COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
PUBLISHED
Present: Judges Huff, Athey and Friedman
Argued by videoconference
CATHERINE ANN TOMLIN, A/K/A
KATHY TOMLIN, A/K/A
CATHY ANN TOMLIN, S/K/A
KATHERINE ANN TOMLIN
OPINION BY
v. Record No. 0561-21-3 JUDGE CLIFFORD L. ATHEY, JR.
MARCH 15, 2022
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF AUGUSTA COUNTY
W. Chapman Goodwin, Judge
Kieran Bartley, Assistant Public Defender, for appellant.
Rosemary V. Bourne, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Mark R.
Herring,1 Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Catherine Ann Tomlin (“Tomlin”) was convicted in the Circuit Court of Augusta County
(“trial court”) of financially exploiting an incapacitated adult and of abusing or neglecting an
incapacitated adult. On appeal, Tomlin makes three arguments: (1) there was insufficient
evidence to prove that the victim was “mentally incapacitated” with respect to the financial
exploitation conviction; (2) there was insufficient evidence to prove that the victim suffered a
“serious bodily injury or disease” with respect to the abuse or neglect conviction; and (3) the trial
court improperly admitted hearsay during the trial. For the following reasons, we affirm the
abuse or neglect conviction and reverse the financial exploitation conviction.
1
Jason S. Miyares succeeded Mark R. Herring as Attorney General on January 15, 2022.
I. BACKGROUND
“[T]he evidence and all reasonable inferences flowing from that evidence [are viewed] in
the light most favorable to the Commonwealth.” Pooler v. Commonwealth, 71 Va. App. 214,
218 (2019) (quoting Williams v. Commonwealth, 49 Va. App. 439, 442 (2007) (en banc)).
Viewed in that light, the evidence reflects that Tomlin, who was in her fifties, and her
mother, B.T., who was in her eighties, utilized B.T.’s Social Security benefits and Tomlin’s
income from her job at Walmart to pay for partially subsidized housing and other living
expenses. The furniture in their apartment consisted of a high-backed chair, a futon, and a
television. Tomlin slept on the futon, and B.T. slept in the chair. Although B.T. could go to the
bathroom without assistance and wore Depends, she sometimes needed Tomlin’s help to change
them. B.T. also relied on Tomlin for food and transportation, and the daughter gave her mother
sponge baths to address issues relating to personal hygiene. They had a joint bank account, but
Tomlin established a separate account in 2019 so she could receive her pay from Walmart
sooner.
Michelle Shank (“Shank”) from the Shenandoah Valley Department of Social Services
(“Department”) interacted with the Tomlins from January to April of 2020. During the first three
visits in January of that year, B.T. smelled strongly of urine and was offered services, including
assistance in securing a hospital bed, a Medicaid application, and in-home rehabilitative and
general services. Tomlin and her mother rejected those services. Believing B.T. was mentally
competent, Shank closed her investigation on January 20, 2020. Tomlin was referred to the
Department again in February as a result of B.T.’s immobility and swollen legs. Shank visited
with the Tomlins three or four more times in March of 2020 and secured two mattresses for
them. Shank offered the same services as she had in January, but Tomlin refused all assistance,
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claiming that she was maintaining her mother’s hygiene through sponge baths and by changing
her Depends regularly.
On April 22, 2020, B.T. fell. Two days later, a pest control worker encountered Tomlin
and B.T. in the apartment and called 911 to report that an elderly woman was lying on the floor,
covered in bed bugs, and requiring medical attention. Firefighter Andrew Tanner (“Tanner”)
responded to the call in a county ambulance.
At trial, Tanner testified that he and his coworker entered the apartment to find Tomlin
standing in the kitchen doorway and B.T. lying on the living room floor “on her left side[,]
covered in feces and urine, [with] what looked to be bed bugs crawling on her.” Tanner also
noted that her clothing and Depends were “well over saturated” with urine and that feces were all
over B.T., her clothes, and the floor. Tomlin admitted that B.T. had been on the floor since her
fall two days before and when asked why she had not cleaned B.T. up, she replied that she “did
not have time.” B.T. was placed on a stretcher and taken to the hospital, complaining of hip
pain.
When she arrived at the emergency room, Physician’s Assistant Tyler Prewitt (“Prewitt”)
examined her. At trial, Prewitt was qualified as an expert in “diagnosing wounds . . . [and] bed
sores . . . in an emergency department.” He found her condition as follows: “a very
uncommonly large amount of feces” and urine on her body and so many bed bugs that some fell
to the floor. He testified that she was covered in “a noteworthy amount of stool and urine . . .
essentially from head to toe.” Prewitt later clarified that B.T. had feces at least “from toe to
neck.”
Prewitt further testified that although B.T. had no “acute injuries,” her condition included
bed bug bites and bed sores (ulcers). She had “moderate” bed sores below the buttocks, one five
and a half centimeters by one and a half or two centimeters and another three centimeters by one
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centimeter. Prewitt testified that some parts of these bed sores had passed the dermis and
approached the fascia, indicating an increased risk of infection. Prewitt doubted that these sores
were infected at that time but testified that additional sores on a lower part of her legs might have
been. He believed the bed sores had been developing for at least one week.
Prewitt also testified that B.T.’s risk of death from infection was serious if left untreated,
but he admitted the ulcers would not have killed her directly and that she was not at risk of
imminent death. He also testified that the risk of infection from a bed sore was significant. In
addition, the ubiquitous urine and the fecal matter covering close to fifty percent of her body had
greatly increased her risk of infection during the time she lay on the floor. B.T.’s “indifference
to the amount of stool and dishevelment” and her bed sores concerned Prewitt because it
indicated a “level of confusion.” B.T. was aware of what was happening around her, but not the
day of the week or who was President. Prewitt had her admitted to the hospital for further
diagnosis and treatment. After being discharged, B.T. died in hospice care in June of 2020.
There was no testimony directly bearing on B.T.’s mental capacity from the time she was
admitted to the hospital to the time of her death approximately two months later.
Shortly after B.T. entered the hospital, Tomlin was evicted from their apartment. She
lived in a motel for eighty dollars per day and used B.T.’s Social Security money to pay for the
room and other necessities. B.T. did not consent to this use of her money. While under
cross-examination, Shank was asked why she did not inquire about Tomlin’s use of B.T.’s
money during the first days of B.T.’s hospital stay in April. Shank responded that she was
focused on B.T.’s medical condition because her “prognosis was poor.” Asked to clarify, Shank
said the hospital told her that B.T.’s prognosis was poor. Tomlin’s counsel objected to Shank’s
response as hearsay, but the trial court ruled that he could not object to an answer to his own
question.
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Tomlin moved to strike the Commonwealth’s evidence on both charges, and her motion
was denied. The trial court subsequently convicted Tomlin of misdemeanor financial
exploitation of a mentally incapacitated adult and felony abuse or neglect of an incapacitated
adult. The trial court reasoned that a person lacks the mental capacity to consent to have her
“only assets” used “for somebody else’s benefit when [the person does not] have the ability to
recognize [she has] sores that could lead . . . to [her] death.” The trial court also concluded that
the bed sores qualified as “serious bodily injuries” because they “could lead to death,” had a
significant impact on B.T.’s health, and were unlikely to be properly attended to by Tomlin had
B.T. been released.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
“[W]e interpret the Code de novo.” Hutton v. Commonwealth, 66 Va. App. 714, 719
(2016) (citations omitted). In a sufficiency case, although we “review de novo the trial court’s
application of defined legal standards to the particular facts of the case,” Trent v.
Commonwealth, 35 Va. App. 248, 250 (2001) (citation omitted), we defer to the trial court’s
factual findings unless they are “plainly wrong or without evidence to support [them],” Pijor v.
Commonwealth, 294 Va. 502, 512 (2017) (quoting Code § 8.01-680). The trier of fact is
required “to resolve conflicts in the testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable
inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.” Brown v. Commonwealth, 68 Va. App. 44, 55
(2017) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)). There was sufficient evidence if
“any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a
reasonable doubt.” Dietz v. Commonwealth, 294 Va. 123, 132 (2017) (quoting Bowman v.
Commonwealth, 290 Va. 492, 496-97 (2015)). Just because another trier of fact “might have
reached a different conclusion” about what the evidence showed does not mean that this “[C]ourt
[can] say that the evidence does or does not establish [the defendant’s] guilt beyond a reasonable
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doubt.” Commonwealth v. Perkins, 295 Va. 323, 327 (2018) (first alteration in original) (quoting
Cobb v. Commonwealth, 152 Va. 941, 953 (1929)).
III. ANALYSIS
A. Financial Exploitation of a Mentally Incapacitated Adult
Tomlin argues the evidence was insufficient to convict her of financially exploiting an
incapacitated person in violation of Code § 18.2-178.1. Specifically, she argues that the trial
court had insufficient evidence to find beyond a reasonable doubt that B.T. suffered from
“mental incapacity” as defined by Code § 18.2-178.1(D). At its core, Tomlin’s argument is that
evidence establishing B.T.’s mental incapacity with respect to her healthcare decisions cannot
justify the trier of fact’s conclusion that her mental incapacity extended to financial matters. We
agree.
Pursuant to Code § 18.2-178.1(A), a person is guilty of larceny if she uses another
person’s mental incapacity to “take, obtain, or convert money or other thing of value belonging
to that other person with the intent to permanently deprive him thereof.” Subsection (D) defines
“mental incapacity” as “that condition of a person existing at the time of the offense . . . that
prevents him from understanding the nature or consequences of the transaction or disposition of
money or other thing of value involved in such offense.” The mental incapacity must exist “at
the time of the offense.” White v. Commonwealth, 68 Va. App. 241, 249 (2017).
“[P]roof of general mental incapacity or retardation or an IQ range or mental age” cannot
prove that “a victim is prevented or unable to understand the nature and consequences of a sexual
act . . . .” Adkins v. Commonwealth, 20 Va. App. 332, 346 (1995). In Adkins, the
Commonwealth had to provide evidence probative of the victim’s inability “to comprehend or
appreciate either the distinguishing characteristics or physical qualities of the sexual act or the
future natural behavioral or societal results or effects which may flow from the sexual act.” Id.
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Hence, Adkins stands for the proposition that, where a criminal statute expressly requires that the
mental incapacity of a victim of the crime extend to a specific subject matter, proof of the
victim’s general mental incapacity cannot justify the trier of fact in concluding that the victim’s
mental incapacity extends to the required subject matter.2 Id.; White v. Commonwealth, 23
Va. App. 593, 597 (1996); see Sanford v. Commonwealth, 54 Va. App. 357, 363-65 (2009)
(relying on an expert’s testimony that the victim lacked the ability to understand social
interactions and the victim’s mother’s testimony that the victim had not been told about the
nature of the sexual act); Clark v. Arizona, 548 U.S. 735, 745 (2006) (recounting that a
defendant’s insane delusions made him believe police officers were aliens but did not prevent
him from understanding that bullets can be used to kill animate beings).
If proof of a crime victim’s general mental incapacity by itself cannot justify the trier of
fact in concluding that the incapacity extends to a particular subject matter, then proof of mental
incapacity with respect to a particular subject matter cannot, by itself, justify the trier of fact in
concluding that the victim’s mental incapacity extends to another, unrelated subject matter. This
principle applies to lay testimony as well as expert testimony which does not expressly draw a
connection between the victim’s general or partial mental incapacity and their mental incapacity
with respect to the particular subject matter specified in the relevant statute.3
Therefore, evidence that B.T. was mentally incapacitated with respect to healthcare
decisions could not, by itself, justify the trial court in finding beyond a reasonable doubt that she
2
There is an exception not relevant here: evidence of severe intoxication can
demonstrate that mental incapacity extends to a particular subject matter. See Molina v.
Commonwealth, 272 Va. 666, 674 (2006).
3
Prewitt was not qualified at trial as an expert in diagnosis or treatment of mental illness.
Even if he had been so qualified, he offered testimony only on her general mental capacity and
her mental capacity with respect to healthcare decisions. He did not testify to any conclusions he
formed regarding her mental capacity with respect to financial matters.
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was also mentally incapacitated with respect to financial matters. The record contains no
evidence that specifically addresses B.T.’s mental capacity in financial matters. The trial court
based its decision about her inability to understand financial matters on evidence of her inability
to understand her healthcare needs: “I don’t think that [an] incapacitated person can give
consent to use their only assets for somebody else’s benefit when they don’t have the ability to
recognize they have sores that could lead . . . to their death.” Furthermore, Prewitt’s testimony
regarding B.T.’s “level of confusion,” if taken by the trial court as evidence of general mental
incapacity, falls squarely under the Adkins rule. Therefore, the trial court erred in finding there
was sufficient evidence to convict Tomlin of financial exploitation of an incapacitated adult.
B. Abuse or Neglect of an Incapacitated Adult
Tomlin also argues that the evidence adduced at trial, even in the light most favorable to
the Commonwealth, was insufficient to convict her of abuse or neglect of an incapacitated adult
that caused serious bodily injury. Code § 18.2-369(A) makes it “unlawful for any responsible
person to abuse or neglect any incapacitated adult.” Subsection B provides that abuse or neglect
that “results in serious bodily injury or disease to the incapacitated adult” is a “Class 4 felony.”
Subsection C defines “abuse,” “neglect,” “responsible person,” “incapacitated adult,” and
“serious bodily injury or disease.” Tomlin does not challenge the trial court’s finding that she
was a responsible person or the finding that her failure to properly care for B.T. amounted to
neglect and caused B.T.’s physical condition. She challenges only the trial court’s determination
that B.T. suffered a “serious bodily injury or disease,” arguing that B.T.’s condition when
admitted to the hospital was not sufficiently serious. We disagree.
“Serious bodily injury or disease” includes but is not “limited to (i) disfigurement, (ii) a
fracture, (iii) a severe burn or laceration, (iv) mutilation, (v) maiming, or (vi) life-threatening
internal injuries or conditions, whether or not caused by trauma.” Code § 18.2-369(C). Tomlin
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argues that an injury, disease, or condition must imminently threaten near-certain death to be
sufficiently serious and that an injury, disease, or condition cannot be sufficiently serious if the
victim is expected to recover with proper treatment. Tomlin’s sufficiency challenge requires us
to interpret “serious bodily injury or disease” de novo and then determine whether the trial court
was plainly wrong in deciding that the evidence showed that B.T.’s condition was a serious
bodily injury or disease within the meaning of the statute.
Our Supreme Court applied Code § 18.2-369(C) in Correll v. Commonwealth, 269 Va. 3
(2005). In Correll, emergency personnel transported an elderly woman to the hospital for
treatment. Id. at 8. She was severely dehydrated and undernourished and had been so for at least
several weeks. Id. at 8-9. She also suffered from “stage 3 and early stage 4 decubiti,” or bed
sores. Id. at 8. The doctor testified the bed sores must have taken more than two days to
develop, a nurse testified she believed they had developed over a month or longer, and another
nurse testified that they must have taken weeks to develop. Id. at 9. The elderly woman also had
a condition in which “bacteria [were] present in the blood,” and the doctor testified this showed
“that the [bed sores] had not been treated properly.” Id. Twenty-two days after being discharged
to a nursing home, she was readmitted with pneumonia and died shortly thereafter. Id. at 10. A
forensic pathologist testified that she was “extremely emaciated” and had been in “a state of
chronic starvation.” Id. The doctor testified that her conditions “imposed a significant threat to
her life or health.” Id. at 14.
We have held that the ordinary meaning of “serious bodily injury” is central to
interpreting Code § 18.2-369(C). Brewster v. Commonwealth, 23 Va. App. 354, 357-58 (1996)
(holding that the statute was not unconstitutionally vague because “serious bodily injury” is both
reasonably understandable and is a part of Virginia’s legal vocabulary). “Because the Code of
Virginia is one body of law, other Code sections using the same phraseology may be consulted in
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determining the meaning of a statute.” Newton v. Commonwealth, 21 Va. App. 86, 90 (1995)
(quoting Branch v. Commonwealth, 14 Va. App. 836, 839 (1992)). In Nolen v. Commonwealth,
53 Va. App. 593 (2009), we discussed the ordinary meaning of “serious” and “bodily injury” in
the context of Code § 16.1-253.2, which prohibits violating a protective order and provides for
increased penalties when the violation causes serious bodily injury.4 According to Nolen,
“[b]odily injury comprehends . . . any bodily hurt whatsoever.” Id. at 598 (quoting Bryant v.
Commonwealth, 189 Va. 310, 316 (1949)). Such bodily hurt is “serious” if it is “grave in . . .
appearance” or “requir[es] considerable care.” Id. (first alteration in original) (quoting Webster’s
Third New International Dictionary 2073 (1981)). “Serious” bodily hurts are those which are
“not trifling[, but instead are] grave [and] giv[e] rise to apprehension[, or are] attended with
danger.” Id. at 599 (quoting Commonwealth ex rel. Lamb v. Hill, 196 Va. 18, 23 (1954)).
Tomlin’s counsel argued on brief and at oral argument that an injury, disease, or
condition needs to threaten imminent death in order to be sufficiently serious and that a condition
not expected to lead to death if properly treated is not sufficiently serious to fall within the
meaning of the statute. That is a very narrow approach to “serious bodily injury or disease.” We
reject it for several reasons.
First, the statute lists several categories of injuries that are not necessarily life-threatening
but are nevertheless serious. Disfigurements, bone fractures, and even mutilations and maimings
are not invariably, imminently life-threatening, yet they are included in the non-exhaustive list of
specific categories of serious bodily injuries or diseases in Code § 18.2-369(C). In fact, many
4
At the time Nolen was decided, Code § 16.1-283(E), which provides for termination of
parental rights, defined “serious bodily injury” as “bodily injury that involves substantial risk of
death, extreme physical pain, protracted and obvious disfigurement, or protracted loss or
impairment of the function of a bodily member, organ or mental faculty.” Nolen, 53 Va. App. at
597 (quoting Code § 16.1-283(E)). The Nolen Court rejected that definition because, “[b]y its
terms, it applies only to Code § 16.1-283(E).” Id. We reject it here for the same reason.
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bone fractures are expected to fully heal with proper treatment. Severe lacerations sometimes
leave nothing more than a scar after appropriate treatment and time to heal.
Second, an injury, disease, or condition can be life-threatening yet not cause certain and
impending death. It is true that a small paper cut is not a serious bodily injury even though, if
untreated, there is a remote chance it could become infected and the infection could lead to
death. Conversely, terminal cancer is life-threatening even though there is a marginal chance
that an experimental drug could save the patient. It is a matter of degree. The higher the risk of
death, the more the injury, disease, or condition can be said to actually threaten the injured
person’s life. For an injury, disease, or condition to be life-threatening, it must present a real,
appreciable risk of death, but need not create a likelihood of imminent, near-certain death.
In light of the foregoing, we conclude that the trial court did not err when it decided that
B.T. suffered from a “life-threatening . . . condition,” and therefore a serious bodily injury or
disease as defined in the statute. Prewitt testified that he was not sure if B.T.’s bed sores were
infected but there was a significant risk of infection if not properly treated and that an infection
might very well kill B.T. In particular, he indicated that parts of these bed sores had passed the
dermis and approached the fascia, indicating an increased risk of infection. Although he doubted
the bed sores immediately below her buttocks were infected, he testified that the sores on a lower
part of her legs might have already been infected. Prewitt felt it important to have her admitted
to the hospital for treatment as a result of her condition.
The risk of infection (and ultimately, of death) was a result of her neglected condition,
which included being covered by bed bugs, urine, and feces. In this case, although Tomlin
assured the case worker that she would change her mother’s Depends and give her regular
sponge baths, Tomlin failed to do so because she “didn’t have time.” As a result of this neglect,
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the likelihood of infection and eventual death was at its highest during the two days she lay on
the floor covered in bed bugs and her own waste.
The evidence was therefore sufficient for the trial court to conclude that B.T.’s bed sores
presented a risk of death significant enough to make them a “life-threatening . . . condition.”
Although Tomlin argues the bed sores were treatable, B.T. lay in her own filth for two days
without any treatment or cleaning. Her condition was life-threatening because of the
combination of bed sores, leg sores, and the increased risk of infection created by the ubiquitous
bed bugs, feces, and urine covering her body. See Correll, 269 Va. at 6-11, 14 (holding that bed
sores combined with other medical problems and risk factors, including infection, can be a
“life-threatening . . . condition”). Therefore, the trial court had sufficient evidence to convict
Tomlin of violating Code § 18.2-369(C).
C. Hearsay
On appeal, evidentiary rulings are reviewed for abuse of discretion. Jones v.
Commonwealth, 71 Va. App. 70, 85 (2019) (citing Blankenship v. Commonwealth, 69 Va. App.
692, 697 (2019)). A court has abused its discretion if its decision was affected by an error of law
or was one with which no reasonable jurist could agree. Grattan v. Commonwealth, 278 Va.
602, 620 (2009) (citing Porter v. Commonwealth, 276 Va. 203 (2008)); Jones, 71 Va. App. at 86
(citing Lawlor v. Commonwealth, 285 Va. 187, 212-13 (2013)).
While cross-examining Shank, Tomlin’s attorney asked Shank a question that elicited
hearsay from Shank. Tomlin’s attorney promptly objected, was overruled, and noted his
objection to the ruling on the record. The trial court held that Shank’s answer was hearsay but
was admissible because Tomlin’s attorney elicited it. On appeal, Tomlin argues that
inadmissible hearsay is not rendered admissible merely because a witness presented it in
response to the objecting party’s question. In response, the Commonwealth argues that the
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statement was not hearsay because it was admissible to prove “why Shank did not speak to B.T.
after she was in the hospital” or in the alternative, as the court ruled, that Tomlin’s attorney
invited the hearsay.
Assuming without deciding the trial court’s decision was error, the error was harmless.
The admission of evidence contrary to Virginia’s evidence law is harmless if the appellate court
“can[] say, with fair assurance, . . . that the judgment was not substantially swayed by the error.”
Commonwealth v. Swann, 290 Va. 194, 201 (2015) (quoting Anderson v. Commonwealth, 282
Va. 457, 467 (2011)). At oral argument, Tomlin’s counsel conceded that if this Court adopted a
less stringent definition of “serious bodily injury” than the one he advocated, the error was likely
harmless. He believed the statement was necessary to convict Tomlin under his definition of
serious bodily injury as life-threatening injury, but he admitted that the statement was likely not
necessary to convict Tomlin under a broader definition. As discussed supra, we rejected
Tomlin’s stringent definition in favor of a broader definition.
After a mature consideration of the entire record, we conclude that Shank’s statement did
not “substantially sway” the trial court. The Commonwealth did not mention Shank’s response
in closing arguments and the trial court did not mention it during its ruling, but instead relied
expressly on Prewitt’s testimony. As explained above in detail, there was ample evidence from
which to conclude that B.T. had suffered a serious bodily injury: the size and depth of the bed
sores, the risk of infection leading to death, the ubiquitous feces and urine increasing that risk of
infection, and the bed bug bites. Shank’s statement was less than a cherry on top. Therefore, we
hold that any error was harmless.
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IV. CONCLUSION
First, the trial court lacked sufficient evidence to conclude that B.T. was mentally
incapacitated with respect to financial matters. Second, it had sufficient evidence to conclude
that B.T. had suffered “serious bodily injuries.” Third, even if the trial court improperly
admitted hearsay during Shank’s testimony, the error was harmless. Accordingly, we reverse
and dismiss with respect to the conviction for financial exploitation of a mentally incapacitated
adult, but we affirm the conviction for abuse or neglect of an incapacitated adult.
Affirmed in part, reversed and dismissed in part.
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