In the Interest of: N.B.-A. Appeal of: E.A.

[J-66-2019]
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
EASTERN DISTRICT

SAYLOR, C.J., BAER, TODD, DONOHUE, DOUGHERTY, WECHT, MUNDY, JJ.

IN THE INTEREST OF: N.B.-A., A : No. 11 EAP 2019
MINOR :
: Appeal from the order of Superior
: Court entered on February 19, 2019 at
APPEAL OF: E.A., MOTHER : No. 893 EDA 2018 affirming in part
: and reversing in part the order dated
: March 16, 2018 in the Court of
: Common Pleas of Philadelphia
: County, Family Court Division, at No.
: CP-51-DP-0002607-2016.
:
: ARGUED: September 10, 2019

OPINION

JUSTICE TODD DECIDED: January 22, 2020
In this appeal by allowance, we consider whether the evidence was sufficient to

establish that E.A. (hereinafter, “Mother”) was a perpetrator of child abuse under the Child

Protective Services Law (“CPSL”), 23 Pa.C.S. §§ 6301-6386. For the reasons that follow,

we hold that it was not, and reverse the decision of the Superior Court.

Shortly after 8:30 a.m. on November 17, 2016, Mother presented to the emergency

department of The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (“CHOP”) with her six-year-old

daughter, N.B.-A. (hereinafter, “Child”). Mother reported that Child had been

experiencing vaginal discharge for three days. According to the emergency department

records, Mother advised that she and Child had moved to Philadelphia from the

Dominican Republic approximately one year earlier. In response to questions by CHOP

staff, Mother further indicated that she had no concerns that Child may have been
sexually abused, and she stated that Child lived with her and Child’s maternal

grandmother (hereinafter, “Grandmother”). Mother also stated that no males lived in the

home. Following a physical examination, which included vaginal swabs, Child was

discharged at approximately 11:30 a.m., with instructions to take baths and maintain good

hygiene.

Lab testing of the vaginal swabs revealed that Child had chlamydia, a sexually-

transmitted infection. Thus, at approximately 2:50 p.m. on November 18, 2016, a nurse

practitioner at CHOP telephoned Mother and asked that she return to the hospital with

Child for additional testing. Mother and Child returned to CHOP at approximately 4:40

p.m. that afternoon, at which time Child underwent another physical examination and

additional testing. According to a Child Protective Services Report (“CPS Report”) which

CHOP filed with the Department of Human Services (“DHS”) later that day, and which

was introduced into evidence at a subsequent hearing on March 16, 2018, while at CHOP,

both Mother and Child denied any sexual abuse, and Mother again denied that any males

lived in the home. The CPS Report also contained a notation that a nurse at CHOP

described that “mother’s affect was completely unconcerned, and she was wondering

where she could order pizza.” CPS Report, 11/18/16, at 7.

Additionally, the CPS Report indicated that, although Mother told CHOP staff that

no males lived in the home, Child stated that she lived with Mother, Grandmother, and

three adult male “uncles.” In actuality, the males were Mother’s husband (hereinafter,

“Stepfather”), and Mother’s two stepsons. Child explained that she slept with Mother,

while Mother’s stepsons slept in one room, and Stepfather slept alone in another room.

Child also denied feeling uncomfortable with the males present in the home. When asked

if other adults came to their home, Child stated, “[s]ome friends come, they sit on a bench

outside, they leave money and they leave.” Id. at 5. Child further explained, “My mommy

[J-66-2019] - 2
tells them numbers and they give her money.” Id. When confronted with the discrepancy

between her and Child’s description of who lived in the home, Mother first stated that the

men were Grandmother’s uncles, and then stated that the men had moved out of the

house one month earlier. Mother and Child remained in the hospital overnight, and Child

was discharged at 4:30 p.m. the following day, November 19, 2016. In light of a safety

plan that required Child to remain out of her original home, Mother and Child went to stay

with Mother’s aunt.

On or about November 21, 2016, Sharina Johnson, an investigator with DHS,

interviewed Mother.1 Johnson advised Mother that, as a result of Child testing positive

for chlamydia, DHS had opened an investigation. According to Johnson’s testimony at a

subsequent hearing on March 16, 2018, Mother “appeared very relaxed and not very

concerned about . . . the results of the STD testing.” N.T. Hearing, 3/16/18, at 15.

Johnson also recounted that Mother was having her hair done when she arrived, and,

while Johnson was there, that Mother “sat under the dryer to dry her hair with rollers.” Id.

at 22. During this interview, when Johnson asked Mother who lived with her and Child,

Mother responded that she, Child, Grandmother, Stepfather, and two of Mother’s

stepsons lived together. Id. at 16. Mother explained, however, that Child slept with

Mother in one bedroom; Grandmother slept either on the couch or with Mother and Child;

Mother’s stepsons shared a separate bedroom; and Stepfather slept in a shed behind the

kitchen. Id. at 17-18. Mother also stated that none of the men ever slept in the room with

her and Child. Mother maintained that she was unaware as to how Child could have

contracted chlamydia, and suggested Child may have contracted it at birth, as a friend of

1 Johnson testified at the March 16, 2018 hearing that, during her “initial phone contact
texts” with Mother, and during her home interview of Mother, she did not use an interpreter
when speaking with Mother, but that Mother requested a Spanish-speaking detective
during her visit to the Special Victim’s Unit on the night Child was placed in foster care.
N.T. Hearing, 3/16/18, at 26.

[J-66-2019] - 3
her mother had a baby who tested positive for a sexually transmitted disease at birth. Id.

at 18.

Johnson also spoke with Child, utilizing an interpreter. According to Johnson,

Child was happy and upbeat, and, when asked “if anyone touched her in a bad way,” she

replied “no.” Id. at 25. When asked specifically if she was ever touched in a bad way by

Stepfather or his sons, Child once again replied “no.” Id. at 26. Johnson testified that

she requested that all members of the household be tested for chlamydia. Id. at 19.

Mother was tested on November 21, 2016, and one of her stepsons, F.R.M. (hereinafter,

“Stepbrother”) was tested on November 23, 2016; both tested positive. Stepfather tested

negative. Upon receiving his test results, Stepbrother reportedly fled the hospital and

went back to the Dominican Republic. Stepfather eventually went back to the Dominican

Republic as well.

On November 22, 2016, DHS obtained an Order for Protective Custody for Child

and Child was placed in foster care. On December 5, 2016, Child was adjudicated

dependent and it was ordered that she remain in foster care. One month later,

Stepbrother was identified as the perpetrator of sexual abuse against Child.2 The trial

court conducted several permanency review hearings between March 2017 and

December 2017. On March 15, 2018, Child’s guardian ad litem (“GAL”) filed a motion for

a finding of aggravated circumstances against Mother under 42 Pa.C.S. § 6302(2).3

2 Although the record does not contain specific details regarding the circumstances of
Child’s disclosure of abuse, the parties do not dispute that, at some point after Child was
placed in foster care, Child disclosed that she had been sexually abused by Stepbrother.
See DHS Report, printed 3/14/18, at 3 (“The investigation team now has a name for the
perp on this report. The alleged perp should be [Stepbrother].”); DHS Brief at 10 (“After
the dependency adjudication, Child disclosed she had been sexually abused.”); N.T.
Hearing, 3/16/18, at 64 (Mother’s counsel stating to Mother: “And you’re aware that [Child]
has since disclosed what happened?”).
3 The Juvenile Act, 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 6301-6375, defines “aggravated circumstances” as,

inter alia, where “[t]he child or another child of the parent has been the victim of physical

[J-66-2019] - 4
 At a hearing on March 16, 2018, DHS first presented the testimony of DHS

investigator Johnson, detailed above. DHS also presented the testimony of Dr. Maria

McColgan, who treated Child for chlamydia on one occasion after Child was discharged

from CHOP.4 Dr. McColgan explained that, although chlamydia can be contracted

through birth, it resolves by the time a child is 2 or 3 years old. As Child was 6 years old

at the time of her diagnosis, Dr. McColgan opined that Child was a victim of sexual abuse.

Dr. McColgan testified, however, that Child did not have any other physical signs of injury

or abuse when she examined her. N.T. Hearing, 3/16/18, at 50. Her testimony in this

regard was consistent with Child’s medical records from CHOP, which also indicated that

Child did not present with any sign of physical injury or abuse, aside from the vaginal

discharge initially reported by Mother.

Finally, Mother testified at the hearing. When asked if she could “explain” the

testimony of the DHS investigator regarding people who visited her home and gave her

money, Mother stated that she worked at her uncle’s store, which sold lottery tickets and

other items, and “some people would take things and then they would come and pay me

later, but I never let them come into the house.” Id. at 64-65. When asked why she

initially did not tell the staff at CHOP that there were males living in the home, Mother

replied, “honestly, I didn’t know what was going on and I didn’t want to involved (sic)

anybody, like dad or -- or her brother in something involved with the -- the child.” Id. at

62. Mother further stated that Child was always cared for by her, Grandmother, or

Mother’s aunt, and that Child had never told her that she had been sexually abused, which

she found to be “very strange because she always tells me everything.” Id. at 64. With

abuse resulting in serious bodily injury, sexual violence or aggravated physical neglect by
the parent.” Id. § 6302(2).
4 Dr. McColgan testified that she saw Child at a “brief visit” for follow-up testing because

Child’s insurance would not allow her to be seen at CHOP. N.T. Hearing, 3/16/18, at 46,
49.

[J-66-2019] - 5
respect to the suggestion that she seemed “unconcerned” at the hospital when told of

Child’s diagnosis, Mother explained that “it was just hard for [me] to believe that

something could have happened to her because my mom was always with her, and I was

always with her.” Id. at 65. When asked if she currently believed that Child had been

sexually abused, Mother stated that, while she never observed the abuse, Child had no

need to lie, and Mother did believe and would always believe what Child said. Id. at 66-

67.

At the conclusion of the hearing, the juvenile court, Judge Lyris F. Younge, stated

that she “found Ms. Johnson to be credible,” and “found Dr. McColgan to be credible,” but

“did not find [Mother] to be credible.” Id. at 85. The juvenile court then entered an order

finding that Mother was a perpetrator of child abuse under 23 Pa.C.S. § 6303(b.1), which

provides, in relevant part:

Child abuse.--The term “child abuse” shall mean
intentionally, knowingly or recklessly doing any of the
following:
***
(4) Causing sexual abuse or exploitation of a child through
any act or failure to act.
***
(6) Creating a likelihood of sexual abuse or exploitation of a
child through any recent act or failure to act.
23 Pa.C.S. § 6303(b.1). The juvenile court further concluded that aggravated

circumstances existed pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S. § 6302(2), and that DHS was not required

to continue to make reasonable efforts at reunification.

In support of its finding of child abuse under Section 6303(b.1), the juvenile court

explained:
So, if you’re confronted with a diagnosis that indicates
that your child has been subjected to a sexually transmitted
disease, I find it troubling that mom would testify or give
information that’s not valid or accurate.

[J-66-2019] - 6
 So, if there’s three males in the household -- during
mom’s testimony, mom indicated she did not want to involve
them. And, at the point that she did that, she put their interests
over the well-being of her child.

When asked -- when mother was asked did she believe
that [Stepfather] abused her child -- and the follow-up
question is, did she believe that [Stepbrother] abused her
child.

Mother’s response is, “If my child said that,” or, “If my
daughter said that, then I believe that.” I’m concerned about
that, because it’s like -- it’s conditional. “Well, if that’s what
she says, then I’m going to believe it.”

Independently, mom knows that her child tested
positive for a sexually transmitted disease. And, even if
[Child] never said it, the fact that mother has that medical
evidence of some negative traumatic situation that her child
experienced at the age of six, mom should be able to say,
without a doubt, “I absolutely believe that she was the victim
of some type of sexual abuse that resulted in a diagnosis like
that.

But mom says, “Well, if she says it, I believe it.” And,
to me, again, that goes to mom’s credibility.

I don’t know if mom is, at this point, accepting full
responsibility that she, as she self-identified as a primary
caregiver, was ultimately responsible for the care and well-
being of the child while in her care. So, the fact that this
happened while mom was primary caregiver, I believe goes
to the fact that, indeed -- that there should be a finding of child
abuse.

In terms of lacking the protective capacities, I think that,
if mom is not being candid and truthful -- and I would question
the protective capacities, as well.

I agree with mother’s counsel that mother might have
done the best she possibly could, but in this case, that
resulted in harm to a child. Given the outcome of the hearing
today, I’m absolutely going to make a finding of child abuse.
N.T. Hearing, 3/16/18, at 83-84.

[J-66-2019] - 7
 Mother appealed to the Superior Court, which, in a unanimous unpublished

memorandum opinion, affirmed in part and reversed in part. In the Interest of N.B.-A.,

893 EDA 2018 (Pa. Super. filed Feb. 19, 2019). Specifically, the Superior Court reversed

the juvenile court’s finding of aggravated circumstances,5 and its determination that DHS

was not required to make further efforts at reunifying Mother and Child. The Superior

Court affirmed, however, the juvenile court’s finding that Mother was a perpetrator of child

abuse under Sections 6303(b.1) and 6381(d)6 of the CPSL.

In support of its holding, the Superior Court relied on, inter alia, Dr. McColgan’s

testimony that Child’s chlamydia did not occur at birth and was the result of sexual abuse;

the testimony of the DHS investigator who interviewed Mother and described Mother’s

demeanor as “relaxed and indifferent to the results of the chlamydia testing,” id. at 10;

and the DHS investigator’s testimony that emergency room personnel at CHOP

characterized Mother as “relaxed” and “seemingly more concerned about a good place

from which to order pizza than her daughter’s wellbeing.” Id.7 The Superior Court

explained:

5 In this regard, the Superior Court noted, inter alia, that “DHS admits that it presented no
evidence that Mother was an actual perpetrator of physical abuse or sexual violence, a
view that the guardian ad litem endorses.” In the Interest of N.B.-A., 893 EDA 2018, at
16.
6 As discussed below, Section 6381(d) provides:

(d) Prima facie evidence of abuse.--Evidence that a child
has suffered child abuse of such a nature as would ordinarily
not be sustained or exist except by reason of the acts or
omissions of the parent or other person responsible for the
welfare of the child shall be prima facie evidence of child
abuse by the parent or other person responsible for the
welfare of the child.
23 Pa.C.S. § 6381(d).
7 Mother objected to the introduction of this testimony on the grounds that it constituted

hearsay and lacked authentication, but the trial court overruled her objection. On appeal,
the Superior Court concluded that any error in the admission of the hearsay statement
was harmless, as it was “cumulative” of the DHS investigator’s report, wherein the

[J-66-2019] - 8
 Mother testified that either she, [Child’s] grandmother, or her
great-aunt always cared for [Child]. She denied that [Child]
disclosed any abuse to her. However, her testimony suggests
that, at a subsequent point in the investigation, [Child] leveled
allegations of abuse against both Stepfather[8] and the
stepbrother who fled the country. When questioned as to
whether she believed her daughter’s later allegations, Mother
asserted, if “she says that that’s what happened, that’s what
happened.” Nevertheless, despite these supportive
sentiments, Mother failed to act on her daughter’s allegations
or attempted [sic] to protect her from abuse. She
acknowledged that she did not tell the medical providers that
Stepfather or his sons lived in the home. Her rationale for
failing to immediately disclose this vital information was
“[b]ecause, honestly, I didn’t know what was going on and I
didn’t want to involve . . . anybody, like dad or [Child’s] brother
in something involved with the -- the child.” Even at this
juncture, she persists that her failure to disclose the presence
of Stepfather and his sons in the home was not an effort to
protect them. Mother testified that she is no longer married to
Stepfather and that she has no relationship with either him or
sons. She further denied that Stepfather ever provided care
for [Child].
Id. at 11-12 (hearing citations omitted). Based on the foregoing, the Superior Court held

that “the juvenile court did not abuse its discretion in concluding that Mother was a

perpetrator of child abuse regardless of the fact that her stepson had been identified as

the actual perpetrator of the sexual abuse,” as “Mother was indifferent to the fact that her

daughter contracted a sexually transmitted disease, and she chose to disregard the

obvious indicia of abuse.” Id. at 12-13.

investigator had noted the same information, which was offered and admitted into
evidence without Mother’s objection. See In the Interest of N.B.-A., 893 EDA 2018, at 10
n.7.
8 The Superior Court cited to pages 66-67 of the hearing transcript to support its statement

that Child eventually indicated that Stepfather had abused her. The transcript reveals
that counsel for DHS asked Mother, “do you believe that [Stepfather] sexually abused
your child?” to which Mother replied, “If she said that, then I say it again, I repeat it: She
does not have any need to lie.” N.T. Hearing, 3/16/18, at 66. However, we see no other
reference in the record to any allegation of sexual abuse of Child by Stepfather; thus, we
confine our discussion and analysis to the allegation made by Child against Stepbrother.

[J-66-2019] - 9
 The Superior Court further opined:

In addition to the evidence that established that Mother’s
inattentiveness to her daughter around the adult stepbrother
knowingly or recklessly created a likelihood of sexual abuse,
the certified record demonstrates that [Child] suffered child
abuse of such a nature as would ordinarily not be sustained
or exist except by reason of the acts or omissions of Mother.
Hence, through the foregoing evidence of record, DHS
established a prima facie case pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S. § 6381,
that Mother was a perpetrator of child abuse, and Mother
failed to rebut that presumption of abuse. Accordingly, we do
not disturb the juvenile court’s finding of child abuse as
perpetrated by Mother.
Id. at 13-14. In this regard, the Superior Court recognized that the juvenile court “did not

specifically invoke § 6381(d),” but concluded that it could affirm the juvenile court’s

determination on any basis supported by the record. Id. at 14 n.8.

Mother filed a petition for allowance of appeal with this Court, which we granted as

to the following issues, as framed by Mother:

(1) Did the Superior Court err by affirming the trial
court’s finding that Mother was a perpetrator of child abuse in
the absence of clear and convincing evidence that she
intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly caused or created a
likelihood of sexual abuse through a recent act or failure to
act?

(2) Did the Superior Court commit an error of law by
applying 23 Pa.C.S. § 6381(d) to find that DHS established a
prima facie case that Mother was responsible for the abuse
perpetrated against [Child] where another individual had been
identified as the direct perpetrator?

(3) Did the Superior Court commit an abuse of
discretion by finding that Mother failed to rebut the prima facie
presumption that she was a perpetrator of child abuse
pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S. § 6381(d)?
In the Interest of N.B.-A., 208 A.3d 59 (Pa. 2019) (order).

[J-66-2019] - 10
 Preliminarily, we note that the requisite standard of proof for a finding of child abuse

pursuant to Section 6303(b.1) of the CPSL is clear and convincing evidence. In re L.Z.,

111 A.3d 1164, 1174 (Pa. 2015) (“a petitioning party must demonstrate the existence of

child abuse by the clear and convincing evidence standard applicable to most

dependency determinations, 42 Pa.C.S. § 6341(c)"). Clear and convincing evidence is

“evidence that is so clear, direct, weighty, and convincing as to enable the trier of fact to

come to a clear conviction, without hesitancy, of the truth of the precise facts in issue.”

G.V. v. Dep't of Pub. Welfare, 91 A.3d 667, 672 (Pa. 2014). As we discuss infra, however,

in certain situations, the identity of the abuser need only be established through prima

facie evidence. In re L.Z., 111 A.3d at 1174. As an appellate court, we are required to

accept the findings of fact and credibility determinations of the trial court, if they are

supported by the record; however, we are not bound by the lower court’s inferences or

conclusions of law. Id.

With these standards in mind, we first address Mother’s challenge to the Superior

Court’s affirmance of the juvenile court’s determination that she was a perpetrator of child

abuse under Section 6303(b.1) of the CPSL. As noted above, Section 6303(b.1)

provides, in relevant part:

Child abuse.--The term “child abuse” shall mean
intentionally, knowingly or recklessly doing any of the
following:
***
(4) Causing sexual abuse or exploitation of a child through
any act or failure to act.
***
(6) Creating a likelihood of sexual abuse or exploitation of a
child through any recent act or failure to act.
23 Pa.C.S. § 6303(b.1).

For purposes of the CPSL,

[J-66-2019] - 11
 (1) A person acts intentionally with respect to a material
element of an offense when:

(i) if the element involves the nature of his
conduct or a result thereof, it is his conscious
object to engage in conduct of that nature or to
cause such a result; and

(ii) if the element involves the attendant
circumstances, he is aware of the existence of
such circumstances or he believes or hopes that
they exist.

(2) A person acts knowingly with respect to a material
element of an offense when:

(i) if the element involves the nature of his
conduct or the attendant circumstances, he is
aware that his conduct is of that nature or that
such circumstances exist; and

(ii) if the element involves a result of his conduct,
he is aware that it is practically certain that his
conduct will cause such a result.

(3) A person acts recklessly with respect to a material
element of an offense when he consciously disregards a
substantial and unjustifiable risk that the material element
exists or will result from his conduct. The risk must be of such
a nature and degree that, considering the nature and intent of
the actor's conduct and the circumstances known to him, its
disregard involves a gross deviation from the standard of
conduct that a reasonable person would observe in the actor's
situation.

18 Pa.C.S. § 302(b); see 23 Pa.C.S. § 6303 (definitions of “intentionally,” “knowingly,”

and “recklessly” all specify that the term has the same meaning as set forth in 18 Pa.C.S.

§ 302).

Mother does not dispute that Child was a victim of sexual abuse. However, she

contends that DHS failed to offer clear and convincing evidence that she intentionally,

knowingly, or recklessly caused or created a likelihood of sexual abuse to Child through

[J-66-2019] - 12
a recent act or failure to act.9 In this regard, she argues that DHS presented no evidence

“that Mother was aware of any risk posed to [Child’s] safety by [Stepbrother’s] presence

in the home, or that Mother consciously and unjustifiably disregarded this risk at her

daughter’s expense.” Appellant’s Brief at 20. Quoting the Superior Court, she notes that

the only “obvious indicia of abuse,” In the Interest of N.B.-A., 893 EDA 2018, at 13, in the

record was Child’s diagnosis of chlamydia, which does not support a conclusion that she

knew or should have known of a danger posed to Child, or that she disregarded any

warning signs of potential abuse. Mother further asserts that there was no evidence to

suggest that she should have anticipated a need to be particularly “attentive” to her

daughter around specific members of her household, Appellant’s Brief at 21, and,

therefore, there was no basis to conclude that she was reckless in residing with Child in

the same house as Stepbrother. Finally, she maintains that DHS improperly relied on her

demeanor and affect as evidence to support its allegations.

In support of her position, Mother distinguishes the instant case from those in

which, in her view, courts have “properly found that a parent or caregiver’s intentional,

knowing, or reckless omissions caused or created a likelihood of child abuse.” Id. at 17

(citing, inter alia, In re R.P., 957 A.2d 1205 (Pa. Super. 2008) (medical evidence that child

had more than 100 bruises on his body that were in various stages of healing, as well as

evidence of skull fracture and healing wrist fracture, notwithstanding mother’s statement

that she had not observed any bruises while bathing the child that morning, was sufficient

to establish that mother had notice of child’s abuse); In re L.V., 127 A.3d 831 (Pa. Super.

9 As discussed, the Superior Court did not find that Mother intentionally created a
likelihood of sexual abuse to Child, but only that her conduct knowingly or recklessly
created a likelihood of sexual abuse to Child. It also bears repeating that the Superior
Court observed that “DHS admits that it presented no evidence that Mother was an actual
perpetrator of physical abuse or sexual violence, a view that the guardian ad litem
endorses.” Interest of N.B.-A., 893 EDA 2018, at 16.

[J-66-2019] - 13
2015) (finding evidence sufficient to support determination that mother was a perpetrator

of child abuse in light of, inter alia, the fact that child’s rib fractures, even if inflicted by

child’s father, would have caused child to be in noticeable pain, mother failed to seek

appropriate medical care for child, and mother continued to associate with father after

father was arrested and charged with abuse); C.K. v. Dep’t of Public Welfare, 869 A.2d

48 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2005) (mother’s conduct in repeatedly taking her three young children to

live, for extended periods of time, with individuals she knew were indicated perpetrators

of sexual abuse, despite multiple warnings from child welfare agency not to do so, was

sufficient evidence that she placed children in imminent risk of sexual abuse under the

prior version of 23 Pa.C.S. § 6303(b)(1)(iii) (2013)).

Notably, in its brief, DHS does not challenge or respond to Mother’s argument that

the Superior Court erred in affirming the juvenile court’s determination that Mother was a

perpetrator of child abuse under 23 Pa.C.S. § 6303. Rather, as discussed infra, DHS

argues that the presumption of Section 6381(d) of the CPSL supports the Superior Court’s

affirmance of the juvenile court’s finding that Mother was a perpetrator of child abuse by

omission.

Child’s GAL, however, argues that there was sufficient evidence to support the

juvenile court’s finding that Mother was a perpetrator of child abuse under Section

6303(b.1), specifically asserting that Mother’s false and/or contradictory statements to

CHOP staff regarding who lived in the house constituted “evidence that she had

knowledge or was aware of the abuse or risk to Child, but that she consciously

disregarded it.” Brief of GAL at 34.

Upon careful review, we agree with Mother that the Superior Court erred in

affirming the juvenile court’s finding that she was a perpetrator of child abuse pursuant to

Section 6303(b.1). Unlike the cases of In re R.P. and In re L.V., supra, in the instant case,

[J-66-2019] - 14
there was no evidence that Child exhibited, prior to her initial visit to CHOP, any injury

that would or should have put Mother on notice that Child had been sexually abused. In

fact, when Mother first took Child to CHOP on November 17, 2016, Child was discharged

with instructions to take baths and maintain good hygiene. DHS presented no evidence

that, prior to being contacted by a nurse practitioner from CHOP on November 18, 2016,

and asked to return to the hospital with Child for additional testing, Mother was aware that

Child had a sexually transmitted disease, or that Child had been a victim of sexual abuse.

There was no evidence that Child ever told anyone that she had been sexually abused,

and, indeed, it is undisputed that, throughout the investigation by DHS, Child consistently

denied that she had been sexually abused. Child did not disclose that she had been

sexually abused until after she was in foster care. Thus, there is no factual basis for the

Superior Court’s determination that “Mother failed to act on her daughter’s allegations,”

In the Interest of N.B.-A., 893 EDA 2018, at 12, as there were no allegations on which to

act.

Furthermore, DHS presented no evidence that Mother was or should have been

aware that Stepbrother posed a risk to Child, or that Mother consciously and unjustifiably

disregarded such risk. Once again, Child was not diagnosed with chlamydia until

November 18, 2019, and, during the DHS investigation, not only did Child deny that

anyone, including Stepbrother, had sexually abused her, Child stated that, if “something

bad” did happen to her, she “would tell my mommy because I trust her and I would tell

my teacher.” CPS Report, 11/18/16, at 5. When interviewed at CHOP, Child also denied

“feeling uncomfortable” with the males in the house. See Child’s CHOP Medical Records

(DHS Exhibit 3 to March 16, 2018 Hearing), at 102. Unlike in the case of C.K., supra,

there also was no evidence to suggest that Stepbrother had previously abused other

children, or that Mother would have any reason to suspect that he had.

[J-66-2019] - 15
Finally, once Mother was contacted by CHOP and asked to bring Child back to the

hospital for treatment, Mother did so immediately, and there is no evidence that she was

not a willing participant in Child’s medical treatment.10 Compare In re L.V. (evidence

established that Mother not only failed to seek medical treatment for her child’s fractured

ribs, which would have caused considerable pain and which occurred between 10 and 14

days prior to child’s hospitalization for subdural brain hemorrhage and abdominal injuries,

but also failed to seek follow-up treatment at burn clinic after child was brought to hospital

one month earlier with second degree burns to her hand and foot). Additionally, in

contrast to the mother in In re L.V., who continued to associate with the child’s father,

Mother divorced Stepfather, and she no longer has any contact with her husband or her

stepson, the perpetrator of Child’s abuse. Thus, we find that the lower courts erred in

concluding Mother was a perpetrator of child abuse under 23 Pa.C.S. § 6303(b.1), as

DHS failed to establish, by clear and convincing evidence, that Mother intentionally,

knowingly, or recklessly caused or created a likelihood of sexual abuse to Child through

a recent act or failure to act.

Although Child’s GAL contends that Mother’s “fabrication of false and contradictory

statements” is evidence that she knew of the abuse, or was aware of the risk of abuse,

Brief of GAL at 34, we cannot agree. The Superior Court addressed a similar issue in In

the Interest of J.M., 166 A.3d 408 (Pa. Super. 2017). In that case, the child’s maternal

grandmother took him to the hospital, where he was diagnosed with a fractured wrist.

According to the doctors, the injury was the type that could have been caused

accidentally, for example, by the child falling on his outstretched arm. However, the

10 Indeed, in addition to the hospital records from Child’s November 17, 2016 visit to
CHOP, the original record also contains CHOP’s records from Child’s visit to the
emergency room one week earlier, on November 10, 2016, at which time Mother reported
that Child had been complaining of a headache. Child was diagnosed with a virus and
discharged that same day with instructions to take Motrin.

[J-66-2019] - 16
child’s mother indicated that she did not know what had caused the injury, and she

volunteered that there was a history of physical violence involving the family of the child’s

father. In a subsequent dependency proceeding, the child’s mother alternately testified

that the injury occurred while the child was with his maternal grandmother, and then that

the injury occurred when the child was with his paternal grandmother. The juvenile court

opined that, “Mother’s unbelievable testimony further indicates that she’s attempting to

conceal what happened to the [C]hild while in her care, and she is responsible for the

injuries to the child while in her care.” Id. at 414. It thus determined, inter alia, that the

mother was a perpetrator of child abuse pursuant to Sections 6303(b.1) and 6381(d) of

the CPSL. On appeal, the mother of J.M. argued, inter alia, that DHS failed to prove by

clear and convincing evidence that the child’s injury was the result of child abuse rather

than accidental injury. The child advocate, however, argued that the abuse was proven

through the “conflicting histories” the mother provided regarding the custody of the child

over the period of time the fracture occurred. Specifically, the child advocate asserted

that the mother “misled both the hospital and DHS and blamed the paternal relatives for

the Child’s history.” Id. at 425 (quoting record).

In reversing the decision of the trial court, the Superior Court first observed:

In light of the inconsistencies in the record, as well as its
observations of Mother’s demeanor, the family court
concluded that Mother’s testimony was not believable, that
Mother “tried as best as she could to confuse,” and Mother
was “attempting to conceal what happened to the child while
in her care and she is responsible for the injuries to the child
while in her care.”
Id. The court, however, noted that “suspicions are not a substitute for clear and

convincing evidence. Although the trial court was free to rely on its findings about

Mother’s testimony, it could not, as a matter of law, find that the Child was abused solely

on that basis.” Id. at 427. In the instant case, although we are troubled by Mother’s initial

[J-66-2019] - 17
false statements to CHOP regarding the male residents of her household, those

statements in and of themselves are insufficient to establish, under a clear and convincing

evidence standard, that, prior to the time she made those statements, Mother knew or

should have known of a danger posed to Child by Stepbrother, or that Mother disregarded

warning signs of potential abuse. To conclude otherwise would be mere conjecture.

Finally, in the case sub judice, there has been great focus by DHS and Child’s GAL

on Mother’s “relaxed” demeanor while she was with Child at CHOP on November 18,

2016, and the fact that she asked a nurse about a good place to order a pizza, rather

than, as counsel for DHS stated in her closing argument, how she could “find the person

who did this to my child.” N.T. Hearing, 3/16/18, at 73. Although DHS and Child’s GAL

interpret Mother’s demeanor upon learning that Child tested positive for chlamydia as

indifference to the fact that Child was sexually abused, such inferences by the parties are

not binding on this Court, and we find there are other reasonable interpretations of

Mother’s behavior. Notably, in light of the fact that Mother and Child arrived at CHOP at

4:40 p.m. on the afternoon of November 18, 2016, and were not discharged until nearly

24 hours later, Mother’s inquiry as to where she could obtain food could just as reasonably

be viewed as an effort to keep Child happy and comfortable, and her “relaxed” demeanor

an attempt not to alarm Child.

More critically, however, and regardless of how one views Mother’s behavior

and/or demeanor after she was told of Child’s diagnosis of chlamydia, we find that

behavior and demeanor are insufficient to prove, by clear and convincing evidence, that

Mother knew or should have known of a risk posed to Child by Stepbrother, or that she

consciously and unjustifiably disregarded any such risk. Accordingly, for all of the

foregoing reasons, we hold there was insufficient evidence to support the juvenile court’s

finding that Mother was a perpetrator of child abuse under 23 Pa.C.S. § 6303(b.1).

[J-66-2019] - 18
 We now turn to Mother’s argument that the Superior Court erred in sua sponte

applying the presumption in Section 6381(d) of the CPSL to hold that DHS established a

prima facie case that Mother was a perpetrator of child abuse by omission. Section 6381,

titled “Evidence in court proceedings,” provides, in pertinent part:

(d) Prima facie evidence of abuse.--Evidence that a child
has suffered child abuse of such a nature as would ordinarily
not be sustained or exist except by reason of the acts or
omissions of the parent or other person responsible for the
welfare of the child shall be prima facie evidence of child
abuse by the parent or other person responsible for the
welfare of the child.
23 Pa.C.S. § 6381(d).

Mother first asserts that the juvenile court’s sua sponte application of Section

6381(d) represents an unprecedented expansion of the presumption that was not

intended by the legislature, and does not serve the underlying purpose of the statute.

She further argues that, even if Section 6381(d) could be applied in situations like the

instant case, where the actual perpetrator of the abuse has been identified, the

presumption cannot serve as a basis for affirming the trial court’s decision in this case

because it was not raised, litigated, or relied on by the trial court, and, therefore, has been

waived. See J.W. v. Dep’t of Pub. Welfare, 9 A.3d 270 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2010). Finally,

Mother maintains that the evidence does not support the application of the Section

6381(d) presumption because there was no evidence to suggest that Mother knew or

should have known of any danger that existed to Child as result of the other individuals

living in the household.11

11 The American Civil Liberties Union of Pennsylvania (ACLU) filed an amicus brief in
support of Mother, echoing her argument that the Superior Court misapplied Section
6381(d). First, the ACLU reiterates that the Section 6381(d) presumption was intended
to allow a parent to be held responsible in cases where there is an absence of direct
evidence as to the actual perpetrator of the abuse, and that, in the instant case, the
presumption does not apply because Stepbrother was identified as the actual perpetrator

[J-66-2019] - 19
 In response to Mother’s claim that the Superior Court erred in applying the

presumption to the instant case, DHS first argues that the Superior Court properly applied

the Section 6381(d) presumption because In re L.Z., supra, “compels the conclusion that

in situations exactly like this one − where abuse has occurred and the perpetrator is not

apparent − the presumption applies to hold the parent responsible.” Brief of DHS at 21.12

As to Mother’s argument that Section 6381(d) was not intended to apply in

situations where the actual perpetrator of the abuse has been identified, DHS contends:

(1) although DHS indicated Stepbrother as a perpetrator, there was never a judicial

determination identifying him as such; and (2) Mother fails to cite any case law that holds

the presumption applies only to cases in which the actual perpetrator has not been

identified. Id. at 29.

Finally, DHS notes that, because the Section 6381(d) presumption is rebuttable,

there is no basis for a concern that application of the presumption in situations where the

identity of the perpetrator of the abuse is known will result in parents being held “strictly

liable” for abuse of their children committed by others, even outside of the home. Id. at

31. Child’s GAL similarly contends that Section 6381(d) of the CPSL does not exempt

parents from responsibility where there is another identified perpetrator. 13 It further

of the sexual abuse of Child. ACLU further emphasizes that Section 6381(d) is not
applicable because no evidence was presented to suggest that the abuse occurred as a
result of Mother’s acts or omissions, or that the harm to Child in this case was foreseeable.
Finally, the ACLU suggests that, in the absence of any evidence that Mother knew or
should have known of a risk of sexual abuse to Child, forcing Mother to rebut the Section
6381(d) presumption converts a rebuttable presumption into an irrebuttable one, which
violates due process.
12 DHS’s premise in this regard is plainly erroneous, as Stepbrother was identified as the

perpetrator of the sexual abuse.
13 Although Child’s GAL does not currently dispute that there was an identified perpetrator

of the sexual abuse of Child in this case, we note that, at the March 16, 2018 hearing,
Child’s GAL stated, in her closing argument, “this is not a case where we can clearly
identify any particular person as the perpetrator today.” N.T. Hearing, 3/16/18, at 76. This
statement clearly was erroneous, as Stepbrother had already been identified as the

[J-66-2019] - 20
maintains that the presumption is particularly applicable in the instant case in light of

Mother’s “lying and obfuscation.” Brief of GAL at 49.

Upon review, we conclude that the Superior Court did, in fact, err in applying the

Section 6381(d) presumption to the instant case. We base our decision on a reading of

the plain language of Section 6381(d), which, as noted above, provides that evidence that

a child has suffered child abuse of such a nature as would ordinarily not be sustained or

exist except by reason of the acts of omissions of the parent or other person responsible

for the welfare of the child shall constitute prima facie evidence of child abuse by the

parent or other person responsible for the welfare of the child.

As discussed above, there was no evidence presented in this case that Mother

perpetrated the abuse. Moreover, there was no evidence presented that Mother knew or

should have known that Child was being abused, sexually or otherwise, as Dr. McColgan

testified that Child did not present any physical signs of injury or abuse when she initially

examined her, and such testimony was consistent with the medical records from CHOP,

which indicated that Child did not have any signs of physical injury or abuse, aside from

the vaginal discharge reported by Mother. At that time, Child was discharged with

instructions to take baths and maintain good hygiene.

Further, DHS presented no evidence that, prior to being asked by a nurse

practitioner from CHOP on November 18, 2016 to bring Child to the hospital for additional

testing, Mother was aware that Child had a sexually transmitted disease, or that Child

had been a victim of sexual abuse. There was no evidence that Child ever reported that

she had been sexually abused, and, even throughout the investigation by DHS, Child

continually denied that she had been sexually abused. Additionally, DHS offered no

individual who sexually abused Child. It is concerning to this Court that, in making their
arguments to the trial court and to this Court, both DHS and Child’s GAL have stated −
incorrectly − that the identity of the actual perpetrator of the sexual abuse against Child
is unknown. See supra note 12.

[J-66-2019] - 21
evidence that Mother knew or should have known that Stepbrother posed a risk to Child,

but ignored that risk. In short, we cannot find that the abuse in this case was of a type

that would ordinarily not occur except for the acts or omissions of the child’s caretaker.

Although the tragic crime of sexual abuse of a child may occur when a child is

without proper parental supervision or care, it may also occur despite a parent’s best

efforts to care for and supervise a child. Sadly, children are vulnerable to abuse when

they are at day-care or in school; when they are involved in church, athletic, or other

activities; and even when they are under the supervision of trusted friends or family. Yet,

parents cannot be with their children every minute of every day, and the vast majority of

children engage in the aforementioned activities without incident. Applying the Section

6381(d) presumption to cases such as the one before us, where DHS presented no

evidence that Mother was or should have been aware that Stepbrother posed a risk to

Child, or that he or anyone else was abusing Child, would essentially allow a parent to be

deemed a perpetrator of child abuse by omission in every case where a child is abused,

placing the burden on the parent to prove that they had no reason to believe that their

child was at risk. Accordingly, we hold that the Section 6381(d) presumption is not

applicable where there is no evidence that the parent or other person responsible for the

welfare of the child knew or should have known of the abuse or the risk of abuse and

disregarded it. As DHS failed to offer any evidence that Child’s abuse was of such a

nature as would ordinarily not be sustained or exist except by reason of the acts or

omissions of the parent or other person responsible for the welfare of the child, the

Superior Court erred in applying the Section 6381(d) presumption.

In light of our determination, we need not address the parties’ arguments with

regard to whether the fact that the perpetrator of the abuse was identified precludes

application of the Section 6381(d) presumption. Further, as we conclude that Section

[J-66-2019] - 22
6381(d) is not applicable in the instant case, we need not reach the issues of whether

DHS waived application of the presumption, and whether the Superior Court abused its

discretion in concluding that Mother failed to rebut the prima facie presumption that she

was a perpetrator of child abuse pursuant to Section 6381(d) of the CPSL.

For the reasons set forth above, we hold that the Superior Court erred in affirming

the juvenile court’s determination that Mother was a perpetrator of child abuse, and we

reverse that portion of Superior Court’s decision.

Chief Justice Saylor and Justices Donohue and Wecht join the opinion.

Justice Dougherty files a concurring opinion in which Justice Baer joins.

Justice Wecht files a concurring opinion in which Justices Baer and Dougherty join.

Justice Mundy files a concurring and dissenting opinion.

[J-66-2019] - 23