COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Chief Judge Huff, Judges Russell and AtLee
PUBLISHED
Argued at Richmond, Virginia
MANNEH VAY
OPINION BY
v. Record No. 0053-16-2 JUDGE WESLEY G. RUSSELL, JR.
JANUARY 31, 2017
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF CHARLOTTESVILLE
Edward L. Hogshire, Judge
Charles L. Weber, Jr., for appellant.
Lauren C. Campbell, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. Herring,
Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Manneh Vay, appellant, was convicted, in a jury trial, of rape in violation of Code § 18.2-61,
sodomy in violation of Code § 18.2-67.1, and abduction with intent to defile in violation of Code
§ 18.2-48. On appeal, he argues that the trial court erred in 1) denying appellant’s motions to strike
the evidence of abduction, 2) refusing to give a proposed jury instruction on the law of incidental
detention, 3) failing to conduct voir dire on whether appellant voluntarily waived his right to testify,
4) refusing to strike a juror for cause, and 5) its response to questions from the jury. For the reasons
stated below, we affirm.
BACKGROUND
Underlying Facts
“Under well-settled principles of appellate review, we consider the evidence presented at
trial in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party below.” Smallwood
v. Commonwealth, 278 Va. 625, 629, 688 S.E.2d 154, 156 (2009) (quoting Bolden v.
Commonwealth, 275 Va. 144, 148, 654 S.E.2d 584, 586 (2008)). This principle requires us to
“discard the evidence of the accused in conflict with that of the Commonwealth, and regard as
true all the credible evidence favorable to the Commonwealth and all fair inferences to be drawn
therefrom.” Parks v. Commonwealth, 221 Va. 492, 498, 270 S.E.2d 755, 759 (1980) (emphasis
and internal quotation marks omitted).
So viewed, the evidence established that, on September 22, 2012, the victim, L.S., then a
seventeen-year-old college student, attended a party in Charlottesville. The party was crowded,
and many of the guests were dancing. L.S. initially danced with her friends, but because of the
crowd, she became separated from her friends and began dancing with appellant. While dancing,
appellant grabbed L.S. by the waist and pushed her toward a wall. He then attempted to lift up
her skirt. L.S. characterized appellant as becoming “really forceful” and testified that she
intended to “just get away from [appellant]” when the song ended. Before she had a chance to
leave, appellant removed his penis from his pants, grabbed her hand, and forced her to touch
him. When the song ended, L.S. attempted to move away from appellant, but he grabbed her by
the waist and pushed her through the crowd of people. She explained at trial:
[T]here is a guy that I don’t know leading me somewhere, who
knows where I’m going and he has, like, control in a sense. I don’t
know how to explain it, but he is using a lot of force and I know
he’s using a lot of force because there’s [sic] so many people in
that party for him to be able to push me through people. I meant
literally people were---I was---my shoulders were bumping against
people, . . . imagine, I don’t know, there’s a crowd of people
around you and, you know, you’re trying to get to the front of the
line or something and you have to use a lot of force to get through
people or else people won’t move, so that’s what he was doing.
Appellant pushed L.S. through the kitchen, down a hallway, and into a bathroom, a
distance of forty feet. Appellant immediately locked the bathroom door behind them and tried to
remove L.S.’s skirt. L.S. tried to push his hands away and repeatedly asked him to “please stop.”
Appellant responded by telling her that she would enjoy it.
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Appellant eventually ripped off L.S.’s skirt and underwear. He then unsuccessfully tried
to penetrate L.S. from behind. Appellant pushed L.S. to the floor and pinned her down with his
body. L.S. struggled against him, repeatedly telling him to stop. Despite her efforts to resist,
appellant was able to penetrate her vagina with his penis and later with his tongue. L.S. also
testified that, at one point, appellant “pushed [her] shirt down and pushed [her] bra down and . . .
started sucking on [her] nipple . . . using so much force [that it was] . . . painful,” which caused
her to scream.
After he was finished, appellant asked L.S. for her telephone number. L.S. swore at
appellant, left the bathroom, and eventually found her friends and called police.
Charlottesville Police Officer Tara Sanchez responded to the call of a possible sexual
assault. Officer Sanchez arrived at the scene within a minute of the call and found L.S. lying on
the ground with a “disconnect[ed] look on her face.” She appeared as though she had been
crying and was breathing heavily. Officer Sanchez described L.S. as being in “almost a
hyperventilating state.” L.S. did not appear intoxicated. L.S. gave Officer Sanchez a detailed
account of the events that just had taken place and described appellant.
Kathryn Laughon, Ph.D., an associate professor of nursing at the University of Virginia,
testified as an expert in the field of sexual assault injuries. She was called to the emergency
room on September 23 at 2:30 a.m. to meet with and examine L.S. She described L.S. as tearful
and upset, but cooperative. Laughon observed bruising and redness on L.S.’s lower legs, but was
unable to conduct a complete exam because L.S. complained of pain.
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Pre-Trial Hearing
The matter was scheduled to be tried on June 10, 2013. Shortly before the trial was
scheduled to commence, appellant moved to continue the trial date. The trial court convened a
hearing on appellant’s motion for continuance on June 4, 2013.
At the hearing, appellant, by counsel, explained that certain witnesses he wished to call
had not been subpoenaed successfully and one would be out of the country on June 10th. During
the hearing, it was revealed that counsel only recently had been in touch with these potential
witnesses and had sought to compel the attendance of the witnesses only recently. In attempting
to explain why he previously had not sought issuance of the subpoenas, appellant’s counsel
indicated that he was limited in what he could say because the decision to seek the witnesses was
related to “our trial strategy[, which] has been evolving.”
The trial court responded by noting that it did not want appellant to have to reveal
anything protected by the “attorney/client privilege or [reveal trial] strategy.” The trial court
asked if the Commonwealth would allow him to discuss the issue with just appellant and his
counsel so the court would be fully aware of the reasons for the requested continuance but “any
[trial] strategy wouldn’t be disclosed to the Commonwealth . . . .” The trial court made clear it
would take this step “only if the Commonwealth doesn’t object.”
The Commonwealth did not object, and the courtroom was cleared. The trial court noted
that “for the record, the Commonwealth has left and nobody is left in the courtroom other than
the bailiff, [appellant], [appellant’s counsel], the court reporter, [and] the clerk.” At that point,
appellant’s counsel indicated that the witnesses in question were being sought to testify about
certain aspects of the party, e.g., how people ended up there, the lighting, the physical layout of
the premises, etc.
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The reason counsel had not sought the attendance of the witnesses before was that
appellant could testify about these issues; however, according to counsel, the defense recently
had decided that appellant would exercise his right not to testify, thus requiring other witnesses to
establish the facts counsel had planned to elicit from appellant. Specifically, counsel told the
trial court that
[w]e came to a point where I had a fairly frank discussion with
[appellant] and said it might be in his best interest to consider not
testifying at trial. That was fairly recent, after I’ve had several
meetings with [appellant] and came to the conclusion---we came to
that conclusion [that he would not testify].
Although present in the courtroom without any opposition present, appellant gave no
indication that counsel’s statement was anything less than absolutely accurate. Based on the
representations in the closed hearing, the trial court granted appellant’s motion for a continuance.
Trial
During voir dire, the Commonwealth asked whether anyone served as a volunteer for
groups that worked with the victims of sexual assault. One juror, a sociology professor at the
University of Virginia who is affiliated with Women and Gender Studies at the University, stated
that she had supervised students who were involved with the local Sexual Assault Resource
Agency and had done research projects on the issue of sexual assault. The juror was asked if she
would be able to “sit impartially” and make a decision in the case based solely on the evidence
presented. She responded, “Yes.” Although both parties asked additional specific questions
about her ability to be impartial, the juror continued to maintain consistently that she could be
impartial and that, if seated, she would decide the case on the evidence presented.
Appellant objected to seating the juror because “her extensive experience with sexual
assault cases and having her students volunteer with various programs has led her to a bias
against the defendant.” The court overruled the motion, stating that the juror was “unwavering
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and very credible” and that he “was listening carefully to see if there’s any hesitation and [there]
was none . . . .”
After the Commonwealth presented its evidence and rested its case, the trial court asked
appellant’s counsel, “[Y]ou’ve discussed with your client his right to testify and his right not to
testify?” Appellant’s counsel responded, “Yes, Your Honor.” The trial court asked if appellant
was exercising his right not to testify, and appellant’s counsel replied, “I believe so, Your
Honor” and “I haven’t discussed that with him very recently, so I will discuss that with him
again.” The trial court stated, “That’s fine, . . . I want to give you ample time to do that and so
we will take a recess and let us know when you’re ready.” Appellant was present in the
courtroom during the exchange. After the recess, appellant’s counsel made a motion to strike the
abduction with the intent to defile charge. The trial court denied the motion.
Appellant then called one witness and rested his case at the conclusion of that witness’
testimony. Appellant did not testify.
Having rested his case, appellant renewed his motion to strike. Both appellant and the
Commonwealth reasserted the arguments that had been made when the motion to strike had been
made at the close of the Commonwealth’s evidence. The trial court again denied the motion to
strike.
After deliberating during the guilt phase, the jury returned guilty verdicts on all three
charges.
Jury Sentencing Phase
During the sentencing phase of the trial, the jury sent the following questions to the trial
court: “Do these 3 sentences run concurrently?” and “Can we recommend that the sentences be
served concurrently?” The trial court stated to counsel, outside the presence of the jury, “I think
the whole answer is that they don’t have the authority to . . . recommend they run concurrently.”
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The trial court then asked appellant’s counsel, “Do you agree with that?” Appellant’s counsel
replied, “I think that’s right, Judge.” The trial court proposed, “We could say imposing
concurrent sentences is not within the province of the jury.” Appellant’s counsel stated, “Yes,
that sounds right.” The Commonwealth agreed. The record indicates the trial court wrote the
response and sent it to the jury room. For the guilty verdicts on the abduction with the intent to
defile, rape, and sodomy charges, the jury recommended sentences of twenty years, five years,
and five years respectively.
Post-Trial
In a post-trial hearing, appellant indicated that he wanted to testify at trial, but because
his counsel had advised him against it, he did not. Counsel moved to withdraw, and the trial
court appointed new counsel. At sentencing, appellant repeated his desire to have testified at
trial. At that time, the trial court imposed the jury’s sentences for the three convictions;
however, the trial court ordered that both the rape and sodomy sentences be run concurrently
with the longer sentence for the abduction with the intent to defile conviction.
Appellant noted his appeal to this Court, and now asserts the following assignments of
error:
1. The trial court erred in denying [appellant]’s motion to strike
the evidence of abduction because the court, without finding facts
or analyzing the law, concluded that the issue was a matter for the
jury.
2. The trial court erred in denying [appellant]’s proposed jury
instruction on the law of incidental detention.
3. The trial court erred in denying [appellant]’s Constitutional
right to testify on his own behalf by failing to conduct a voir dire
to establish on the record whether he had knowingly and
intelligently waived such right.
4. The trial court erred in refusing to strike for cause a juror with
extensive experience teaching and supervising students at the
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University of Virginia in areas involving sexual assault from a
female perspective.
5. The trial court erred in answering two jury questions with an
incomplete and misleading statement of the law which violated
[appellant]’s fundamental right to a jury trial.
ANALYSIS
I. The Trial Court’s Ruling on the Motion to Strike
Appellant argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to strike the abduction with
the intent to defile charge. Specifically, appellant argued below that there was insufficient evidence
of
force, intimidation, [or] deception, [or] any kind of seizing,
transporting, [or] detaining of the alleged victim in this case. The
evidence was that she was with [appellant], in front of him, that he
kind of had his hands on her hips and was pushing her. I’m not
sure that would count as any kind of transport or seizure. As far as
the situation inside the bathroom, the door was shut but with regard
to her being locked in, any kind of seizure or detention at this
point, . . . anything that happens there is sort of contained within
the rape allegation . . . .
We review appellant’s challenge to the trial court’s denial of his motion to strike under
familiar principles. In the context of a jury trial, a trial court does “not err in denying [a] motion
to strike the evidence [when] the Commonwealth present[s] a prima facie case for consideration
by the fact finder.” Hawkins v. Commonwealth, 64 Va. App. 650, 657, 770 S.E.2d 787, 790
(2015). Accordingly,
[a] motion to strike challenges whether the evidence is sufficient to
submit the case to the jury. What the elements of the offense are is
a question of law that we review de novo. Whether the evidence
adduced is sufficient to prove each of those elements is a factual
finding, which will not be set aside on appeal unless it is plainly
wrong. In reviewing that factual finding, we consider the evidence
in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth and give it the
benefit of all reasonable inferences fairly deducible therefrom.
After so viewing the evidence, the question is whether any rational
trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime
beyond a reasonable doubt. In sum, if there is evidence to support
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the conviction, the reviewing court is not permitted to substitute its
judgment, even if its view of the evidence might differ from the
conclusions reached by the finder of fact at the trial.
Linnon v. Commonwealth, 287 Va. 92, 98, 752 S.E.2d 822, 825-26 (2014) (citation omitted).
Here, the trial court correctly concluded that the Commonwealth had adduced more than
sufficient evidence, if believed by the factfinder, to support the elements of abduction with the
intent to defile.1 In the first part of his motion to strike, appellant argued that there was no
evidence of the necessary “force, intimidation, [or] deception, [or] any kind of seizing,
transporting, [or] detaining” of L.S. L.S. testified that appellant forced her into the kitchen,
down a hallway, and into a bathroom, a distance of forty feet, against her will through the use of
physical force, i.e., he placed his hands on her waist, and pushed her through the crowd against
her will. He continued pushing until he had pushed her into the bathroom, where he locked the
door. Her testimony made clear that his actions created a state of both shock and fear. This
testimony, if believed by the factfinder, is more than sufficient to allow the factfinder to make a
finding of seizing, taking, transporting or detaining by force or intimidation, and thus, the trial
court did not err in denying the motion to strike in this regard.
Appellant also argued that the abduction with the intent to defile charge was not
supported by the evidence because any detention was incidental to the sex crimes, and therefore,
was subsumed within those charges. We disagree.
We acknowledge that “the General Assembly ‘did not intend to make the kind of restraint
which is an intrinsic element of crimes such as rape, robbery, and assault a criminal act,
1
The elements of abduction with the intent to defile are that the perpetrator “by force,
intimidation or deception, and without legal justification or excuse, seizes, takes, transports,
detains or secretes another person with the intent to deprive such other person of his personal
liberty or to withhold or conceal him from any person, authority or institution lawfully entitled to
his charge,” Code § 18.2-47, “with intent to defile such person.” Code § 18.2-48. Although
appellant’s motion to strike raised two arguments, both focus on the abduction elements found in
Code § 18.2-47 as opposed to the “intent to defile” element found in Code § 18.2-48.
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punishable as a separate offense.’” Hoyt v. Commonwealth, 44 Va. App. 489, 492, 605 S.E.2d
755, 756 (2004) (quoting Brown v. Commonwealth, 230 Va. 310, 314, 337 S.E.2d 711, 713
(1985)). Rather, for abduction to be punishable as a separate offense, the detention must be
“separate and apart from, and not merely incidental to, the restraint employed in the commission
of the other crime.” Brown, 230 Va. at 314, 337 S.E.2d at 713-14; Wiggins v. Commonwealth,
47 Va. App. 173, 180-81, 622 S.E.2d 774, 777 (2005).
We previously have recognized various factors to consider in determining whether an
abduction is merely incidental to some other crime. In Hoyt, we observed that
[t]hose factors are: (1) the duration of the detention or asportation;
(2) whether the detention or asportation occurred during the
commission of a separate offense; (3) whether the detention or
asportation which occurred is inherent in the separate offense; and
(4) whether the asportation or detention created a significant
danger to the victim independent of that posed by the separate
offense.
44 Va. App. at 494, 605 S.E.2d at 757 (citations omitted). Without overruling Hoyt, the
Supreme Court has held that, regarding claims that the detention was inherent in another charged
offense, “[t]he only issue . . . is whether any detention exceeded the minimum necessary to
complete the required elements of the other offense.” Lawlor v. Commonwealth, 285 Va. 187,
225, 738 S.E.2d 847, 869 (2013).
Here, the Commonwealth’s evidence, if credited, was more than sufficient to establish an
abduction that was not merely incidental to the rape and sodomy. As the Supreme Court has
stated, “we have acknowledged some degree of detention to be inherent in rape, robbery, and
assault but we have not indicated that any asportation of the victim is similarly inherent.” Id. at
n.13, 783 S.E.2d at 869 n.13 (citations omitted). Here, using physical force, appellant moved
L.S. forty feet through a crowd of people and into multiple rooms against her will. We
previously have held that this amount of asportation is sufficient to support an independent
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conviction for abduction without being subsumed by another offense. See, e.g., Massey v.
Commonwealth, 67 Va. App. 108, 136 n.14, 793 S.E.2d 816, __ n.14 (2016) (holding that a
defendant “preventing [the victim] from leaving the [studio] apartment and dragging her [from
the front door] to the bed” where she was raped supported an abduction with the intent to defile
conviction independent of the rape); Smith v. Commonwealth, 56 Va. App. 711, 723, 697 S.E.2d
14, 19 (2010) (finding that “slight” asportation occurring from defendant “lur[ing the victim] into
his home and into his bedroom by placing her under the false impression that [someone else] was
in the bedroom and wanted to see her” was sufficient asportation to support abduction with intent
to defile conviction even though the attempted rape occurred almost immediately after the victim
entered the bedroom); Wiggins, 47 Va. App. at 189, 622 S.E.2d at 781 (finding that “the victim
[being] forced to walk approximately ‘twenty-three feet’ to the front cash register and then
approximately ‘eight feet’ to the drive-through cash register, for a total of thirty-one feet . . .”
was sufficient asportation to distinguish it from cases where we found the abduction merely
incident to a robbery).
Additionally, we note that appellant’s moving L.S. from the party’s main room to a
private area and locking the door further establishes an abduction separate and apart from the
physical restraint necessary to accomplish the rape and sodomy. Although being in a private
area where people could not intervene or see may have aided in the commission of the rape and
sodomy, moving to the bathroom and appellant’s locking of the door were not necessary to
accomplish the rape and sodomy, and therefore, such actions were part of an independent
abduction and not merely detention incident to the rape and sodomy. See Coram v.
Commonwealth, 3 Va. App. 623, 626, 352 S.E.2d 532, 533-34 (1987) (holding that defendant
transporting the victim “from a location that was lighted and visible from the street to one out of
sight of potential passersby, or others who might leave or enter the victim’s apartment [was
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sufficient] asportation [to support abduction conviction because it] substantially increased the
risk of harm to the victim by decreasing the possibility of detecting his criminal activity”).
Given that the Commonwealth’s evidence, if believed by the jury, was more than sufficient to
support a conviction for abduction with the intent to defile, the trial court did not err in denying
the motion to strike.
Despite the foregoing, appellant maintains the trial court still erred regarding the motion
to strike. Appellant notes that we stated in Hoyt that
[w]hether an abduction is merely incidental to another crime is a
question of law. However, because no two crimes are exactly
alike, determining whether an abduction is incidental necessarily
requires consideration of the historical facts of each case. We
defer to the trial court’s findings of historical fact, but we review
de novo the trial court’s application of those facts to the law.
44 Va. App. at 496 n.4, 605 S.E.2d at 758 n.4. Citing the trial court’s statement, in denying the
motion to strike, that “it’s a jury issue,” appellant argues that
the trial court failed to follow established Virginia law and simply
concluded that the matter was a jury question rather than a matter
of law. The trial court neither knew nor correctly applied Virginia
law regarding incidental detention. Thus, the trial court found no
set of historical facts upon which the appellate courts might rely
and failed to address the factors cited in Hoyt to determine whether
[appellant] could be subject to two convictions (abduction and
rape) or only one conviction (rape).
We do not read the trial court’s statement as appellant does. Appellate courts do “not fix
upon isolated statements of the trial judge taken out of the full context in which they were made,
and use them as a predicate for holding the law has been misapplied.” Yarborough v.
Commonwealth, 217 Va. 971, 978, 234 S.E.2d 286, 291 (1977). In the context of the motion to
strike, the trial court’s statement that “it’s a jury issue” correctly recognizes that the jury, as
factfinder, makes the ultimate determination whether or not the events actually occurred. Implicit in
the trial court’s denial of the motion to strike is a finding that, as a matter of law, the
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Commonwealth’s evidence, if believed by the jury, was sufficient to support separate convictions
for abduction with the intent to defile and rape and sodomy. Such a conclusion is the sine qua non
of a denial of a motion to strike in the jury trial setting. See Linnon, 287 Va. at 98, 752 S.E.2d at
825 (noting that “[a] motion to strike challenges whether the evidence is sufficient to submit the
case to the jury”); Hawkins, 64 Va. App. at 657, 770 S.E.2d at 790 (holding a trial court does
“not err in denying [a] motion to strike the evidence [when] the Commonwealth present[s] a
prima facie case for consideration by the fact finder”).
As noted above, the evidence, if believed by the jury, was sufficient as a matter of law to
support a separate conviction for abduction with the intent to defile. The trial court’s recognition
that the jury was the ultimate factfinder does not mean the trial court failed to reach this
conclusion or otherwise abdicated its responsibility under our decision in Hoyt. Accordingly, the
trial court did not err in denying the motion to strike.
II. Appellant’s Requested Jury Instruction on Incidental Detention
Appellant argues the trial court erred in refusing his proposed jury instruction on the issue of
incidental detention.2 We disagree.
2
Appellant requested that the trial court give the following instruction:
I have previously instructed you that to find the Defendant guilty
of the crime of abduction with intent to defile, you must find that
he did “seize, take, transport, or detain” L.S. In most cases of rape
or sodomy, there will be some seizure or movement or detention of
the alleged victim. In order to find the Defendant guilty of
abduction with the intent to defile in this case, you must find that
any seizure or movement or detention was not merely incidental to
another crime. In deciding whether the seizure or movement or
detention is incidental to another crime, you should consider:
(1) the duration of the seizure, movement or detention; (2) whether
the seizure, movement or detention occurred during the
commission of a separate offense; (3) whether the seizure,
movement or detention which occurred is inherent in the separate
offense; and (4) whether the seizure, movement or detention
created a significant danger to the victim independent of that posed
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“As a general rule, the matter of granting and denying [jury] instructions . . . rest[s] in the
sound discretion of the trial court.” Cooper v. Commonwealth, 277 Va. 377, 381, 673 S.E.2d 185,
187 (2009). “This Court’s ‘sole responsibility in reviewing [jury instructions] is to see that the law
has been clearly stated and that the instructions cover all issues which the evidence fairly raises.’”
Bell v. Commonwealth, 66 Va. App. 479, 486, 788 S.E.2d 272, 275 (2016) (quoting Swisher v.
Swisher, 223 Va. 499, 503, 290 S.E.2d 856, 858 (1982)). “When reviewing a trial court’s refusal to
give a proffered jury instruction, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the proponent
of the instruction.” Lawlor, 285 Va. at 228-29, 738 S.E.2d at 871. We recognize, however, that
there are certain issues for which a jury instruction can never be appropriate because they
represent questions of law that the trial court, and not the jury, must resolve. See Fitzgerald v.
Commonwealth, 249 Va. 299, 305, 455 S.E.2d 506, 510 (1995) (“Questions of law lie within the
sole province of the court. As we have stated: ‘It is, indeed, a maxim of the law, almost coeval
with the institution of juries, that it is the office of the judge to respond as to the law, and the jury
as to the facts, and few rules are more essential in the administration of justice.’” (quoting Brown
v. Commonwealth, 86 Va. 466, 471, 10 S.E. 745, 747 (1890))).
Under existing Virginia precedent, whether particular circumstances support an
independent conviction for abduction as opposed to the detention being merely incident to
another offense presents just such a legal question. As noted above, this Court in Hoyt stated
that “[w]hether an abduction is merely incidental to another crime is a question of law.” 44
Va. App. at 496 n.4, 605 S.E.2d at 758 n.4. The Supreme Court has adopted this position expressly,
holding that “whether the detention established by the evidence is the kind of restraint which is
an intrinsic element of crimes such as rape, robbery, and assault is a question of law to be
by the separate offense. Hoyt v. Com., 44 Va. App. 489, 494, 605
S.E.2d 755, 757 (2004).
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determined by the court. Accordingly, the court did not err in denying the instruction.” Lawlor,
285 Va. at 229, 738 S.E.2d at 871. For the same reason, the trial court in this case did not err in
refusing appellant’s proffered instruction regarding incidental detention.3
Recognizing that the language in Hoyt is potentially fatal to his position, appellant
advances two arguments to avoid such a result. First, relying again on the trial court’s statement
in denying the motion to strike that “it’s a jury issue,” he argues that “the trial court’s ruling that
the incidental detention issue was a factual matter to be decided by the jury became the law of
the case even if that law was in conflict with the Hoyt precedent.” This argument fails, because,
as noted above, we do not read the trial court’s statement as appellant does. In the context of the
ruling on the motion to strike, the trial court’s statement is correctly understood as recognizing
both the role of factfinder that the jury plays and that, if believed, the evidence was sufficient as
a matter of law to support an independent conviction for abduction with the intent to defile.
Given our view of the trial court’s statement, the trial court did not alter or amend existing law,
and therefore, appellant’s law of the case argument necessarily fails.
Alternatively, appellant argues that we “should overrule Hoyt, reverse [appellant]’s
convictions and remand the matter to the trial court for a new trial with clear and concise
3
Appellant stresses that in refusing the proposed instruction, the trial court noted that
“[i]t’s not a model jury instruction.” See Code § 19.2-263.2 (“A proposed jury instruction
submitted by a party, which constitutes an accurate statement of the law applicable to the case,
shall not be withheld from the jury solely for its nonconformance with model jury instructions.”).
The trial court’s full stated reason was that “It’s not a model jury instruction. It might be
appropriate in terms of a legal argument that someone might make. It’s not appropriate to give
the jury case law and have them interpret that. That’s not what their role is and it’s not a model
jury instruction . . . .” (Emphasis added). Even if we assume that the trial court’s sole basis for
refusing to give the proposed instruction was that it was not a “model instruction,” that does not
constitute reversible error. For the reasons stated above, the trial court correctly refused the
instruction, and thus, would, at worst, be right for the wrong reason. Driscoll v. Commonwealth,
14 Va. App. 449, 452, 417 S.E.2d 312, 313 (1992) (“An appellate court may affirm the judgment
of a trial court when it has reached the right result for the wrong reason.”).
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instructions for the jury.”4 In making this argument, appellant notes that, in the past, members of
this Court have been critical of Hoyt. See, e.g., Wiggins, 47 Va. App. at 193, 622 S.E.2d at 783
(Kelsey, J., concurring in judgment) (noting that the rule of “Hoyt has produced an anomaly
difficult to describe and harder still to administer”).
Such criticism, no matter how valid, does not legitimize appellant’s request that we
overrule Hoyt. As a published decision of a prior panel of this Court, Hoyt is binding on us and
controls our resolution of this issue. Butler v. Commonwealth, 64 Va. App. 7, 12, 763 S.E.2d
829, 832 (2014) (“Under the interpanel accord doctrine, [a subsequent panel] lack[s] the
authority to revisit” prior published opinions of the Court of Appeals.); Startin v.
Commonwealth, 56 Va. App. 26, 39 n.3, 690 S.E.2d 310, 316 n.3 (2010) (en banc) (noting that
published panel opinions of the Court of Appeals “bind all other three-judge panels under the
interpanel accord doctrine . . .[; however,] they do not bind the Court sitting en banc”).5
4
Citing Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000), appellant argues that Hoyt is
incorrectly decided because it requires a judge rather than the jury to make a factual
determination as to whether the abduction is merely incident to another crime. Once again, this
misunderstands the inquiry. Here, the jury did determine what happened. The trial court was
(and this Court on review is) charged with reviewing the evidence that supported the jury’s
general verdict of guilty to determine whether, as a matter of law, the evidence was sufficient to
support a conviction for abduction, separate and apart from the sex crimes. As appellant
acknowledges we did in Smith v. Commonwealth, 56 Va. App. 711, 714, 697 S.E.2d 14, 15
(2010), we conduct this review under the familiar maxim that “we review the evidence in the
light most favorable to the Commonwealth” as the prevailing party below. (Internal quotation
marks and citations omitted). Furthermore, it should be recognized that our decisions in Hoyt,
Wiggins, Smith, and the Supreme Court’s decision in Lawlor all were rendered after Apprendi,
and thus, are presumed to be consistent with its reasoning. Finally, we note the United States
Supreme Court denied certiorari when Lawlor sought review of the Virginia Supreme Court’s
decision in that case. Lawlor v. Virginia, 134 S. Ct. 427 (2013).
5
We note that then Judge Kelsey’s concurrence in Wiggins, while critical of Hoyt,
concluded, as we do, that the rule of Hoyt is binding on subsequent panels of this Court.
Wiggins, 47 Va. App. at 193, 622 S.E.2d at 784 (Kelsey, J., concurring in judgment) (“I thus
concur only in the result in this case, as I believe Hoyt requires me to do.” (emphasis added)).
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Even if the interpanel accord doctrine did not prevent us from revisiting Hoyt, appellant
still would not be entitled to the jury instruction he sought. As noted above, in a subsequent
case, the Supreme Court held that “whether the detention established by the evidence is the kind
of restraint which is an intrinsic element of crimes such as rape, robbery, and assault is a
question of law to be determined by the court,” and therefore, “the [trial] court did not err in
denying the instruction” dealing with incidental detention.6 Lawlor, 285 Va. at 229, 738 S.E.2d
at 871. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in refusing to give the appellant’s proffered
instruction.
III. Lack of Voir Dire of Appellant Regarding His Election not to Testify
Appellant argues that the trial court erred in failing to conduct a voir dire of appellant to
ascertain whether he had knowingly and intelligently waived his right to testify. The
Commonwealth responds that the trial court was not obligated to engage in a colloquy with
appellant regarding his right to testify and that to the extent that this issue presents a valid claim, it is
one of ineffective assistance of counsel, which may not be raised on direct appeal. Because this
assignment presents a constitutional question, it is a question of law that we review de novo on
appeal. Shivaee v. Commonwealth, 270 Va. 112, 119, 613 S.E.2d 570, 574 (2005).
A criminal defendant has a constitutional right to testify in his own behalf. Rock v.
Arkansas, 483 U.S. 44, 49 (1987). The right is a personal one, and therefore, “the accused has
the ultimate authority to make certain fundamental decisions regarding the case, as to whether to
plead guilty, waive a jury, testify in his or her own behalf, or take an appeal . . . .” Jones v.
Barnes, 463 U.S. 745, 751 (1983) (emphasis added). With the right to testify well-established,
6
When confronted at oral argument with Lawlor’s holding in this regard, appellant
responded that the Supreme Court “got it wrong, too.” Even if we were to agree with appellant,
“we are bound by decisions of the Supreme Court of Virginia and are without authority to
overrule” them. Roane v. Roane, 12 Va. App. 989, 993, 407 S.E.2d 698, 700 (1991).
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the question becomes whether or not a valid waiver of that right can occur absent a trial court
conducting a colloquy to directly inquire of the defendant whether he wishes to waive his right to
testify.
Although a minority of courts faced with this question have required such a colloquy
under provisions of either the federal or state constitutions,7 the majority of courts have
concluded that a trial court is not required to conduct a colloquy with a defendant to determine
whether he has knowingly and intelligently waived his right to testify in his own behalf.8
Because nothing in the text of the Constitution even suggests that such a colloquy is necessary
and requiring the colloquy has the potential to do at least as much harm as good, we decline to
impose such a requirement here. We find ourselves largely in agreement with the reasoning of
the Supreme Court of Wisconsin, which, in rejecting a similar argument, held: “We decline to
recommend that a trial judge, sua sponte, advise a defendant of the right to testify. Such
admonition is subject to abuse in interpretation and may provoke substantial judicial
participation that could frustrate a thoughtfully considered decision by the defendant and counsel
7
See, e.g., Tachibana v. State, 900 P.2d 1293, 1303 (Haw. 1995); Sanchez v. State, 841
P.2d 85, 89 (Wyo. 1992); LaVigne v. State, 812 P.2d 217, 222 (Alaska 1991); State v. Neuman,
371 S.E.2d 77, 82 (W. Va. 1988); People v. Curtis, 681 P.2d 504, 514-15 (Colo. 1984);
Culberson v. State, 412 So. 2d 1184, 1186-87 (Miss. 1982).
8
See, e.g., Brown v. Artuz, 124 F.3d 73, 96 (2d Cir. N.Y. 1997); Underwood v. Clark,
939 F.2d 473, 476 (7th Cir. 1991); United States v. McMeans, 927 F.2d 162, 163 (4th Cir. 1991);
United States v. Martinez, 883 F.2d 750, 757 (9th Cir. 1989), vacated on other grounds, 928 F.2d
1470 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 501 U.S. 1249 (1991); Siciliano v. Vose, 834 F.2d 29, 30 (1st Cir.
1987); State v. Walen, 563 N.W.2d 742, 751-52 (Minn. 1997); State v. Thomas, 910 P.2d 475,
478 (Wash. 1996); State v. Oliver, 656 N.E.2d 348, 351, cert. denied, 651 N.E.2d 1308 (Ohio
1995); State v. Brooks, 833 P.2d 362, 365 (Utah Ct. App. 1992); State v. Hamm, 818 P.2d 830,
833 (Mont. 1991); State v. Savage, 577 A.2d 455, 473 (N.J. 1990); Aragon v. State, 760 P.2d
1174, 1179 (Idaho 1988); Torres-Arboledo v. State, 524 So.2d 403, 410-11 (Fla. 1988);
Commonwealth v. Hennessey, 502 N.E.2d 943, 946, review denied, 504 N.E.2d 1066 (Mass.
1987); People v. Simmons, 364 N.W.2d 783, 785 (Mich. 1985); State v. Allie, 710 P.2d 430, 438
(Ariz. 1985).
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who are designing trial strategy.” State v. Albright, 291 N.W.2d 487, 493 (Wis.), cert. denied,
449 U.S. 957 (1980).
Furthermore, based on the record before us, it is clear that appellant was fully aware of
his right to testify and elected not to exercise that right. On two separate occasions, the trial
court discussed, in appellant’s presence, whether appellant would be exercising his right to
testify. The first occasion was during the hearing on appellant’s motion for a continuance,
where, without the Commonwealth present, the trial court was informed that appellant and
counsel had made the decision that appellant would not testify. The trial court raised the issue
again during trial, prior to the initiation of the defense’s case-in-chief. At that time, the trial
court even took a recess to allow appellant to discuss the issue with counsel. On both occasions,
appellant gave no indication that he wished to testify or that he disagreed with counsel’s
responses to the trial court’s questions.
In fact, even when raising the issue post-trial, appellant has not contended that he was
coerced or otherwise forced not to testify; rather, he complains that his counsel advised him not
to testify and, despite his disagreement, he followed that advice. Thus, at most, appellant has
raised a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. Claims of ineffective assistance are not
cognizable on direct appeal, and therefore, we cannot address appellant’s claim in this regard.
Dowdy v. Commonwealth, 278 Va. 577, 591, 686 S.E.2d 710, 718 (2009).9
IV. Refusal to Strike Juror for Cause
Appellant argues the trial court erred in refusing to strike for cause the sociology professor
who is affiliated with Women and Gender Studies at the University of Virginia. Specifically, he
asserts that, because of her twenty-year teaching career, which involved “supervision of students
9
Code § 19.2-317.1, which allowed direct appeal of such claims under certain
circumstances, was repealed in 1990. See 1990 Va. Acts, c. 74; Browning v. Commonwealth, 19
Va. App. 295, 297, 452 S.E.2d 360, 362 (1994).
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conducting research on sexual assault,” she should have been stricken from the jury.10
According to appellant, her professional background necessarily “led her to a bias against”
appellant.11
When reviewing the determination of whether to exclude a prospective juror, this Court will
give deference to the trial court’s determination whether to exclude
a prospective juror, because the trial court was able to see and hear
each member of the venire respond to the questions posed. Thus,
the trial court is in a superior position to determine whether a
juror’s responses during voir dire indicate that the juror would be
prevented or impaired in performing the duties of a juror as
required by the court’s instructions and the juror’s oath.
10
Appellant characterizes the students’ research as being “from a clearly female
perspective.” The juror never testified that this was the case; however, for purposes of resolving
this issue, we will accept appellant’s characterization as accurate.
11
On appeal, appellant argues for the first time that the court erred because it failed to
consider that seating the juror would weaken “public confidence” in the outcome of the trial. We
will not consider for the first time on appeal appellant’s contention of error not raised in the trial
court. Rule 5A:18. Appellant argues that we previously have ruled that an appellant may raise
the “public confidence” argument on appeal even if he did not specifically make that argument in
the trial court. See Patterson v. Commonwealth, 39 Va. App. 658, 666, 576 S.E.2d 222, 226
(2003). However, the Supreme Court subsequently rejected this view, holding:
Public confidence in the integrity of the judicial system, as a
ground for excluding a juror for cause, must be raised in the trial
court or that issue is waived. . . . Any “implication” arising
from . . . prior decision[s] that the question of public confidence
may be raised in any appeal when a motion to strike a juror for
cause has been denied, regardless of whether it was properly raised
below is expressly rejected. The trial court must be apprised of the
basis upon which a public confidence objection to a juror is made
and the other litigants given an opportunity to address the trial
court on that matter.
Townsend v. Commonwealth, 270 Va. 325, 333, 619 S.E.2d 71, 76 (2005) (internal citations
omitted); see also Mayfield v. Commonwealth, 59 Va. App. 839, 846, 722 S.E.2d 689, 693
(2012). Accordingly, our statement in Patterson, that Rule 5A:18 does not preclude a party from
raising a “public confidence” challenge to a trial court’s refusal to strike a juror for cause for the
first time on appeal, is not a correct statement of the law, and therefore, we will not consider
appellant’s “public confidence” argument.
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Thomas v. Commonwealth, 279 Va. 131, 164, 688 S.E.2d 220, 238 (2010). “A trial court’s
decision on this issue will be affirmed absent a showing of manifest error.” Vinson v.
Commonwealth, 258 Va. 459, 467, 522 S.E.2d 170, 176 (1999).
Here, the record reflects that the prospective juror did not know either of the parties. There
is no indication that she was familiar with the allegations outside of her role as a prospective juror.
She consistently maintained, without hesitation or equivocation, that she could and would decide the
case solely on the evidence and the instructions of the trial court. No one attempted to “rehabilitate”
her as a potential juror because she never gave any answer other than she would be able to fulfill her
oath as a juror. The trial court specifically found her to be credible in her responses during voir
dire. Nothing in the record indicates that the trial court abused its discretion or otherwise committed
manifest error in refusing to strike the juror for cause.
Appellant argues that, despite the answers in voir dire and the trial court’s credibility
finding, the prospective juror’s work history rendered it impossible for her to sit indifferent in the
cause. Although disclaiming that he is seeking such a rule, appellant essentially asks us to find that
a person affiliated with women and gender studies in a university setting can never fairly sit as a
juror in a sexual assault case in which the defendant is a male. Nothing in Virginia law supports
such a per se disqualification rule, and we decline to adopt such a rule here.
Accordingly, the trial court did not err in refusing to strike the prospective juror for cause.
V. Trial Court’s Response to the Jury’s Questions
Appellant argues that the trial court incorrectly answered the jury’s questions when it
instructed the jury that “[i]mposing concurrent sentences is not within the province of the jury.”
This position is inconsistent with appellant’s position at trial, when not only did appellant fail to
object to the trial court’s answer, but he affirmatively agreed with it. As a result, the issue is not
properly before us on appeal.
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“No ruling of the trial court . . . will be considered as a basis for reversal unless an
objection was stated with reasonable certainty at the time of the ruling . . . .” Rule 5A:18. Thus,
appellant’s failure to object in the trial court bars our consideration of this issue on appeal.12
Of course, appellant not only failed to raise an objection to the trial court’s answer, he
affirmatively agreed with it. A party may not take inconsistent positions on the same issue in the
course of litigation. As the Supreme Court repeatedly has held,
[a] litigant is not allowed to approbate and reprobate. This Court
has stated that a party may not in the course of the same litigation
occupy inconsistent positions. . . . The prohibition against
approbation and reprobation forces a litigant to elect a particular
position, and confines a litigant to the position that she first
adopted.
Matthews v. Matthews, 277 Va. 522, 528, 675 S.E.2d 157, 160 (2009) (internal quotation marks
and citations omitted). Because appellant’s appeal regarding the trial court’s answer to the jury’s
questions is premised on a position that is wholly inconsistent with the position he took on the
issue in the trial court, the approbate/reprobate doctrine bars our consideration of this argument.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we find that the trial court did not err in denying appellant’s
motion to strike the evidence of abduction with the intent to defile, in refusing to give a proposed
12
Appellant argues this issue falls within Rule 5A:18’s “ends of justice” exception. The
exception applies when an appellant can demonstrate “(1) that the trial court erred, and (2) that a
grave or manifest injustice will occur or the appellant will be denied essential rights.” Brittle v.
Commonwealth, 54 Va. App. 505, 513, 680 S.E.2d 335, 339 (2009). It is inapplicable here for
several reasons. First, we also have found that appellant’s argument is barred by the
approbate/reprobate doctrine. Next, we believe that the trial court’s answer was appropriate
because “[a]s a general rule, in determining a defendant’s sentence, a jury is not permitted to
consider what may happen to a defendant after the jury reaches its verdict.” Booker v.
Commonwealth, 276 Va. 37, 41, 661 S.E.2d 461, 463 (2008). Finally, we note that, assuming
that the jury had been allowed to comment on whether the sentences should run concurrently, the
recommendation most beneficial to the appellant that the jury could have made would have been
that the sentences should be run concurrently. This is exactly what the trial court did despite the
lack of a recommendation from the jury. Accordingly, appellant has shown neither error nor a
manifest injustice.
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jury instruction on the law of incidental detention, in not conducting voir dire on whether appellant
voluntarily waived his right to testify, in refusing to strike a juror for cause, or in its response to two
jury questions. Therefore, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
Affirmed.
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