COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Decker, Malveaux and Senior Judge Clements
Argued at Richmond, Virginia
PUBLISHED
RAYMEKA MONIQUE WHITE
OPINION BY
v. Record No. 1991-16-2 JUDGE MARLA GRAFF DECKER
DECEMBER 5, 2017
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF RICHMOND
Melvin R. Hughes, Jr., Judge Designate
Lauren Whitley, Deputy Public Defender, for appellant.
Benjamin H. Katz, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. Herring,
Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Raymeka Monique White appeals her convictions for financial exploitation of a mentally
incapacitated person and credit card fraud, in violation of Code §§ 18.2-178.1 and -195. The
appellant argues that the Commonwealth failed to prove that the victim was mentally
incapacitated within the definition of the financial exploitation statute. She also argues that the
Commonwealth failed to prove that she possessed the credit card without the consent of the
cardholder. For the reasons that follow, we affirm the convictions.
I. BACKGROUND1
In 2003, the victim, A.C.,2 contracted West Nile virus and encephalitis. As a result, she
suffered a serious brain injury that significantly compromised her mental and physical
1
In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence supporting a conviction, the appellate court
considers the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth granting to it all
reasonable inferences that flow from the evidence. Molina v. Commonwealth, 272 Va. 666, 671,
636 S.E.2d 470, 473 (2006).
2
Due to the nature of this case, the victim is not identified by name.
capabilities. M.B., the victim’s sister-in-law, had her power of attorney. Starting in 2004, M.B.
arranged around-the-clock in-home health care for the victim. In 2012, M.B. hired the company
A Heart for You to provide A.C’s nursing care. In 2014, the company placed the appellant in the
victim’s home as a health care provider.
In 2014, the time of the offenses, A.C. had various mental and physical limitations. She
was forgetful and often confused. The victim could not process basic information such as the
date, time, or season. She was unable to take care of herself without assistance or to manage her
financial affairs. She needed assistance with personal hygiene, dressing, cooking, and cleaning.
Although she was able to hold a conversation, she would usually forget that it had occurred. In
addition, A.C. had difficulty conversing; her speech was garbled and sometimes she could not
understand simple phrases.
At the beginning of the appellant’s placement with the victim, M.B. met with her. M.B.
explained the duties of the job to the appellant, including the extent of A.C’s physical and mental
needs. The appellant was expected as “a part of the job” to use the victim’s debit card “when
[she] took [the victim] out.” M.B. relied on the appellant to take A.C. shopping and help her
make purchases with the debit card. A.C. often forgot the personal identification number (PIN)
and was not dexterous enough to type it on the keypad. Consequently, M.B. provided the
appellant with A.C.’s PIN and expected the appellant to enter the PIN if the store required it. In
addition, A.C. was prone to dropping the card or “forget[ting] to put it back in her purse,” so the
appellant was responsible for “making sure it went back in her purse.” All receipts for purchases
were to be placed in an envelope that M.B. monitored on a regular basis. M.B. told the appellant
that she could use the debit card only for A.C.’s expenses. M.B. also told the appellant that she
was not to use the card for herself or to withdraw cash for her own benefit.
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In late May 2014, M.B. noticed that two cash withdrawals in the amount of $300 each
had been made at automated teller machines (ATMs) that month using the victim’s debit card.
M.B. did not receive receipts for the cash withdrawals. Footage from a surveillance camera at
one of the ATMs showed the appellant making the withdrawal on May 25, 2014.
After law enforcement contacted the appellant’s supervisor, she telephoned the appellant
and told her that her schedule was going to be changed. The supervisor did not confront the
appellant about the allegations related to the ATM withdrawals. Without prompting, the
appellant suggested that a person named “Peggy had dressed up like her” and “was trying to get
her in trouble.” Peggy Robinson, an employee of A Heart for You who also provided care for
the victim, did not physically resemble the appellant. Of A.C.’s caregivers in May 2014, only
the appellant and Robinson had access to A.C.’s debit card.
The Commonwealth charged the appellant with financial exploitation of a mentally
incapacitated person, in violation of Code § 18.2-178.1, and credit card fraud, in violation of
Code § 18.2-195. The appellant argued in her motion to strike at trial that the Commonwealth
had not proved that the victim was mentally incapacitated. She also contended that she had
permission to possess the debit card and that A.C. may have told her to withdraw the money.
The trial court found the appellant guilty of both charges. In doing so, the court
concluded that it was “abundantly clear that [the victim] is mentally incapacitated” and that there
was “no question” that she “suffers from mental incapacity within the meaning of the statute.”
The appellant was sentenced to three years in prison for the offenses, with all time suspended.
II. ANALYSIS
The appellant argues that the evidence did not support her convictions. She specifically
contends that the Commonwealth failed to prove that A.C. was mentally incapacitated within the
meaning of the financial exploitation statute. The appellant also argues that the Commonwealth
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did not prove that she possessed the bank card without A.C.’s consent in violation of Code
§ 18.2-195.
On appeal, this Court reviews a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence to support a
conviction under well-established legal principles. The Court considers “the evidence and all
reasonable inferences fairly deducible therefrom in the light most favorable to the
Commonwealth.” Molina v. Commonwealth, 272 Va. 666, 675, 636 S.E.2d 470, 475 (2006)
(quoting Ward v. Commonwealth, 264 Va. 648, 654, 570 S.E.2d 827, 831 (2002)). “Viewing the
record through this evidentiary prism requires us to ‘discard the evidence of the accused in
conflict with that of the Commonwealth . . . .’” Kovalaske v. Commonwealth, 56 Va. App. 224,
226, 692 S.E.2d 641, 643 (2010) (quoting Cooper v. Commonwealth, 54 Va. App. 558, 562, 680
S.E.2d 361, 363 (2009)). The appellant was tried by the circuit court, sitting without a jury.
“Consequently, that court was the fact finder, and its judgment is afforded the same weight as a
jury verdict.” Parham v. Commonwealth, 64 Va. App. 560, 565, 770 S.E.2d 204, 207 (2015).
When considering the sufficiency of the evidence presented below, “[w]e ‘will not
disturb the trial court’s judgment unless it is plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.’”
Molina, 272 Va. at 671, 636 S.E.2d at 473 (quoting Hedrick v. Commonwealth, 257 Va. 328,
340, 513 S.E.2d 634, 641 (1999)). In conducting a sufficiency analysis, the appellate court does
not “substitute its own judgment for that of the trier of fact.” Parham, 64 Va. App. at 565, 770
S.E.2d at 207 (quoting Jordan v. Commonwealth, 286 Va. 153, 156-57, 747 S.E.2d 799, 800
(2013)). “‘Rather, the relevant question is,’ upon review of the evidence in the light most
favorable to the prosecution, ‘whether any rational trier of fact could have found the essential
elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Dietz v. Commonwealth, 294 Va. 123, 132,
804 S.E.2d 309, 314 (2017) (quoting Bowman v. Commonwealth, 290 Va. 492, 496, 777 S.E.2d
851, 854 (2015)).
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A. Financial Exploitation
The appellant maintains that the evidence was insufficient to prove that she financially
exploited the victim because it did not support a finding that A.C. was mentally incapacitated
within the meaning of Code § 18.2-178.1. To the extent that the appellant claims that the
evidence failed to meet the definition as a matter of law, her challenge to the sufficiency of the
evidence hinges upon interpretation of the statute.
Statutory interpretation is a question of law which we review de novo. Graves v.
Commonwealth, __ Va. __, __, 805 S.E.2d 226, __ (2017). If the language of a statute is “plain
and unambiguous, we are bound by the plain meaning of that statutory language.”3 Tisdale v.
Commonwealth, 65 Va. App. 478, 484, 778 S.E.2d 554, 557 (2015) (quoting Lee Cty. v. Town
of St. Charles, 264 Va. 344, 348, 568 S.E.2d 680, 682 (2002)). Further, we “‘presume[] that the
legislature chose, with care, the words it use[d]’ when it enact[ed] a statute.” Rives v.
Commonwealth, 284 Va. 1, 3, 726 S.E.2d 248, 250 (2012) (quoting Zinone v. Lee’s Crossing
Homeowners Ass’n, 282 Va. 330, 337, 714 S.E.2d 922, 925 (2011)). Although we construe
criminal statutes strictly against the Commonwealth, we also “give reasonable effect to every
word” used in the statute. Shreve v. Commonwealth, 44 Va. App. 541, 547, 605 S.E.2d 780, 783
(2004) (quoting Clark v. Commonwealth, 22 Va. App. 673, 683, 472 S.E.2d 663, 667-68 (1996),
adopted upon reh’g en banc, 24 Va. App. 253, 481 S.E.2d 495 (1997)).
Under Code § 18.2-178.1(A):
It is unlawful for any person who knows or should know that
another person suffers from mental incapacity to, through the use
of that other person’s mental incapacity, take, obtain, or convert
money or other thing of value belonging to that other person with
the intent to permanently deprive him thereof.
3
In contrast, when a “statute is subject to more than one interpretation, we must apply the
interpretation that will carry out the legislative intent behind the statute.” Masika v.
Commonwealth, 63 Va. App. 330, 338, 757 S.E.2d 571, 575 (2014) (quoting Kozmina v.
Commonwealth, 281 Va. 347, 349-50, 706 S.E.2d 860, 861 (2011)).
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Further, the statute defines mental incapacity. It specifically provides that “mental incapacity” in
the context of the statute “means that condition of a person existing at the time of the offense
described in subsection A that prevents [her] from understanding the nature or consequences of
the transaction or disposition of money or other thing of value involved in such offense.”4 Code
§ 18.2-178.1(D); cf. White v. Commonwealth, 23 Va. App. 593, 597, 478 S.E.2d 713, 715
(1996) (explaining in the context of a different mentally-incapacitated-victim statute that “proof
of general mental incapacity” did not prove that the victim met the specific definition of mental
incapacity provided by the statute (quoting Adkins v. Commonwealth, 20 Va. App. 332, 346,
457 S.E.2d 382, 389 (1995))). The legislature defined the challenged term within the statute
itself using clear, unambiguous language. Consequently, no additional statutory construction is
required. Thus, as applicable here, the statute plainly required that the Commonwealth present
evidence that the victim was unable to “understand[] the nature or consequences” specifically of
the ATM withdrawals at issue in this case.5 Code § 18.2-178.1(D).
The Commonwealth’s evidence proved that in 2003 A.C. sustained a brain injury from
encephalitis. Both her physical and mental capabilities were affected. She required constant
4
To “understand” is “to grasp the meaning of.” Understand, Webster’s Third New
International Dictionary (1991); see also Understand, Black’s Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014).
“Nature” is defined as the “essential character or constitution of something.” Nature, Webster’s
Dictionary, supra. “Consequence” is defined as “something that is produced by a cause or
follows from a form of necessary connection or from a set of conditions: a natural or necessary
result.” Id. Consequence; see also Adkins v. Commonwealth, 20 Va. App. 332, 344, 457 S.E.2d
382, 388 (1995) (applying the plain meanings of “understand,” “nature,” and “consequence” in
construing the term “mental incapacity” under a different statute). Finally, “disposition” is “[t]he
act of transferring something to another’s care or possession.” Disposition, Black’s Law
Dictionary, supra.
5
We note that the statute provides two ways in which the Commonwealth can prove
mental incapacity: the inability to understand “the nature or consequences of the transaction or
disposition of money.” Code § 18.2-178.1(D) (emphasis added). However, in this case, the
appellant’s withdrawals of A.C.’s money from her bank account were both transactions and
dispositions of money.
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in-home care since 2004. A.C. could not perform “executive functions[,] such as[] reasoning,
medication management, financial management, preparing meals for herself, [and] bathing
herself.” A.C.’s mental deficits specifically included difficulty making purchases on her own
and poor short term memory. M.B. had the victim’s power of attorney and managed her bank
account. Based on this evidence, the trial court found that there was “no question” that the
victim was mentally incapacitated as defined by Code § 18.2-178.1.
Considering the facts and circumstances in the record, the evidence was sufficient to
prove beyond a reasonable doubt that A.C.’s condition at the time of the offense precluded her
from understanding the nature and consequences of the appellant’s withdrawals of cash at ATMs
from her account.6 The trial court’s factual finding that the victim suffered from a mental
incapacity within the meaning of Code § 18.2-178.1 was not plainly wrong and was more than
adequately supported by the record. See generally Molina, 272 Va. at 671, 636 S.E.2d at 473.
Consequently, the evidence was sufficient to support the appellant’s conviction for financial
exploitation of a mentally incapacitated person.
B. Credit Card Fraud
The appellant contends that the evidence was insufficient to sustain her conviction of
credit card fraud in violation of Code § 18.2-195 “because the Commonwealth did not establish
[the appellant] used the ATM bank card in question without the cardholder’s consent.” She
suggests that the Commonwealth failed to prove that the debit card was wrongfully in her
6
We recognize that the plain statutory language requires only that the victim could not
understand the “nature or consequences” of the transaction or disposition of money. Code
§ 18.2-178.1(D). Here the evidence was sufficient to establish both.
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possession based on her employment duty to use the victim’s card and the possibility that A.C.,
whose memory was poor, gave her consent.7
The appellant was convicted of credit card fraud under Code § 18.2-195(1)(a). That code
section provides, in pertinent part, that “[a] person is guilty of credit card fraud when, with intent
to defraud any person, [she] . . . [u]ses for the purpose of obtaining money . . . a credit card or
credit card number obtained or retained in violation of § 18.2-192.” Code § 18.2-195(1)(a).
Code § 18.2-192 provides, in pertinent part, that “[a] person is guilty of credit card or credit card
number theft when . . . [she] takes, obtains or withholds a credit card or credit card number from
the person, possession, custody or control of another without the cardholder’s consent.” The
focus of Code § 18.2-195(1) is an individual’s “misuse of a credit card wrongfully in his or her
possession.” Saponaro v. Commonwealth, 51 Va. App. 149, 152, 655 S.E.2d 49, 51 (2008);
Kovalaske, 56 Va. App. at 232, 692 S.E.2d at 646.
The appellant contends that she possessed the victim’s debit card in the scope of her
employment. She relies on Saponaro, 51 Va. App. 149, 655 S.E.2d 49, to support her argument.
In that case, the defendant’s employer had provided him with a business credit card to make
purchases on the company’s behalf. Id. at 150, 655 S.E.2d at 49. Saponaro charged multiple
purchases on the credit card for personal use despite knowing that the card was to be used only
for business purposes. Id. The Court reversed the credit card fraud conviction because Saponaro
7
We do not consider the issue of whether the victim’s mental incapacity rendered her
unable to legally consent to the appellant’s possession of the card because neither party raises the
issue on appeal. See, e.g., Nicholson v. Commonwealth, 56 Va. App. 491, 510, 694 S.E.2d 788,
797 (2010) (“A mentally incapacitated individual may not have the ‘capacity to make a volitional
choice to engage or not engage’ in a sexual act due to [his or her] lack of understanding of the
nature and consequences of the sexual act.” (quoting Adkins, 20 Va. App. at 346, 457 S.E.2d at
389)); Londono v. Commonwealth, 40 Va. App. 377, 404 n.6, 579 S.E.2d 641, 654 n.6 (2003)
(noting that an issue was not before this Court on appeal because neither party raised the
question).
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had his employer’s consent “to hold the credit card during the entire period he was making his
personal purchases on the card.” Id. at 151, 655 S.E.2d at 50.
In contrast, in Kovalaske, 56 Va. App. at 232-33, 692 S.E.2d at 646, the defendant made
the unauthorized purchases with the credit card on occasions when he did not have permission to
possess the card. In affirming his conviction of credit card fraud, this Court held that, unlike
Saponaro, Kovalaske “did not misuse his employer’s credit card while it was in his lawful
possession; [Kovalaske] misused [the employer’s] credit card while it was in his wrongful
possession.” Id.
Here, the question is whether the fact finder was permitted to infer from the
Commonwealth’s evidence that A.C.’s debit card was wrongfully in the appellant’s possession
when the appellant used it to make the two ATM withdrawals. We hold that the inference was
reasonable based on the evidence. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Moseley, 293 Va. 455, 465, 799
S.E.2d 683, 688 (2017) (explaining that the Commonwealth, as the prevailing party below, was
“entitled to the benefit of all reasonable inferences that flow from the evidence”).
M.B. testified that the appellant’s duties included taking the victim shopping and helping
A.C. use her debit card to pay for her items. M.B. explained that the victim would sometimes
drop the card or “forget to put it back in her purse.” Consequently, the appellant was responsible
for “making sure it went back in [the victim’s] purse.” It was entirely reasonable for the trial
court, as trier of fact, to infer from this evidence that the appellant’s job required her to assist
A.C. with making purchases using the card but that she was to put the card back into the victim’s
purse immediately upon the conclusion of each transaction. Therefore, the evidence was
sufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that when the appellant took the debit card to the
ATMs, her possession of the card was not authorized as part of her employment.
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The appellant also argues that the Commonwealth failed to prove that A.C. did not
consent to the appellant’s possession of the card when she made the specific cash withdrawals.8
“The reasonable-hypothesis principle ‘merely echoes “the standard applicable to every criminal
case,”’” namely that “the Commonwealth has the burden of proof beyond a reasonable doubt.”
Moseley, 293 Va. at 464, 799 S.E.2d at 687 (first quoting Vasquez v. Commonwealth, 291 Va.
232, 250, 781 S.E.2d 920, 930 (2016); and then quoting Commonwealth v. Hudson, 265 Va. 505,
513, 578 S.E.2d 781, 785 (2003)). “[T]he Commonwealth need only exclude reasonable
hypotheses of innocence that flow from the evidence, not those that spring from the imagination
of the defendant.” Ragland v. Commonwealth, 67 Va. App. 519, 531, 797 S.E.2d 437, 443
(2017) (quoting Case v. Commonewalth, 63 Va. App. 14, 23, 753 S.E.2d 860, 864 (2014)).
“When examining an alternate hypothesis of innocence, the question is not whether ‘some
evidence’ supports the hypothesis, but whether a rational factfinder could have found that the
incriminating evidence renders the hypothesis of innocence unreasonable.” Vasquez, 291 Va. at
250, 781 S.E.2d at 930 (quoting Hudson, 265 Va. at 513, 578 S.E.2d at 785).
The trial court, as trier of fact, was entitled to reject the appellant’s “hypothesis of
innocence” below. When the appellant’s supervisor informed her of a schedule change, the
appellant stated without prompting that A.C.’s other care provider, “Peggy[,] had dressed up like
her” and “was trying to get her in trouble.” Based on the substantial evidence that the appellant
8
We note that the appellant’s exact language in her assignment of error is that the
Commonwealth did not prove that she “used” the card without A.C.’s consent. However, in this
case, the only required showing regarding consent by the applicable portions of the statutes is
that the appellant took, obtained, or withheld the card from the victim or the victim’s possession,
custody or control without A.C.’s consent. See Code §§ 18.2-192(1)(a), -195(1)(a). Therefore,
to the extent that the appellant raises the issue of the victim’s consent to the appellant’s use of the
card to withdraw money from the ATMs, it quite simply is not an element of the offense, and
therefore we do not address it. See Saponaro, 51 Va. App. at 152-53, 655 S.E.2d at 51 (holding
that whether the cardholder consented to a particular use of the card is not an element of Code
§ 18.2-195(1)(a) and (b)).
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made the cash withdrawals at issue, not Peggy Robinson, the only other nursing assistant with
permission to use the debit card, the trial court “could have concluded that [the appellant] was
lying to conceal [her] guilt.” See Rawls v. Commonwealth, 272 Va. 334, 350, 634 S.E.2d 697,
705 (2006) (noting that the jury was entitled to infer the defendant’s guilty knowledge based on
his blatant mistruth to police). The finding of fact that the victim did not consent to the appellant
taking her debit card to use at the ATMs was not plainly wrong. In addition, there was no
evidence in the record supporting the appellant’s hypothesis of innocence that A.C. consented to
her possession and “use” of the card at the ATMs. For these reasons, it was reasonable for the
trial court to conclude that the victim did not consent to the appellant’s possession of her debit
card when the appellant withdrew funds from A.C.’s bank account.
III. CONCLUSION
The evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, was sufficient to
support the conclusion that the victim did not understand the nature and consequences of the
appellant’s cash withdrawals from her bank account. Consequently, the evidence supported the
finding of mental incapacitation within the meaning of Code § 18.2-178.1. Further, the record
supports the finding that the appellant did not rightfully possess the card when she took it to the
ATMs and withdrew cash. Nor is there evidence that the victim consented to the appellant’s
possession of the card for the ATM withdrawals. For these reasons, we affirm the convictions
for financial exploitation and credit card fraud.
Affirmed.
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