reject the invitation to
loosely interpret what it means to be a "driver[] of [a]
vehicle[]" or what constitutes a violation of Chapter 39 in
determining whether the facts found by the Law Division judge
support a conviction for obstruction.
In concluding defendant was not obligated by N.J.S.A. 39:4-
57 to comply with the trooper's commands that he remove his
hands from his pockets or enter his own vehicle, we reject the
argument that defendant engaged in an "independently unlawful
act" as the basis for his obstruction conviction. And, as noted
above, because the judge was unclear about the actions of
9 A-3764-14T2
defendant that he believed constituted "physical interference,"
we remand for further findings.
Remanded. We do not retain jurisdiction.
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