IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
James Kenney, :
Petitioner :
:
v. : No. 845 C.D. 2018
: Argued: June 5, 2019
Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board :
(Lower Pottsgrove Township and :
DelawareValley Workers’ :
Compensation Trust), :
Respondents :
BEFORE: HONORABLE MARY HANNAH LEAVITT, President Judge
HONORABLE RENÉE COHN JUBELIRER, Judge
HONORABLE P. KEVIN BROBSON, Judge
HONORABLE MICHAEL H. WOJCIK, Judge
HONORABLE ELLEN CEISLER, Judge
OPINION
BY PRESIDENT JUDGE LEAVITT FILED: August 2, 2019
James Kenney (Claimant), a police officer for Lower Pottsgrove
Township (Employer), petitions for review of an adjudication of the Workers’
Compensation Appeal Board (Board) that reversed, in part, the decision of the
Workers’ Compensation Judge (WCJ). In so doing, the Board held that Delaware
Valley Workers’ Compensation Trust (Trust), a group self-insurance fund, was
entitled to subrogate against Claimant’s third-party tort recovery. Claimant argues
that because he was paid only Heart and Lung benefits, the Trust had no right of
subrogation. We reverse the Board.
Background
The facts of this case are not in dispute. On September 22, 2014,
Claimant was injured in a work-related motor vehicle accident when his police
cruiser was struck by another vehicle. Claimant was out of work until March 16,
2015, when he returned to light duty. He returned to full duty on July 25, 2015.
After his injury, the Trust issued a Notice of Compensation Payable
(NCP) accepting liability for wage loss compensation in the amount of $932 per
week. Reproduced Record at 226 (R.R. __). However, Employer continued to pay
Claimant full wages. The Trust sent Claimant’s workers’ compensation disability
checks to Employer, and Claimant signed them over to Employer. Employer did not
advise Claimant that its payment of his full wages constituted Heart and Lung Act1
benefits.
On January 21, 2015, a union member advised Claimant that he should
apply for Heart and Lung benefits. Claimant did so on January 28, 2015, by emailing
the police chief a document titled “Application for Heart and Lung Act Benefits.”
R.R. 230. By a letter dated March 2, 2015, Employer acknowledged receipt of
Claimant’s request for Heart and Lung benefits and “agreed to accept the claim in
accordance with applicable law.” R.R. 231. On April 9, 2015, Employer issued
Claimant a check in the amount of $5,198.94 to reimburse him for taxes that had
been deducted from his paychecks.2
Claimant filed a tort action against the driver of the vehicle involved in
the accident. The Trust asserted a workers’ compensation lien in the amount of
$85,237.63, which was comprised of $25,375.86 in wage loss compensation and
$59,861.77 in medical compensation.
On January 14, 2016, Employer filed a petition to review compensation,
seeking a determination “with respect to Employer/Insurer’s worker[s’]
compensation lien rights.” Certified Record (C.R.), Item No. 2, at 1. Claimant
responded that he “has not settled any personal injury action against any third
1
Act of June 28, 1935, P.L. 477, as amended, 53 P.S. §§637-638.
2
Heart and Lung benefits are not taxable.
2
party[,]” and, in any event, Employer cannot subrogate Heart and Lung benefits.
C.R., Item No. 4, at 1. On June 1, 2016, Employer filed a second petition to review
compensation benefits requesting a determination as to “whether benefits were
properly paid under the Workers’ Compensation Act[.3]” C.R., Item No. 6, at 1.
Claimant responded that all benefits should have been paid pursuant to the Heart and
Lung Act.
The WCJ consolidated Employer’s petitions. Claimant presented his
deposition testimony and a transcript of his testimony at a hearing before the Lower
Pottsgrove Board of Commissioners4 that established the above-recited facts.
Employer presented the deposition testimony of Richard Lee, the administrator of
the Trust, who explained the Trust and its operations.
Lee testified that the Trust was established by “a group of homogeneous
employers to pool their liabilities [for] Workers’ Compensation[.]” Notes of
Testimony (N.T.), 9/13/2016, at 4-5; R.R. 323-24. The Trust is an approved group
self-insurance fund that provides workers’ compensation coverage to municipal
employers, townships and boroughs. The Trust’s premium rates are regulated by the
Bureau of Workers’ Compensation and are set at the level needed to cover all claims
and expenses of the group. The Trust uses the same payroll classifications as the
Pennsylvania Compensation Rating Bureau, which sets workers’ compensation rates
for the insurance industry. Lee stated that “excess funds that are not needed” are
3
Act of June 2, 1915, P.L. 736, as amended, 77 P.S. §§1-1041.4, 2501-2710.
4
On March 24, 2016, the Lower Pottsgrove Board of Commissioners held a public hearing
regarding Claimant’s Heart and Lung benefits application. The Board of Commissioners
determined that it does not have subject matter jurisdiction to determine “whether benefits were,
in fact, payable to [Claimant] under the Workers’ Compensation Act[.]” Interlocutory Decision
and Order, 7/5/2016 at 1; C.R., Item No. 25 at 1. Accordingly, the Board of Commissioners placed
the matter “in abeyance pending determination by workers’ compensation authorities, which the
Board of Commissioners believe[s] is the proper venue and jurisdiction to address this claim.” Id.
3
refunded by the Trust to members in various forms such as cash dividends or
premium reductions. Id. at 11; R.R. 330.
According to Lee, a member of the Trust does not apply to the Bureau
of Workers’ Compensation to become an approved self-insurer; a member simply
notifies the Bureau that it “has agreed to join [the] [T]rust.” Id. at 10; R.R. 329.
Each member has the right to appoint a trustee to the Trust’s board of trustees, which
further elects five executive committee members to “direct and operate” the Trust.
Id. at 12; R.R. 331. Lee stated that subrogation “is referenced in the trust agreement
as something that the [T]rust can pursue.” Id. at 31; R.R. 350. Since its inception,
the Trust has asserted workers’ compensation lien rights “when appropriate[.]” Id.
at 33; R.R. 352.
Employer also offered the deposition testimony of Linda Bengera, an
employee of the Trust, who managed Claimant’s workers’ compensation claim.
According to Bengera, the Trust paid wage loss and medical benefits to Claimant in
accordance with the Workers’ Compensation Act. The workers’ compensation
checks were set up on “auto pay” and sent to Employer because they “ha[d]
something to do” with Claimant’s Heart and Lung benefits. N.T., 4/13/2016, at 29-
30; R.R. 299. The Trust’s “protocol” is to send the checks to the employer. Id. at
30; R.R. 299.
The WCJ found the testimony of Claimant, Lee, and Bengera credible.
The WCJ granted Employer’s second review petition, concluding that Claimant’s
workers’ compensation benefits were paid as required by the Workers’
Compensation Act. The WCJ denied Employer’s first review petition, concluding
that Employer could not subrogate against Claimant’s tort recovery. The WCJ
reasoned Claimant received Heart and Lung benefits and, thus, could not plead those
4
benefits as an item of damages in his tort action. Accordingly, the Trust could not
subrogate the same from Claimant’s tort recovery. The WCJ held this outcome was
required by this Court’s holding in Stermel v. Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board
(City of Philadelphia), 103 A.3d 876 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2014). The WCJ noted that
Employer was not “a single self-insured entity” but, rather, a member of a self-
insurance group fund. WCJ Decision at 7, Conclusion of Law No. 3; C.R., Item No.
10, at 7. Nevertheless, the WCJ concluded that this fact did not distinguish the
present case from Stermel.
Employer appealed to the Board, arguing that the WCJ’s reliance on
Stermel was misplaced because Employer “has all of the attributes of an insured
employer and none of the attributes of a self-insured.” C.R., Item No. 11, at 1.
Accordingly, Employer asserted that the Trust can subrogate its payment of workers’
compensation benefits from Claimant’s third-party tort recovery.
The Board affirmed the WCJ’s decision granting Employer’s second
review petition but reversed the WCJ’s decision on Employer’s first review petition.
The Board distinguished Stermel, which involved a self-insured employer that paid
only Heart and Lung benefits. By contrast, the Trust, acting in the same manner as
an insurance carrier, paid Claimant workers’ compensation benefits that were
“completely separate from [Employer’s] payment of Heart and Lung benefits.”
Board Adjudication at 8; C.R., Item No. 15, at 10. The Board reasoned, “while
[Employer] may not be eligible for subrogation in terms of its payment of Heart and
Lung benefits, [the Trust] itself, acting as [Employer’s] workers’ compensation
insurer, is entitled to subrogation in terms of the workers’ compensation benefits it
5
paid under the [Workers’ Compensation] Act.” Board Adjudication at 7; C.R., Item
No. 15, at 9. Claimant petitioned for this Court’s review.5
Appeal
On appeal, Claimant argues that the Board erred. He argues that under
this Court’s holding in Stermel and our Supreme Court’s decision in Pennsylvania
State Police v. Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board (Bushta), 184 A.3d 958 (Pa.
2018) (Bushta II), neither Employer nor the Trust may seek subrogation against
Claimant’s third-party tort recovery. All indemnity and medical benefits were paid
to Claimant under the Heart and Lung Act, and the Motor Vehicle Financial
Responsibility Law6 does not permit recovery of Heart and Lung benefits from the
tortfeasor in a motor vehicle accident.
Employer responds that the Trust paid Claimant indemnity and medical
benefits pursuant to the Workers’ Compensation Act for which it is entitled to
subrogation. Employer further argues that the Board correctly applied Stermel, in
which this Court acknowledged that a “self-insured public employer” and a “public
employer who purchases an employer’s liability policy of insurance[]” will be
treated differently in terms of subrogation. Employer Brief at 16 (quoting Stermel,
103 A.3d at 886). Employer points out that Stermel and Bushta II do not address
whether a group self-insurance fund is entitled to assert a workers’ compensation
lien “for the workers’ compensation benefits actually paid[.]” Employer Brief at 19.
Employer asserts that the Trust’s right to subrogation is “absolute” under Section
5
“Our scope of review is limited to determining whether constitutional rights were violated,
whether the adjudication is in accordance with the law[,] or whether necessary findings of fact are
supported by substantial evidence.” City of Philadelphia v. Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board
(Sherlock), 934 A.2d 156, 159 n.5 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2007).
6
75 Pa. C.S. §§1701-1799.7.
6
319 of the Workers’ Compensation Act, 77 P.S. §671. Employer Brief at 23 (quoting
Winfree v. Philadelphia Electric Company, 554 A.2d 485 (Pa. 1989)).
Analysis
I. Applicable Statutes
We begin with a review of the Workers’ Compensation Act, the Heart
and Lung Act, and the Motor Vehicle Financial Responsibility Law. These statutes
are dispositive of Claimant’s appeal.
The Workers’ Compensation Act entitles employees injured at work to
be compensated for medical bills and lost wages. Wage loss compensation is capped
at two-thirds of the pre-injury wages. Section 306(a) of the Workers’ Compensation
Act, 77 P.S. §511. Both public and private employers are subject to the requirements
of the Workers’ Compensation Act.
Section 1(a) of the Heart and Lung Act provides that police officers and
other public safety employees temporarily disabled by a work injury will be paid
their full salary until the incapacity has ceased, and “[a]ll medical and hospital bills
[] incurred in connection with any such injury” shall be paid by their employer. 53
P.S. §637(a). This more favorable wage loss benefit assures “those undertaking
dangerous employment in certain institutions that they will continue to receive full
income when they are injured while performing their duties [and] by offering such
assurance, the Commonwealth can attract employees to and keep them in the
essential and dangerous jobs.” McWreath v. Department of Public Welfare, 26 A.3d
1251, 1255 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2011). Police officers and public safety employees are
also entitled to benefits under the Workers’ Compensation Act; however, “any
[workers’ compensation benefits] received or collected by any such employe for
such period [] shall be turned over to the [public employer] … and paid into the
7
treasury thereof[.]” 53 P.S. §637(a). Self-insured public employers that pay Heart
and Lung benefits do not also make workers’ compensation payments because they
would simply be returned. Wisniewski v. Workmen’s Compensation Appeal Board
(City of Pittsburgh), 621 A.2d 1111, 1113 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1993).
When a compensable work injury has been caused by a third party,
Section 319 of the Workers’ Compensation Act gives the employer a right of
subrogation against the employee’s tort recovery. “Although the Heart and Lung
Act contains no similar provision, it has been interpreted as providing employers
with subrogation rights.” Commonwealth v. Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board
(Piree), 182 A.3d 1082, 1087 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2018). The public policy for subrogation
has been explained as follows:
First, it prevents double recovery for the same injury by the
claimant. Second, it prevents the employer from having to make
compensation payments which resulted from the negligence of a
third party. Finally, it prevents a third party from escaping
liability for his negligence.
Murphy v. Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board (City of Philadelphia), 871 A.2d
312, 317 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2005).
However, where the compensable injury is the result of a motor vehicle
accident, a public employer’s right of subrogation is governed by Section 1720 of
the Motor Vehicle Financial Responsibility Law, which provides:
In actions arising out of the maintenance or use of a motor
vehicle, there shall be no right of subrogation or reimbursement
from a claimant’s tort recovery with respect to workers’
compensation benefits, benefits available under section 1711
(relating to required benefits), 1712 (relating to availability of
benefits) or 1715 (relating to availability of adequate limits) or
benefits paid or payable by a program, group contract or other
8
arrangement whether primary or excess under section 1719
(relating to coordination of benefits).
75 Pa. C.S. §1720. Relatedly, Section 1722 provides:
In any action for damages against a tortfeasor, or in any
uninsured or underinsured motorist proceeding, arising out of the
maintenance or use of a motor vehicle, a person who is eligible
to receive benefits under the coverages set forth in this
subchapter, or workers’ compensation, or any program, group
contract or other arrangement for payment of benefits as defined
in section 1719 (relating to coordination of benefits) shall be
precluded from recovering the amount of benefits paid or
payable under this subchapter, or workers’ compensation, or any
program, group contract or other arrangement for payment of
benefits as defined in section 1719.
75 Pa. C.S. §1722. In Act 44 of 1993, the Legislature repealed Sections 1720 and
1722 insofar as they pertained to workers’ compensation benefits, thereby
authorizing subrogation of these benefit payments. See Act of July 2, 1993, P.L.
190, No. 44, §25(b) (Act 44).7 By contrast, Act 44 did not repeal the statutory
prohibition against subrogation with respect to Heart and Lung benefits. See Oliver
v. City of Pittsburgh, 11 A.3d 960, 966 (Pa. 2011). In Heller v. Pennsylvania League
of Cities and Municipalities, 32 A.3d 1213, 1227 (Pa. 2011), our Supreme Court
explained that the purpose of Act 44 was to transfer costs associated with work-
related automobile accidents from the workers’ compensation system back to the
automobile insurance market. However, “Act 44 did not shift responsibility for
Heart and Lung benefits, which remain with the employer.” Stermel, 103 A.3d at
885.
7
Act 44 provides, “The provisions of 75 Pa. C.S. §§1720 and 1722 are repealed insofar as they
relate to workers’ compensation payments or other benefits under the Workers’ Compensation
Act.” Act of July 2, 1993, P.L. 190, No. 44, §25(b).
9
II. Subrogation by Trust
The Board held that the Trust paid wage and medical benefits as
workers’ compensation benefits and, thus, was entitled to subrogation under Section
319 of the Workers’ Compensation Act. The Board held that the Trust was entitled
to recover these payments from the tortfeasor, as can any insurance carrier. Claimant
argues that the Board erred because the manner by which the public employer
chooses to fund its liability to injured employees is irrelevant. Simply, a public
employer may not seek subrogation against the tort recovery of a public safety
employee who is injured in a work-related automobile accident.
In Stermel, 103 A.3d 876, the claimant, a Philadelphia police officer,
suffered a work-related injury that rendered him temporarily unable to work. The
employer, the City of Philadelphia, issued an NCP acknowledging the employer’s
liability for claimant’s workers’ compensation but also stating that “[c]laimant
received salary continuation in lieu of PA [w]orkers’ compensation for [the] period
of lost time under the City of Philadelphia’s Heart and Lung Act.” Id. at 881. The
employer subsequently sought subrogation of its workers’ compensation wage and
medical payments from the claimant’s third-party tort recovery. The Board ruled
that the employer was entitled to subrogation, holding that “two-thirds of the Heart
and Lung disability benefits paid [to the claimant] represented workers’
compensation benefits.” Id. This Court reversed the Board.
This Court explained that the anti-subrogation provision in Section
1720 of the Motor Vehicle Financial Responsibility Law has been construed to
include benefits paid under the Heart and Lung Act. Stermel, 103 A.3d at 885.
Although Act 44 repealed both Sections 1720 and 1722 insofar as they pertained to
subrogation of benefits under the Workers’ Compensation Act, the legislature did
10
not repeal the prohibition against subrogation of Heart and Lung benefits.
Accordingly, Section 1722 precluded the claimant “from recovering the amount of
benefits paid under the Heart and Lung Act from the responsible tortfeasors[]” and
there can be no subrogation out of an award that does not include these benefits as
an item of damages. Stermel, 103 A.3d at 885.
Thereafter, this Court decided Pennsylvania State Police v. Workers’
Compensation Appeal Board (Bushta), 149 A.3d 118 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2016) (Bushta
I), affirmed, 184 A.3d 958 (Pa. 2018), which concerned a state trooper injured in a
work-related motor vehicle accident. The parties stipulated that the self-insured
employer, the Pennsylvania State Police, had paid benefits under both the Workers’
Compensation Act and the Heart and Lung Act. However, the employer’s third-
party administrator made the workers’ compensation payments directly to the
employer. The Pennsylvania State Police asserted that “a portion of [c]laimant’s
Heart and Lung Act benefits were subject to subrogation because they were in fact
[workers’ compensation] benefits[.]” Id. at 122. This Court disagreed.
We held that under Stermel, the employer was not entitled to
subrogation of the lost wages paid to the claimant under the Heart and Lung Act. To
treat “a portion of the Heart and Lung benefits as [workers’ compensation]
payments, [the employer] extended the legislature’s ‘specific refinements beyond
their plain terms.’” Id. (quoting Stermel, 103 A.3d at 886) (emphasis omitted).
Additionally, this Court recognized that the Heart and Lung Act provides both wage
loss and medical benefits, as does the Workers’ Compensation Act. We held that
the employer could not recover from the claimant’s settlement with the third-party
tortfeasor any portion of the medical or wage loss benefits it paid to the claimant
under the Heart and Lung Act.
11
On further appeal, our Supreme Court affirmed. The Supreme Court
observed that, as in Stermel, the claimant in Bushta I could not include his lost wages
and medical benefits as an item of damages under Section 1722 of the Motor Vehicle
Financial Responsibility Law. The Supreme Court concluded, “agree[ing] with the
Stermel court[,]” that subrogation of Heart and Lung benefits is barred. Bushta II,
184 A.3d at 968. The Supreme Court rejected the employer’s argument that because
of the NCP, the claimant’s benefits must be considered, at least in part, workers’
compensation benefits. The Supreme Court held that the “mere acknowledgement
in an NCP of a work injury, and the specification of the amount of benefits to which
an injured employee would be entitled under the [Workers’ Compensation Act],”
does not “transform[] an injured employee’s Heart and Lung benefits into [workers’
compensation] benefits under the [Motor Vehicle Financial Responsibility Law].”
Bushta II, 184 A.3d at 969.
Likewise, the Supreme Court rejected the argument that the employer’s
use of the repricing formula set forth in the Workers’ Compensation Act made the
Heart and Lung medical payments workers’ compensation. The Supreme Court
again emphasized that because medical care is required under the Heart and Lung
Act, those payments constitute Heart and Lung Act benefits, regardless of the pricing
scheme used.
Our recent decision in DeHoratius v. Workers’ Compensation Appeal
Board (Upper Darby Township), 187 A.3d 273 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2017), appeal denied,
187 A.3d 911 (Pa. 2018), is also instructive. There the self-insured public employer
set up two separate funds, one for Heart and Lung benefits and the other for workers’
compensation benefits. The employer acknowledged that it was not entitled to
subrogation for Heart and Lung benefits, but it claimed that it could seek subrogation
12
for benefits paid out of its workers’ compensation fund. We rejected the argument
that the employer’s “method of separating the Heart and Lung benefits from the
[workers’ compensation] benefits” entitled it to subrogation of the latter. 187 A.3d
at 276.
Here, Employer took pains at the WCJ hearing to establish that the
Trust cannot be distinguished from a commercial insurance carrier providing
workers’ compensation coverage. It did so because Stermel suggested that
commercial carriers, unlike self-insured employers, may be able to seek subrogation
of compensation payments made to an employer. Notably, Claimant agrees that the
Trust is, for all intents and purposes, an insurance company. The question, then, is
whether that fact changes the outcome, as the Board believed. We conclude that it
does not.
The Trust issued an NCP accepting liability for Claimant’s injury, and
it remitted workers’ compensation indemnity payments to Claimant that were signed
over to Employer. Claimant did not actually collect any workers’ compensation
benefits, only Heart and Lung benefits, and there is no opportunity for double
recovery by Claimant. This is because Claimant is “precluded from recovering the
amount of benefits paid or payable” under the Heart and Lung Act from the
responsible tortfeasor. 75 Pa. C.S. §1722 (emphasis added). As a corollary, “[t]here
can be no subrogation out of an award that does not include these benefits.” Stermel,
103 A.3d at 885. This rule was followed by the Supreme Court in Bushta II, 184
A.3d at 968.
It is irrelevant that the Trust paid workers’ compensation benefits to
Employer, as this Court recently explained:
It is the nature of the benefits for which subrogation is sought,
i.e., are they Heart and Lung benefits or workers’ compensation
13
benefits, that is critical to the determination of whether a right of
subrogation exists, not who is paying the benefits or whether the
benefits are being paid from a “separate account.”
City of Philadelphia v. Nancy Dugan (Pa. Cmwlth., No. 479 C.D. 2017, filed
December 7, 2018), slip op. at 15 (unreported).8 Under Stermel and Bushta II, the
Trust cannot subrogate against Claimant’s third-party recovery.
Conclusion
For all these reasons, we hold that the Trust is not entitled to
subrogation for the payments it made to Claimant pursuant to Sections 1720 and
1722 of the Motor Vehicle Financial Responsibility Law. We reverse the Board’s
order insofar as it reversed the WCJ’s decision that denied Employer’s petition to
review compensation benefits requesting a determination regarding subrogation
rights.
_____________________________________
MARY HANNAH LEAVITT, President Judge
8
An unreported memorandum opinion of this Court may be cited “for its persuasive value,” but
“not as binding precedent.” Section 414(a) of the Commonwealth Court’s Internal Operating
Procedures, 210 Pa. Code §69.414(a).
14
IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
James Kenney, :
Petitioner :
:
v. : No. 845 C.D. 2018
:
Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board :
(Lower Pottsgrove Township and :
DelawareValley Workers’ :
Compensation Trust), :
Respondents :
ORDER
AND NOW, this 2nd day of August, 2019, the order of the Workers’
Compensation Appeal Board (Board) in the above-captioned matter dated May 31,
2018, is REVERSED insofar as it held the Delaware Valley Workers’ Compensation
Trust was entitled to subrogate against Petitioner James Kenney’s third-party tort
recovery. The Board’s order is otherwise AFFIRMED.
_____________________________________
MARY HANNAH LEAVITT, President Judge