Com. v. Kohli, H.

J-S75035-16

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
v. :
:
HEMANT KOHLI, :
:
Appellant : No. 101 EDA 2016

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence entered on October 21, 2013
in the Court of Common Pleas of Chester County,
Criminal Division, No(s): CP-15-CR-0000569-2013

BEFORE: BOWES, MOULTON and MUSMANNO, JJ.

MEMORANDUM BY MUSMANNO, J.: FILED JANUARY 10, 2017

Hemant Kohli (“Kohli”) appeals, nunc pro tunc, from the judgment of

sentence imposed following his conviction of driving under the influence

(“DUI”). See 75 Pa.C.S.A. § 3802(a)(1). We reverse and remand for

resentencing.

The trial court has set forth an extensive recitation of the underlying

facts in its Opinion, which we adopt for the purpose of this appeal. See Trial

Court Opinion, 3/10/16, at 4-19.

On August 6, 2013, following a jury trial, Kohli was found guilty of one

count of DUI. The jury also found that Kohli had refused to submit to a

blood test. On October 21, 2013, the trial court sentenced Kohli to 18 to 36
J-S75035-16

months in prison, followed by two years’ probation.1 Kohli did not file a

direct appeal.

On September 8, 2014, Kohli filed a counseled Post Conviction Relief

Act (“PCRA”)2 Petition. On December 3, 2015, with agreement of the

Commonwealth, the PCRA court entered an Order granting Kohli the right to

file a nunc pro tunc direct appeal. Thereafter, Kohli filed a nunc pro tunc

appeal and a Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate Procedure 1925(b) Concise

Statement.

On appeal, Kohli raises the following questions for our review:

1. Whether the evidence was insufficient as a matter of law to
sustain [Kohli’s] conviction for [DUI]?

2. Did the Common Pleas Court [err] in imposing a minimum
mandatory sentence?

Brief for Appellant at 2.

In his first claim, Kohli contends that the evidence was insufficient to

support his conviction. Id. at 7. Kohli argues that he only had one drink

approximately seven hours prior to the vehicle stop; when he stopped his

vehicle at the stop sign, the vehicle only slightly went past the sign; he was

able to pull over when the officer engaged his emergency lights; and there

was no other evidence of erratic driving. Id. at 8-9. Kohli asserts that he

1
At sentencing, the trial court noted that the conviction at issue in this case
was Kohli’s third DUI conviction in a ten-year period. N.T., 10/21/13, at 5,
9.
2
See 42 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 9541-9546.

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J-S75035-16

passed the first field sobriety test and only exhibited signs of impairment on

the “walk and turn test and [the] one leg test.” Id. at 9. Kohli further

denies that he slurred his speech, had bloodshot eyes, admitted to drinking

alcohol, or engaged in any extreme behavior. Id. Rather, Kohli claims that

he was coherent at the time of the stop. Id. Kohli also contends that there

was no blood alcohol or drug testing conducted to demonstrate that he was

under the influence. Id. Kohli argues that he refused to submit to a blood

test because he was battling a skin disorder and was prone to infection from

a needle. Id. Kohli asserts that he should have been provided an

alternative chemical test, and that such a test could have rebutted the

Commonwealth’s allegations. Id. at 9-10.

The trial court set forth the relevant law, addressed Kohli’s sufficiency

claim and determined that it is without merit. See Trial Court Opinion,

3/10/16, at 2-21. We adopt the trial court’s sound reasoning for the

purpose of this appeal. See id.

In his second claim, Kohli contends that his mandatory minimum

sentence was illegal based upon Alleyne v. United States, 133 S. Ct. 2151

(2013). Brief for Appellant at 11.3 Kohli argues that his sentence is illegal

3
Kohli’s failure to include this legality claim in his Rule 1925(b) Concise
Statement does not result in waiver. See Commonwealth v. Henderson,
938 A.2d 1063, 1065 n.1 (Pa. Super. 2007) (stating that appellant’s failure
to include a legality of sentence challenge in his Rule 1925(b) concise
statement did not result in waiver, as such a claim cannot be waived where
jurisdictional requirements are met).

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J-S75035-16

because the jury did not find beyond a reasonable doubt all facts necessary

to require imposition of a mandatory minimum sentence. Id.4

Section 3804(c)(3) states the following:

(c) Incapacity; highest blood alcohol; controlled
substances.--An individual who violates section 3802(a)(1) and
refused testing of blood or breath or an individual who violates
section 3802(c) or (d) shall be sentenced as follows:

***

(3) For a third or subsequent offense, to:

(i) undergo imprisonment of not less than one year;
(ii) pay a fine of not less than $2,500; and
(iii) comply with all drug and alcohol treatment requirements
imposed under sections 3814 and 3815.

75 Pa.C.S.A. § 3804(c)(3).

Here, the mandatory minimum sentence was imposed based upon

Kohli’s prior convictions, his violation of section 3802(a)(1), and his failure

to consent to a blood test. See N.T., 8/6/13, at 63-64. Prior to addressing

Kohli’s claim on appeal, we will first determine whether the imposition of the

mandatory minimum sentence violated the recent United States Supreme

4
We note that Kohli does not identify the “fact” that the trial court utilized in
imposing the mandatory minimum sentence. See Pa.R.A.P. 2119(a) (stating
that the argument must contain “such discussion and citation of authorities
as are deemed pertinent.”). Here, Kohli was subject to the mandatory
minimum sentence under 75 Pa.C.S.A. § 3804(c)(3). See N.T., 10/21/13,
at 21.

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J-S75035-16

Court holding in Birchfield v. North Dakota, 136 S.Ct. 2160 (2016).5 In

Birchfield, the Supreme Court concluded that “a breath test, but not a

blood test, may be administered as a search incident to a lawful arrest for

drunk driving.” Birchfield, 136 S. Ct. at 2185. Additionally, the Supreme

Court held that blood tests taken pursuant to implied consent laws are an

unconstitutional invasion of privacy. Id. at 2186. The Supreme Court

stated that “motorists cannot be deemed to have consented to submit to a

blood test on pain of committing a criminal offense.” Id.; see also id.

(concluding that the petitioner could not be convicted of refusing a

warrantless blood draw following an arrest for driving under the influence).

As the Birchfield Court held that the practice of criminalizing the

failure to consent to blood testing following a driving under the influence

arrest was unconstitutional, the trial court improperly relied upon section

3804(c)(3) in imposing a mandatory minimum sentence upon Kohli.

Because there was no statutory authority to impose the sentence, we must

reverse the sentence and remand for resentencing.6

5
We note that sentencing issues which implicate a court’s statutory
authority to impose a sentence implicates the legality of sentence.
Commonwealth v. Foster, 17 A.3d 332, 342 (Pa. 2011). While this issue
was not raised by the trial court, the Commonwealth, or Kohli, it is well-
settled that legality of sentence questions may be raised sua sponte by this
Court. Commonwealth v. Wolfe, 106 A.3d 800, 801 (Pa. Super. 2014).
6
Based upon our disposition, we need not further address Kohli’s bald
Alleyne challenge.

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J-S75035-16

Judgment of sentence reversed. Case remanded for resentencing.

Jurisdiction relinquished.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 1/10/2017

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 Circulated 11/16/2016 02:57 PM

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COMMONWEAL TH OF PENNSYLVANIA IN THE COUR.T OF COMMON PL.EA.S

CHESTER COUNTY, PENNSYLV/\NI/\

CRIMIN/\L ACTION

NO. 569-'13

SUPERIOR CT. NO. 101 EDA 2016

$TATEfvlENT Of TH!;__COUJ3I

11 On December 30, 2015, Defendant filed a timely appeal following the court's
I,· I

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December 3, 2015 wanting of his nunc pro tune appeal request An appeal having been
1,1

II II
II taken, pursuant to Pa.RAP. ·J 925(a), the following statement is submitted.
l
On August 6, 2013, a jury found Defendant guilty of driving under the influence, in I
violation of 75 Pa.C.S.A § 3802(a)(1 ). The jury also found that Defendant refused to

submit to a blood test. Defendant was sentenced on October 21, 2013.
lI On September 8, 2014, Defendant filed a Post Conviction Relief Act Petition. On
II
f I Se pte m be r 17, 2014, an Order was entered directing the C ommonwe a Ith to file an

11 Answer within 45 days. The Commonwealth filed an Answer on October 29, 2014. On

!I March 4, 2015, an Order was entered directing Defendant to comply with 42 f:la.C.S.f-\. §
11
9545(d).(1), which requires signed certifications from each intended witness when an

I evidentiary hearing is requested.

After Defendant complied with the certification requirement, an Order was entered
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on May 27, 2015, scheduling an evidentlary hearing to be held on June 24, 2015. On
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j ! June 15, 2015, Defendant's request for a continuance of the hearing was granted and the

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hearing was rescheduled for August 3, 2015. 011 July 27, 20·15, Defendant's request for
I
11
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1,
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 II a continuance of the hearing was granted and the hearing was rescheduled for
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September 16, 20'15. On September 14, 2015, Defendant's request for a continuance of i
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the hearing was ~Jranted and the hearinq was rescheduled for October 13, 2015. II
Following the evidentiary hearing, and with the agreement of the Commonwealth,
11

an Order was entered on December 3, 2015 granting Defendant's request to file an
I
I

appeal nunc pro tune. On December 30, 20·1 s, Defendant filed a Notice of Appeal and

included a Statement of Matters Complained of on Appeal. Defendant alleges that the

evidence was insufficient to support the verdict and that the verdict was against the

weight of the evidence.1 Vl/e wil first address the sufficiency of the evidence claim and

then address the weight of the evidence claim.

Sufficiencyof the Evidence:

The standard for reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence is "whether the
!
j I J evidence, viewed in the !ight most favorable to the Commonwealth as verdict winner, is
I
sufficient to enable the fact-finder to find every element of the crime beyond a
I
i reasonable doubt." ~ommonwealth v. Matthew, 909 A.2d 1254, 1256-57 (Pa. 2006),

citing Commonwealth v. Williams, 896 A.2d 523, 535 (Pa. 2006), cert. denied, 127 S.Ct.

II 1253 (2007), and Common1J>{g_,.:lith v. Randolph, 873 A.2d 1277, 1281 (Pa. 2005), cert.

I,' I denied, 547 U.S. 1058, 126 S.Ct. 1659 (2006).
I
In addition, all reasonable inferences drawn from the evidence must be viewed in]
11
I, ~omm_QlJ.Y:LEi~l!!J v. McCol!um, 926 A.2d I
Ii the light most favorable to the Commonwealth.
527, 530 (Pa.Super. 2007), quoting ~Qp,monwealth v. Earr!...8-.?1, 563 A.2cl 158, 159 I'
I I
(Pa.Super. 1989). "The test is whether the evidence, thus viewed, is sufficient to prove I
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11 ······--·--···-·------ --· .. -·--····-····· ..· - I
,·
,I : Defendant's Statement of Matters Complained of on Appeal states "the judge's verdict of guilty,'' !
i
11 2 I
 I;

'I l guilt beyond a reasonable doubt." tv1cColiLHl1, 926 A.2d at 530, citing 9omrngnw~~l!h v.

iI §.werd low. 636 A. 2d 1173 (Pa .Super. 1994). "This standard is equally applicable to I
I cases where the evidence is circumstantial rather than direct so long as the '

i combination of the evidence links the accused to the crime beyond a reasonable

doubt." McCgJ!!J.rn. 926 A.2d at 530, quoting Swerdlow, 636 A.2d at 1 '176.

A conviction must be based on more than mere suspicion or conjecture,

however, the Commonwealth does not need to establish guilt to a mathematical
I
certainty. fv1Q_~ol_[um, 926 A.2d at 530, quoting ,Con1n1onwealth v. Badman. 580 lt2d
I 1367, 1372 (Pa.Super. 1990). "Moreover, the facts and circumstances established by

the Comrnonwealth need not preclude every possibility of innocence." Q.QJJllllQJlW??.l.tb.

v. Marrero, 914 A.2d 870, 872 (Pa.Super. 2006), citing Commonwealth v. Bullick, 830

:!. A.2d 998, 1000 (Pa.Super. 2003).
!
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i Tile court may not weiqh the evidence and substitute its judqment for the fact-
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1 1. finder. lei.:. "Any doubts regarding a defendant's quilt may be resolved by the fact-finder
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j' unless the evidence is so weak and inconclusive that as a matter of law no probability I

I I of fact may be drawn from the combined circumstances." jl,1arrero, 914 A.2d at 872, '

[' citing Commonwealth v. DiStefan_Q, 782 A.2d 574, 582 (Pa.Super. 2001). app. denied, I
I
I 1 806 A.2d 858 (Pa. 2002) When evaluating the credibility of lhe witnesses and 11

I!
I
I. evidence as well as the weiqht of the evidence, the fact-finder is free to believe all, part, I
I

I i ~~~,:~::: t::o~i.d::;e ::,:i:::t::4 :::,;::~::lt:o:;~::~t~:gB :o::;::~~:::~ I

however. the verdict of guilty was found by a jury. not the judge.
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Stevenson, 894 A.2d 759, 77 3 (Pa .Super. 2006), app. denied, 917 A.2cl 846 (Pa,
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I! 2007).

ii The uncorroborated testimony of one victim, if believed by the trier of fact, is
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II
lI, I sufficient to convict a defendant, if all the elements of a crime are established beyond a
I
reasonable doubt. Q..9rn1T1011yve_9_Wl.Y,JY1s.£.ti, 850 A2cJ 690, 693 (Pa.Super. 2004), citing\
I
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I .G.QtDrn211wea!tl1_v._D_~'{is, 650 A.2d 452, 455 (Pa.Super. 1994), app. granted, 659 A.2ci
I I
11 557, affirmed, 674 A.2d 214 (Pa. ·1996). Hie Commonwealth presented two witnesses
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II and Hie Defendant presented four witnesses.
II
I Fingin_g_$ of Fact:. I
I! II
I Officer David Warrl!e testified at trial that he had been a patrol officer with Caln I
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I Township Police Department for over eleven years. (N.T., 8/5/13, p. 38). Prior to Caln \
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! I Township he served in three other police departments. Id.,_ Overall, he had served over I
'I I
fifteen years as a police officer. lei. I
I Office Wardle testified that on January 1, 20·13, at approximately 5:20 AM, he
l
11 was driving in an unmarked patrol vehicle northbound on Municipal Drive in Caln
!I
! Township, Chester County. (l'.JT., 8/5/13, pgs. 3~J, 71 and 7l3). His vehicle was the oniy I
I! I
II one on Municipal Drive at the time. (N .T., 8/5/'l 3, p. 70). He stopped at the four 1Nay I
I, I
!I stop sign at the intersection of G.D. Carlson Boulevard. (NT, 8/5/13, pqs. 39, 71 and I
76). Out of habit, he had his vehicle window cracked open. (N.T., 8/5/13, pgs. 39 and
I
70). While stopped, he heard a vehicle corning toward the intersection at a high rate
I:
of speed; it was going eastbound on G.O. Carlson Boulevard. (N.T., 8/5/13, pgs. 39-40
II
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j I and71-72).
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4
 Specifically, he heard the sounds of the engine and the wheels on the road,

which sounded like they were going fast. (!\LT., 8/5/13, p.40). Office Wardie testified
I i

that he stayed stopped because he did not want to go through the intersection . .kl_ He
I
II; observed the headlights cominq and they appeared to be corning at a high rate of
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speed. Id..,_ The officer ciid not think the vehicle would stop. 19..:. J\t the last second, the
I
driver' applied the brakes and the vehicle came to a screeching halt, "as much as
I!
1 •

11
antilock brakes can come to a screeching halt." kl He heard the wheels chirping as
'I I
the brakes clicked on and off. J_~L.
I The officer testified that the vehicle did stop but that it was partially past the stop
Il II sign and into the intersection. (f\J.T., 8/5i13, pgs. 40 and 73). He used Exhibits C-1

11 and C-2 as visual aids to demonstrate the roadways, the directions of travel and

I
I I locations of his vehicle and Defendant's vehicle. (N.T, 8/5/13, pgs. 41-45). When
! I

Defendant's vehicle came to a stop, most of the vehicle had crossed over the stop line.
· 1

(N.T., 8/5/'l 3, pgs. 45 and 73).
· 1

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Office VVardle initiated his emergency reel and blue lights, put his window down

!
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the rest of the way and turned left onto G.O. Carlson Boulevard to pull up right next to
II
I, Defendant's vehicle. (N.T., 8/5/13, pgs. 45 and 77-78). The officer testified that he put \
J,
his hand out the window in an open manner and motioned for Defendant to stop. (N.T., J

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815/13, pgs. 45-46 and 78). He wanted to get Defendant's attention to slop and talk lo I
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him. (N.T., 8/5/13, p.45). He demonstrated in court how he signaled to Defendant, with
I
his left hand, the universal sign for stop. (N.T., 8/5/13, p.46).
:1... I
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1,

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,! ,I ;, Officer Wardie id,3ntifieci Defendant as the driver of tile vehicle. (J-..J.T., 13/5/13, pgs. 53-54).
,
I/ .

c
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 11 I
11 Defendant failed to stop and accelerated eastbound at a high rate of speed.
I: I I

Il
11 (N.T., 8/5/13, pgs. 46 and 78). Officer Wardle kept his emergency lights on, made a
i I
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Ii three-point turn to start following Defendant and activated his siren as well. (N.T., j
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I! 8/5/13, pgs. 46-t48). The officer followed Defendant into the Thornridge development \
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11 ! where Defendant stopped his vehicle and got out. (N.T., 8/5i13, pgs. 48, 54, 78 and

80). Officer Wardle stopped his patrol car behind Defendant's vehicle. (N.T., 8/5/13, I
1 i
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Ii p. 48). I
i

11
JI Defendant had exited nis vehicle and the officer instructed him to get back in the I

. II i

I car. (N.T., 8/5/13, pgs. 48 and 52-53). Defendant failed to comply. (N.T., 8/5/13,

II !
I p.53). Defendant stated that he did not see the police vehicle at the stop sign. (N .T.,
,·
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11 8/5/13, p. 188). Office Wardle observed that Defendant was unsteady on his feet when j

1
ii standing, swaying frorn side to side, almost staggering. (N.T., 8/5/13, pgs. 53-54 and I
1 81 ). Defendant was not falling over, but the officer testified that he had to assist him a
,1. I
il couple of times during the encounter. (N.T., 8/5/13, pgs. 54 and 81). The officer could
,,
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smell a strong odor of alcoholic beverage coming from Defendant. (N.T., 8/5/13, pgs.

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53-54).

Officer \/Vardle described the training and experience he had received with

IJ regard to interacting with people that may be under the influence of alcohol. (N.T.,

I,' I 8/5/13, p. 55). He had training at the police academy for one year, including training in

i DUI detection, field testing and how to properly stop a vehicle. (N.T., 8i5tl 3, pgs. 55

and 69-70). Officer Wardle takes updated mandatory trnining once a year. (N.T.,
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8/5/B, p. 69).
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!11 i
1, He had personally investigated about 75 DUI cases and had assisted numerous
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1111
officers with their cases and field tests. (N.T, 8/5/13, p. 55). Also, during his 15 years
1
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,I as a police officer. he very frequently dealt with people who were under the influence oi
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alcohol in non-DUI related settings. kl In his personal life, he has frequently had the II
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I! opportunity to come into contact v,;ith people who are under the influence of alcohol. ld 0 I
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11r 1
Based on his training and experience, when he does a traffic stop Officer Wardle I
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!I looks at the following for indicia of someone being under the influence of alcohol: " ...
I'I! I
physical observations, how they move, how they talk, the look in their eyes, the things I
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i that they say, the manner of their speech, whether it's slurred or clear." (N.T .. 8/5/'13.
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pgs. 55-56).
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Officer Wardle testified that Defendant told him that he had a few drinks at a I
11 friend's house earlier and that he was trying to go home. (N.T., 8/5/13, p.56). The
1, I
I:
i officer further testified that Defendant then asked him " ... numerous times if I knew who Ii
·11I I

'1 he was He asked me numerous times, also, if we had reached the point in life that we I
I, were all losing. And then, again, he was going to be the next President of the United l
States. And he asked me if I would like him to have Obama call to verify it." ld"-

I
I, I Defendant started making the statements almost immediately when the officer started 11

I\ interacting with him, well before he was placed under arrest for DUL (N.T., 8/5/13, p.
I 1
188).
11I,

II Their encounter lasted a little over a half an hour and during that time, Defendant!
I
11 I
11
asked the officer five or six times if he knew who Defendant was and that he would be I
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!I !I
lii I the next President of the United States. (N.T., 8/51'13, pgs. 56-57 and 188). Defendant I
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j
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!11 I I
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II I I
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 i
!l
11 also to!d him five or six times that he would have President Obama give the officer a

I call. (N.T., 8/5/13, p.57):.

Based on Officer Wardle's life experience he would not describe Defendant as

'\ saying it in a joking or sarcastic manner. (N.T., 8/5/13, p. 188). It sounded like drunken
I,
rambling to the officer. Id. Based on his training and experience, the officer formed the j
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opinion that Defendant was under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs and that givin9
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i I
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field sobriety tests would be appropriate. (NT, 8/5/13, pgs. 57 and 82). This opinion I
'I
Ir
I was based upon Defendant's unsteady gait, his swaying side to side; his cryptic
I
questions; the things he Was saying, his slurred speech and the odor of alcohol. (N.T., I
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8/5/13, p.57). I
iII
'II Officer Wardle testified that that he generally uses three field sobriety tests and
I
I!
he gave Defendant the three tests during the incident in question.
I' (N.T., 8/5/13, pgs.

58 and 83). First he asked Defendant to say the alphabet and Defendant recited it
II
fine. kl Next, the officer used two physical tests to determine Defendant's ability to
I hold his balance and follow instructions. (f\J.T., 8/5/13, p. 58).
I
For the one leg stand test, Officer Wardle testified that he instructs suspects to
I
i
stand with their feet together, hands at their side so that they can focus on what he is
I
telling them. kl Officer Wardle holds that position as well. Id. He stated, "[Tlhe

instruction is to lift whichever foot you choose six inches off the ground, then count to

I 2,0 by thousands, one, 1,000: two, 1,000. And I do explain, not all the way to 30, but I

i.;!'• I wil count and say to three or four, just so they understand the test" kl He also asks if

I!
11 there is anything wrong with the suspect's legs, knees or hips that might prohibit doing 1.
I
l I I
! i the physical test. (N.T., 8/5/13, pgs. 59-60). Officer Wardle demonstrated for the jury
:I
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i 11'

how he instructed Defendant to do the test. ht He testified that Defendant said he was]
I
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fine in response to the question about any !eg, knee or hip issues. (hJ.T., 8/5/13, p.

60).
I I
I The officer stated that ideal road conditions for field sobriety tests, would be a
I
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11 flat surface with no obstructions or gravel. (N.T., 8/5/'13, pqs. 58-59). During the
!'II
i
! ! incident in question, Defendant and Officer VVardle vvere on a good, flat, level, dry I
I
;I
surface. (N.T., 8/5/13, p. 59).

Ii l When asked howDefendant performed on the test, the officer responded, "[a]!
I
the count of three, he had to put his foot down for balance. He started over at the count

i I of four. He had to put his foot down for balance again." (f\l.T., 8/5/'13, pgs. 60 and 83).

11 At that point. Defendant asked the officer if he could perform another test. (N .T.,
11

I!I! r;r..1-1
..l _:1 "',.::, • ·1 .
I- 6'0) .

! Officer Wardle explained the walk and turn test to Defendant. kl He

demonstrated and described the test to the jury as he had described it to Defendant on
I,
11 the morning in question. (N.T., 8/5/13, pgs. 60-61). Specifically, the officer stated,"!,
.I II
lIi ! again. would have them hold position. in a mirror position. Have them put their right
11
IIii foot in front. i mirror the left foot in front of the right foot so there is no confusion, keep
Ii
Ii hands at side while I explain the test. He is to walk hee! to toe nine steps, counting out
I
with each step, turn, come back nine heel to toe steps. I will generali:/ demonstrate

I how to do it appropriately." (N.T., 8/5/13, p. 61).
II J The officer testified that he did not recall if he demonstrated all nine steps for
II
I' I
11 Defendant, it might have been five or six, but he did demonstrate the steps and the turn\

11 for him. Id. He demonstrated for lhe jury how he showed Defendant how to make the I
11
, 1
II
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I. '.:J I
 !l
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turn, as a "pivot where you are, nothing extravagant," before taking the heel to toe steps
11
! i back. lit Regarding Defendant's performance of the test, Officer Wardle stated that
! I I
I;
i! Defendant was able to put one foot in front of the other, but used his arms out at the I
I;
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I I side for balance. J_c;L
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The purpose of field sobriety tests is to help tile officer determine whether
11
i
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Ii someone is under the influence of alcohol. (N.T, 3/5/13, p. 62). To make that I
Ii Ij
r I determination, the officer looks for "how they pay attention to the instructions, how they
11 I
perform. Also, with the counting, it helps to see what their mental facilities are. Are
11
,I
I they counting in order? Are they hesitating, thinking about what the next number is?
I
11 And, then also, their balance, how well they carry themselves." lI:L
!I•i
i'
'I Based upon his training and experience, the officer determined that Defendant
I failed the one legged stand test. Id. This opinion was forrned because Defendant was
I
II only able to go to three or four steps before putting his foot down for balance. (N.T.,

· 1 8/5/13, pgs. 62-63). Officer \i\/ardle also detennined that Defendant failed the walk and
1.
I11 I
turn test because he did not follow instructions and he used his arms outstretched for
I!
Ii balance. (r\J.T., 8/5/13, p. 63).
1 ·

I
I At this point during their interaction, the officer had formed the opinion that
I

I Defendant was under the influence of alcohol and incapable of safe driving. JJ.L He

based this opinion on the totality of the circumstances. including the following: his

observation of Defendant rolling through the stop sign, the high rate of speed, applying

the brakes heavily at the last second, not following the officer's instruction to get back in

the car, Defendant's unsteady manner, the swaying. slurred speech, the odor of

alcoholic beverage, his questions to the officer of "have we reached a point where we're
 Ii

ij
i
:, I all losinq? Do I know who he is. that he is going to be the next president" and the field
11

!I
I. sobriety testing results. (N.T., 8/5/13, pgs. 63-64 and 88).

11
At some point durin9 the officer's interactions with Defendant, he called Officer

ti Pohlig to assist at the scene. (N.T., 8/5/13, p. 64). Officer V\/ardle placed Defendant
I j

under arrest, put him in the back of the patrol car and told Defendant that they were
11
, , goin9 to go to Brandywine Hospital for a chemical test of his blood. (N.T., 8/5/13, pgs.
! I
Ii 64 and 84). The procedure for a chemical test entails a phlebotornist drawing two tubes
ilj I
of blood that wi!I get sent to the State Police lab where an analysis vvill be done to

I
lj
determine the blood alcohol content. (NT., 8/5/'13, p. 64).

II
'I
Prior to leaving the scene, Officer Wardle asked Defendant if he would submit to I
11 the blood test. (N.T., 8/5/'!3, p. 189). Defendant responded that he would not submit to!
!I
11 the test because he had a couple of prior DU!s and Defendant did not mention that he
11
11
had a skin rash or medical condition as the reason to not submit to the test.' (N.T.,
I I
8/5/13, pgs. ·1 sg-·191 ). Defendant did not mention a fear or concern of needles to the

I'
t
officer, nor did Defendant ask for another form of testing for alcohol. (N.T., 8/5/"13, p.
1,
! I

II 190).

'\ Once at the hospital, but prior to the blood draw, the officer is required by law to
I

read the Implied Consent Form to all people that are requested to submit to a chemical

test. (N.T., 8/5/13, pgs. 64-65). The Implied Consent form is Form DL 2G issued by

PennDOT. (N.T., 8/5/13. p. 65, Exhibit C-3). Officer Wardle read the DL 26 form to
I
Defendant as follows:
i
I -----·-·-·--------·-----
! 3
i The court gave a cautionary instruction to the jury about Defendant's statement to the officer. The court
instructed the jury that the evidence can only be considered in assessinq the c,·edibiiity of the witness and
it is not to be used as evidence of his guilt or innocence cf the crimes charged in this case. {NT, 8/5/13,
I pqs. 189-190).

11

IiI, 11
 It is my duty as a police officer to inform you that of the
follovving: You are under arrest for driving under the influence of
alcohol or controlled substance in violation of Section 3802 of the
Vehicle Code.
I am requesting that you submit to chemical test of blood _1;
If you refuse to submit to the chemical test, your operating
privileges will be suspended for at least ·12 months. If you
previously refused a chemical test. or previously wese convicted of
driving under the influence, you wil! be suspended for up to '18
months.
!n addition, if you refuse to submit to the chemical test, ano
you are convicted of violating Section 3802(a)(i), relating to
impaired driving of the Vehicle Code, and because of your refusal,
you will be subject to more severe penalty set forth in Section
3804(c) relating to penalties of the Vehicle Code.
These are the same penalties that would be imposed if you
I were convicted of driving with a high rate of alcohol, which included
a minimum of 72 consecutive hours in jail and minimum fine of
II $'1,000, up to maximum five years in jail and maximum fine of
II $10,000.
11
1 ·
You have no right to speak with an attorney or anyone else
i
11
before deciding whether to submit to testing. 'If you request to
speak with an attorney 01· anyone else after being provided these
I
II I warnings, or you remain silent when asked to submit to chemical
I'II testing, you will refused (sic) the test resulting in the suspension of
your operating privilege and other enhanced criminal sanctions if
I',I you are convicted of violating Section 3802(a) of the Vehicle Code.
ij Il (N.T., 8/5/13, pgs. 65-68, 85 and Exhibit C-3).

After the officer finished reading this to nim, Defendant refused to submit to the
II testing. (f\J.T., 8/5/13, pgs. 68 and 85). Defendant essentially said, "no." (N.T., 8/5/13,
I

pgs. 68 and 191 ). Officer Wardle asked him to submit to the chemical testing of blood
I
II twice, once at the scene ofthe stop and once at the hospital. (N.T., 8/5/13, pgs. 68, 84

Ii and'191). After Defendant refused to give a sample, the officer took him home. (N.T.,

8/5/13, p. 68).

I
;I ----···-----··------
,: At trial. Officer V\lardle explained lo the jury that the 01.26 form has a blank line in whicl1 they handwrite

'I,I the substance which they are requesting to test. In this case the substance was blood. (N.T., 8i5/13, p.
66 and Exhibit C-3).

II
\I II
I;
i
I!
I1, I Officer Timothy Patrick Pohliq testified that he has been a police officer with Caln
11
I I
j Township Police Department since ·1999. (N.T., 8/5/13, p. 89). He has completed

I numerous trainings with the Pennsylvania State Police on identifying people under the
!
influence and standardized field sobriety tests. (NT, 8/5/13, pgs. g·J-92). Within the

training, test subjects would consume different amounts of alcohol so that they could

view various levels of sobriety and intoxication. (NT, 8/5/13, p. 92).

Officer Pohlig testified that some indicia of being under the influence that they

are trained to look for in people include slurred speech, unsteady gait and odor of

alcohol. Jd 0 At the time of trial he had made almost a hundred DUI arrests throughout
I
I!! I his 15 year cmeer as an officer. (N.T., 8/5/13, p. 9'1). He also had a lot of interactions

with people who were under the influence, but not in a DUI setting. (N.T., 8/5/'13, p.
iI
II O')\
V•-)·
11
l
He was on duty on January 'l, 2013 when he was asked to assist Officer Wardle I
I
with the traffic stop on Thornridge Drive. (N.T., 8/5/13, pgs. 89-90). Officer Pohlig
1,
I I observed that Defendant had a staggering gait, he stumbled a bit when he walked, his
Ii
1 speech was slurred and he appeared to be under the influence of some sort of
!I
iI substance. (N.T . 8/5/13, pgs. 90-91 and 93). The officer did not get close enough to

Defendant to smell any alcohol because he was there to assist and needed to keep a

reactionary distance away from him. (N.T., 8/5/13, p. 93).

Defendant tried to.enqaqe Officer Pohlig in conversation, but the officer did not

respond. (N.T; 8/5/13, pgs. 93 and 95-96). Defendant was rambling about being the

next president and saying "mumbo jumbo." (N.T., 8/5/13, p. 94). Defendant's speech

was slurred and ver''J' incoherent. !d. "It Just didn't make any sense." Jil

13
 lryian Chaudhry, a friend of Defendant for a couple of years, testified that he and

Defendant went to a ~Jew Year's Eve party on December 31, 2012 at a restaurant
I
j Defendant's other friend owns .. (r,J.T., 8/5/13. pgs. ·109-·110). Defendant picked up Mr. j
I
l
Ji
i Chaudhry and drove him to the restaurant. JJ;L Trlf!J arrived at about 10:00 P.M. (f\J.T., I

J, I 8/5/'13. p. 1 ·11). Defendant introduced him to some people, they ate some food and I
then had a drink. l