TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-19-00260-CV
J. W., Appellant
v.
Texas Department of Family and Protective Services, Appellee
FROM THE COUNTY COURT AT LAW NO. 1 OF WILLIAMSON COUNTY
NO. 18-0068-CPSC1, THE HONORABLE BRANDY HALLFORD, JUDGE PRESIDING
MEMORANDUM OPINION
This is an appeal from a final order terminating the parental rights of appellant
J.W. (the father) to his children, J.L.W. and B.W. In two issues on appeal, the father asserts that
the trial court’s failure to follow the requirements of the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and
Enforcement Act (UCCJEA) deprived the trial court of subject-matter jurisdiction and violated
the father’s due-process rights. We will affirm the trial court’s order.
BACKGROUND
The father was married to the children’s mother, H.W., in Nevada, where the
children were born. In April 2017, a Nevada court signed a divorce decree granting the mother
full custody of the children. On or about January 15, 2018, the mother moved with the children
to Texas. The father remained in Nevada, where he is currently incarcerated for assaulting the
mother.
In April 2018, the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services
(the Department) filed suit to terminate the parental rights of the father and the mother, alleging,
among other grounds for termination, that the father and mother had knowingly placed or
knowingly allowed the children to remain in conditions or surroundings which endangered the
physical or emotional well-being of the children and engaged in conduct or knowingly placed the
children with persons who engaged in conduct which endangered the physical or emotional well-
being of the children. See Tex. Fam. Code § 161.001(b)(1)(D), (E). The Department also
alleged that the trial court had “emergency and/or home state jurisdiction under the [UCCJEA].”
However, the petition did not specify that there had been a prior custody determination in
another state. 1 The trial court proceeded to enter temporary orders for the protection of the
children.
On August 16, 2018, the Department filed its “Amended Motion Regarding
Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement.” In the motion, the Department asserted
the following:
The State of Texas has jurisdiction to render temporary orders for the protection
of the children the subjects of this suit pursuant to Subchapter C, Chapter 152,
Texas Family Code. The home state of the children was Nevada prior to the
commencement of this proceeding. The children were brought to Texas on or
about 2017.
1
Although the record does not reflect when the trial court learned of the Nevada divorce
decree, it appears that it was no later than June 6, 2018, when the Department filed a motion to
transfer the proceedings from the court of exclusive continuing jurisdiction in Clark County,
Nevada to the Williamson County Court at Law No. 1.
2
Jurisdiction is more convenient in Texas as the children and the mother reside in
Texas, the removal was completed in Texas, and all services to be completed by
the family are in Texas. No suit for a child custody determination has been filed
within 12 months of the original SAPCR. Additionally, the only party remaining
in Nevada is incarcerated and incapable of substantially participating in the case.
The Department asks that the Court find that the State of Texas is the home state
of the children the subject of this suit and has jurisdiction pursuant to Subchapter
C, Chapter 152, Texas Family Code, to render final orders for the custody of this
child.
On November 8, 2018, the mother filed a plea to the jurisdiction, asserting that
the Nevada court that signed the divorce decree retained continuing, exclusive jurisdiction over
the custody issues concerning the children. The following day, the trial court conferred with the
Nevada court via a telephonic hearing. Although a transcript of that hearing is not in the record
before us, 2 it is undisputed that during the hearing, the Nevada court determined that Texas was
the more convenient forum and deferred jurisdiction to Texas. The mother filed a motion to
reconsider, which the Nevada court denied on December 18, 2018.
On January 29, 2019, the trial court held a hearing on the mother’s plea to the
jurisdiction and the Department’s amended motion regarding the UCCJEA. After taking the
matter under advisement, the trial court granted the Department’s motion and denied the
mother’s plea to the jurisdiction.
The case proceeded to a jury trial in April 2019. Prior to trial, the mother filed a
motion for continuance, asking the trial court to reconsider her plea to the jurisdiction. The trial
court denied the request. During trial, the mother signed an affidavit of voluntary relinquishment
of her parental rights, which the trial court accepted. The jury continued to hear evidence
concerning the termination of the father’s parental rights. At the conclusion of trial, the jury
2
The father represents in his brief that the Nevada court made a record of the hearing.
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found by clear and convincing evidence that the father’s parental rights should be terminated.
The trial court rendered judgment on the verdict. This appeal by the father followed.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
“‘[S]ubject-matter jurisdiction is essential to a court’s power to decide a case.’”
In re City of Dallas, 501 S.W.3d 71, 73 (Tex. 2016) (orig. proceeding) (per curiam) (quoting
Bland Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Blue, 34 S.W.3d 547, 553–54 (Tex. 2000)); see Tellez v. City of
Socorro, 226 S.W.3d 413, 413 (Tex. 2007) (per curiam). “[A] court cannot render a binding
judgment concerning matters over which it lacks subject-matter jurisdiction.” City of Dallas,
501 S.W.3d at 73 (citing In re Doe, 444 S.W.3d 603, 608 (Tex. 2014) (orig. proceeding)).
Therefore, a judgment rendered by a court without subject-matter jurisdiction is void. Engelman
Irrigation Dist. v. Shields Bros., Inc., 514 S.W.3d 746, 750 (Tex. 2017); In re United Servs.
Auto. Ass’n, 307 S.W.3d 299, 309 (Tex. 2010) (orig. proceeding).
Whether a court has subject-matter jurisdiction is a question of law. Sampson v.
University of Tex. at Austin, 500 S.W.3d 380, 384 (Tex. 2016) (citing Texas Dep’t of Parks &
Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 225–26 (Tex. 2004)). Accordingly, we review a trial
court’s ruling on a plea to the jurisdiction de novo. Meyers v. JDC/Firethorne, Ltd., 548 S.W.3d
477, 486 (Tex. 2018); Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 228; Saavedra v. Schmidt, 96 S.W.3d 533, 541
(Tex. App.—Austin 2002, no pet.). Similarly, we review any statutory-construction questions
involving the jurisdictional provisions contained within the UCCJEA de novo. Powell v. Stover,
165 S.W.3d 322, 324–25 (Tex. 2005) (citing McIntyre v. Ramirez, 109 S.W.3d 741, 745
(Tex. 2003)); In re Forlenza, 140 S.W.3d 373, 376 (Tex. 2004) (orig. proceeding); In re Walker,
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428 S.W.3d 212, 215–16 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, orig. proceeding); see In re
Dean, 393 S.W.3d 741, 745–47 (Tex. 2012) (orig. proceeding).
ANALYSIS
Under the UCCJEA, the trial court that makes the “initial child custody
determination” generally retains exclusive continuing jurisdiction over any future custody
determinations. Saaverda, 96 S.W.3d at 541; see Tex. Fam. Code § 152.202(a). “Child custody
determination” means a judgment, decree, or other order of a court providing for legal custody,
physical custody, or visitation with respect to a child. Tex. Fam. Code § 152.102(3). “Initial
determination” means the first child custody determination concerning a particular child. Id.
§ 152.102(8). Here, it is undisputed that the initial child-custody determination was made in the
divorce decree that the Nevada court entered in April 2017. Accordingly, at that time, the
Nevada court became the court of exclusive continuing jurisdiction under the UCCJEA. See id.
§ 152.202. Absent the Nevada court’s relinquishment of its jurisdiction, the Texas trial court
was without jurisdiction to terminate the parental rights of the mother and father to their children.
See id. § 152.203; see also In re A.J., No. 02-15-00329-CV, 2016 Tex. App. LEXIS 12791, at
*5–13 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Dec. 1, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op.) (concluding that Texas court
did not have jurisdiction to render custody determination when New York court of exclusive
continuing jurisdiction did not decline jurisdiction).
However, in the absence of “exclusive continuing jurisdiction,” a Texas trial court
can exercise “temporary emergency jurisdiction” if the children are “present in this state” and “it
is necessary in an emergency to protect the child[ren]” because they are “subjected to or
threatened with mistreatment or abuse.” Tex. Fam. Code § 152.204. In this case, at the time the
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Department filed suit in April 2018, the record reflects that the children were present in Texas
and had been subjected to or threatened with mistreatment or abuse. Specifically, in an affidavit
attached to the Department’s petition, Kristen Maddux, a Child Protective Services Investigator
with the Department, averred that the children lived in Cedar Park, Texas, with their mother and
their mother’s boyfriend, R.S., and that R.S. had physically abused the children while in their
mother’s care. This evidence supports the trial court’s exercise of “temporary emergency
jurisdiction” under the UCCJEA. See id. Accordingly, the trial court had jurisdiction to enter
temporary orders for the protection of the children. See Saavedra, 96 S.W.3d at 544 (“States
have a parens patriae duty to children within their borders, and the possibility that allegations of
immediate harm might be true is sufficient for a court to assume temporary emergency
jurisdiction in the best interests of the child under the UCCJEA.”); see also In re C.L.B., No. 10-
13-00203-CV, 2014 Tex. App. LEXIS 1924, at *12–19 (Tex. App.—Waco Feb. 20, 2014, no
pet.) (mem. op.); In re F.M.-T., No. 02-13-00230-CV, 2013 Tex. App. LEXIS 12368, at *4–9
(Tex. App.—Fort Worth Oct. 3, 2013, no pet.) (mem. op.); In re J.C.B., 209 S.W.3d 821, 823–24
(Tex. App.—Amarillo 2006, no pet.).
“Generally, emergency jurisdiction confers only temporary jurisdiction to prevent
irreparable and immediate harm to children.” Abderholden v. Morizot, 856 S.W.2d 829, 833–34
(Tex. App.—Austin 1993, no writ). Absent the satisfaction of other jurisdictional prerequisites,
the UCCJEA “does not confer upon the state exercising emergency jurisdiction the authority to
make a permanent custody disposition.” Id. at 834. However, in this case, the jurisdictional
prerequisites were satisfied. It is undisputed that the trial court conferred with the Nevada court,
which determined that Texas was the more convenient forum and deferred jurisdiction to Texas.
See Nev. Rev. Stat. § 125A.365 (providing that court of exclusive continuing jurisdiction “may
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decline to exercise its jurisdiction at any time if it determines that it is an inconvenient forum
under the circumstances and that a court of another state is a more appropriate forum”); see also
Tex. Fam. Code § 152.207 (identical Texas provision). Only after the Nevada court had declined
to exercise jurisdiction did the case proceed to trial in Texas. Cf. In re J.T.R., No. 13-17-00676-
CV, 2018 Tex. App. LEXIS 3115, at *4–6 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi May 3, 2018, no pet.)
(mem. op.) (concluding that trial court did not have jurisdiction to terminate parental rights
because Mississippi court had made prior custody determination for children and there were “no
pleadings or proof in the record to support a conclusion that the Mississippi court relinquished its
exclusive continuing jurisdiction”). Moreover, it is undisputed that by the time of trial, the
children and their mother had been residing in Texas for over a year and there were no custody
proceedings pending in Nevada. Accordingly, we conclude that at the time the trial court
rendered its judgment terminating the father’s parental rights, it had acquired jurisdiction to
modify the Nevada court’s prior custody determination. See Tex. Fam. Code § 152.203(1)
(specifying requirements for court to modify prior custody determination of court of exclusive
continuing jurisdiction); In re T.B., 497 S.W.3d 640, 647–52 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2016, pet.
denied); J.C.B., 209 S.W.3d at 824; see also C.L.B., 2014 Tex. App. LEXIS 1924, at *12–19;
F.M.-T., 2013 Tex. App. LEXIS 12368, at *4–9; In re J.W.H., No. 14-09-00143-CV, 2010 Tex.
App. LEXIS 2819, at *13–14 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Apr. 20, 2010, no pet.)
(mem. op.).
The father asserts, however, that the trial court failed to comply with various
procedural requirements of the UCCJEA. Specifically, the father contends that the trial court
failed to: (1) specify in its temporary orders a deadline for the parties to obtain an order from the
Nevada court pertaining to jurisdiction, see Tex. Fam. Code § 152.204(c); (2) “immediately”
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confer with the Nevada court on jurisdiction, see id. § 152.204(d); (3) provide the parties with an
opportunity to present facts and arguments before a final decision on jurisdiction was made, see
id. § 152.110(c); and (4) make a record of the telephonic hearing between the Nevada and Texas
courts and grant the parties access to the record of that hearing, see id. § 152.110(f). According
to the father, the failure to comply with these procedures prevented the trial court from obtaining
subject-matter jurisdiction and violated the father’s due-process rights.
The father cites to no cases holding that a violation of the above procedural
requirements prevents the trial court from acquiring subject-matter jurisdiction, and we have
found none. 3 We also observe that although the trial court did not comply fully with the above
procedural requirements, the record reflects that the trial court conferred with the Nevada court
and obtained an order from the Nevada court declining to exercise jurisdiction; provided notice
to the parties of its telephonic hearing with the Nevada court; held a hearing on the mother’s plea
to the jurisdiction, at which time the parties were permitted to present argument on the
jurisdictional issue; and allowed the parties to submit briefing on the issue before making its
final decision on jurisdiction. Under similar circumstances, a California court concluded that the
3
We have found cases holding that the failure to comply with similar procedural
requirements in the Texas Family Code does not deprive the trial court of subject-matter
jurisdiction. See, e.g., Kendall v. Kendall, 340 S.W.3d 483, 498–500 (Tex. App.—Houston
[1st Dist.] 2011, no pet.) (concluding that certain procedural requirements enumerated in
enforcement provisions of Uniform Interstate Family Support Act (UIFSA) were not
jurisdictional); In re E.D.L., 105 S.W.3d 679, 688 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, pet. denied)
(concluding that family code’s requirement that court conduct adversary hearing within fourteen
days after taking possession of children was not jurisdictional); see also In re L.D.C., No. 13-17-
00053-CV, 2018 Tex. App. LEXIS 10244, at *9–11 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi Dec. 13, 2018,
no pet.) (mem. op.) (concluding that “violation of a procedural rule in the assignment of a case to
a court that otherwise has subject matter jurisdiction does not deprive the court to which the case
is assigned of jurisdiction”). Cf. Helena Chem. Co. v. Wilkins, 47 S.W.3d 486, 494 (Tex. 2001)
(“Even if a statutory requirement is mandatory, this does not mean that compliance is necessarily
jurisdictional.”).
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trial court “substantially complied with the essential procedural requirements of the UCCJEA
and fully satisfied the central goals of the act,” thus rendering any error in the trial court’s
procedures harmless. In re Cristian I., 224 Cal. App. 4th 1088, 1099 (Cal. Ct. App. 2014).
We reach the same conclusion on the record here. Finally, we note that the father did not raise
these complaints in the court below, nor did he assert that the trial court had violated his due-
process rights. Accordingly, the father has waived any error in the trial court’s procedure. See
Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a)(1); Dreyer v. Greene, 871 S.W.2d 697, 698 (Tex. 1993) (concluding that
failure to raise due-process claim in court below waived complaint on appeal); see also Belmonte
v. Belmonte, No. 09-07-225-CV, 2008 Tex. App. LEXIS 3503, at *11 (Tex. App.—Beaumont
May 15, 2008, no pet.) (mem. op.) (concluding that by failing to object to trial court’s failure to
have its conversation with New York court recorded, parties waived error).
We overrule the father’s first and second issues on appeal.
CONCLUSION
We affirm the trial court’s order of termination.
__________________________________________
Gisela D. Triana, Justice
Before Chief Justice Rose, Justices Triana and Smith
Affirmed
Filed: August 20, 2019
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