If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.
STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
MICHIGAN HEAD & SPINE INSTITUTE, P.C., UNPUBLISHED
July 30, 2020
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v No. 349299
Oakland Circuit Court
MICHIGAN ASSIGNED CLAIMS PLAN, LC No. 2016-153530-NF
Defendant/Cross-Plaintiff-Appellant,
and
HOME-OWNERS INSURANCE COMPANY,
Defendant/Cross Defendant-Appellee,
and
UNNAMED ASSIGNEE OF THE MICHIGAN
ASSIGNED CLAIMS PLAN,
Defendant
Before: RIORDAN, P.J., and SHAPIRO and RONAYNE KRAUSE, JJ
PER CURIAM.
In this no-fault case, defendant Michigan Assigned Claims Plan (MACP) appeals by leave
granted the trial court’s opinion and order denying MACP’s motion for summary disposition under
MCR 2.116(C)(10) (no genuine issue of material fact). MACP sought summary disposition on the
grounds that defendant Home-Owners Insurance Company had priority over claims made by the
injured party’s assignee. We agree and so reverse the trial court and remand for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion.
I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
We previously set forth the facts and procedural history of this case. Mich Head & Spine
Institute, PC, v Mich Assigned Claims Plan (MHSI I), unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court
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of Appeals, issued November 13, 2018 (Docket No. 339766). We offer an abbreviated version of
that background here.
Maureen Calcatera was seriously injured in a motor vehicle accident on February 9, 2016,
while driving a vehicle owned by and registered to her father, Michael Cuddihy, Jr. Calcatera did
not live with Cuddihy, and the vehicle was uninsured at the time of the accident. Michigan Head
& Spine Institute (MHSI) provided medical and rehabilitative services to Calcatera, and when it
could not identify an applicable insurer, it sought reimbursement through MACP. MHSI brought
suit after MACP failed to assign the claim to an insurer. MACP later discovered that Cuddihy was
insured by Home-Owners, although the policy did not cover the vehicle involved in the accident.
MHSI then filed an amended complaint adding Home-Owners as a defendant, and MACP brought
a cross-complaint against Home-Owners. After Covenant1 was decided, Home-Owners moved
for summary disposition partly on the grounds that MHSI did not have a statutory cause of action
to pursue payment of PIP benefits. MHSI then sought leave to file an amended complaint based
on an assignment of benefits from Calcatera. The trial court denied the motion for leave to amend
and dismissed the case for a lack of standing. In MHSI I, we reversed those rulings and remanded
for further proceedings. MHSI I, unpub op at 1.
On remand, MHSI filed a second amended complaint based on the assignment of benefits
from Calcatera. In lieu of filing an answer, MACP moved for summary disposition primarily
arguing that Calcatera and MHSI were not eligible to receive benefits through MACP because
there was an applicable insurer, i.e., Home-Owners. MACP argued that Home-Owners was first
in priority under MCL 500.3114(4) as the insurer of the vehicle’s titled owner and that it was
irrelevant that Home-Owners did not insure the vehicle itself. Home-Owners renewed its motion
for summary disposition, arguing that Calcatera, and by extension MHSI, were precluded from
recovering PIP benefits under MCL 500.3113(b) because Calcatera was an “owner” of the
uninsured vehicle as that term is defined by the no-fault act. Home-Owners also argued that
MACP did not have standing to bring a cross-claim against Home-Owners to litigate priority.
After hearing oral argument, the trial court denied defendants summary disposition of
MHSI’s complaint under MCR 2.116(C)(10), concluding that there were genuine issues of
material fact as to whether Calcatera was entitled to PIP benefits from Home-Owners or through
MACP. Namely, the court found a question of fact whether Calcatera was a statutory owner of
the vehicle. The court also ruled that MACP lacked standing to file a cross-claim against Home-
Owners and that it violated its statutory duty to promptly assign the claim.2 In conclusion, the
court denied MACP’s motion for summary disposition, granted Home-Owners summary
disposition of the cross-claim, and by finding a question of fact on the question of ownership, the
court necessarily denied Home-Owners’ motion for summary disposition of MHSI’s complaint.
1
Covenant Med Ctr Inc v State Farm Mut Auto Ins Co, 500 Mich 191; 895 NW2d 490 (2017).
2
MACP does not challenge the trial court’s ruling that it lacks standing to bring a cross-claim
against Home-Owners, and so we need not address that issue. See Seifeddine v Jaber, 327 Mich
App 514, 522; 934 NW2d 64 (2019). We note, however, that MACP and Home-Owners are parties
to MHSI’s complaint and that the parties do not dispute that MACP may make priority arguments
in the underlying action.
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The trial court denied MACP’s motion for reconsideration and later granted MACP’s motion for
a stay of proceedings pending its appeal.
II. ANALYSIS
MACP argues that it was entitled to summary disposition because Home-Owners is
responsible to pay PIP benefits in this case pursuant to MCL 500.3114(4)(a). We agree.
A person may seek PIP benefits through MACP if, among other requirements, “[n]o
personal protection insurance is applicable to the injury.” MCL 500.3172(1)(a). Insurer liability
for PIP benefits is determined by the no-fault priority provisions found in MCL 500.3114. Corwin
v DaimlerChrysler Ins Co, 296 Mich App 242, 254; 819 NW2d 68 (2012). “Under MCL
500.3114(1), a person seeking no-fault benefits must generally look first to his or her own insurer,
unless one of the exceptions in MCL 500.3114(2), (3), or (5) applies.” Turner by Sakowski v
Farmers Ins Exch, 327 Mich App 481, 493-494; 934 NW2d 81 (2019). Because no exception
applies in this case and there is no insurance policy applicable to Calcatera under MCL
500.3114(1), the question is whether there is an applicable insurer under MCL 500.3114(4). See
id. at 494. At all times relevant to this case, MCL 500.3114(4)(a) provided as follows:
(4) Except as provided in subsections (1) to (3), a person suffering
accidental bodily injury arising from a motor vehicle accident while an occupant of
a motor vehicle shall claim personal protection insurance benefits from insurers in
the following order of priority:
(a) The insurer of the owner or registrant of the vehicle occupied. [Former
MCL 500.3114(4)(a) (emphasis added).]
In Farmers Ins Exch v Farm Bureau Gen Ins Co of Mich, 272 Mich App 106, 108; 724
NW2d 485 (2006), this Court interpreted statutory language nearly identical to MCL
500.3114(4)(a). That case concerned MCL 500.3114(5), which pertains to accidents involving
motorcycles. MCL 500.3114(5)(a) provided that the highest-priority insurer to provide PIP
benefits was “[t]he insurer of the owner or registrant of the motor vehicle involved in the accident.”
We held that “the insurer” referred to the insurer of the owner or registrant regardless of whether
the insurer insured the vehicle involved in the accident. Id. at 113. We reasoned, in part, as
follows:
Pursuant to the plain language of the statute, all that is required for an insurer to be
first in priority to pay no-fault benefits is to insure “the owner or registrant of the
motor vehicle involved in the accident.” In other words, the plain language of MCL
500.3114(5)(a) states that the insurer need not insure the vehicle in the accident,
but must insure the owner or registrant. Here, because defendant insured Petiprin,
who owned the van involved in the accident, defendant is first in priority to provide
benefits under MCL 500.3114(5)(a). Had the Legislature intended MCL
500.3114(5)(a) only to require an insurer to provide no-fault benefits if the insurer
actually insured the motor vehicle involved in the accident, it could have chosen
the following language for MCL 500.3114(5) (a): “The insurer of the motor vehicle
involved in the accident,” deleting the first prepositional phrase, “of the owner or
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registrant.” Clearly, the Legislature did not choose that language, and for us to
adopt defendant’s position would be to render the phrase “of the owner or
registrant” in the statute nugatory. [Id. at 113-114.]
In this case, the trial court distinguished Farmers Ins Exch because that case concerned
MCL 500.3114(5)(a) rather than MCL 500.3114(4)(a). However, the statutes contain essentially
the same language and so should be interpreted in the same manner. In fact, Farmers Ins Exch
relied on Pioneer State Mut Ins Co v Titan Ins Co, 252 Mich App 330; 652 NW2d 469 (2002), in
which we interpreted the substantially similar language found in MCL 500.3115(1)(a) as requiring
the insurer of the vehicle’s owner or registrant to provide no-fault benefits in cases involving
uninsured nonoccupants “regardless of whether the insurer covered the motor vehicle involved in
the accident.” Farmers Ins Exch, 272 Mich App 114. At that time, MCL 500.3115(1)(a) provided
that if a pedestrian is injured in a motor vehicle accident the first insurer in priority is “[i]nsurers
of owners or registrants of motor vehicles involved in the accident.” Pioneer, 252 Mich App at
336 (quotation marks omitted). Given the similar language, the Farmers Ins Exch Court reasoned
that Pioneer’s interpretation of MCL 500.3115(1)(a) applied in that case and supported the
holding. Farmers Ins Exch, 272 Mich App at 115. Likewise, because MCL 500.3114(4)(a) is
substantially similar to MCL 500.3114(5)(a), it should be interpreted consistent with Farmers Ins
Exch.
Any doubt on that matter was resolved in Turner, 327 Mich App 481,3 in which we adopted
Farmers Ins Exch’s analysis for purposes of MCL 500.3114(4)(a):
Here, the language in MCL 500.3114(4)(a) is materially identical to the language
in MCL 500.3114(5)(a). Accordingly, the analysis in Farmers Ins Exch applies to
the construction of § 3114(4)(a). Farmers Ins Exch, 272 Mich App at 115. Thus,
we adopt the reasoning of Farmers Ins Exch for purposes of the instant case. See
also Titan Ins Co [v American Country Ins Co, 312 Mich App 291, 295; 876 NW2d
853 (2015)] (holding that priority is determined under § 3114(4) by looking to the
insurer of that priority is determined under § 3114(4) by looking to the insurer of
other vehicles owned by the owner of the particular uninsured vehicle that was
involved in a motor vehicle accident). Section 3114(4)(a) plainly refers to the
insurer of the vehicle’s “owner or registrant,” regardless of whether the particular
vehicle involved in the accident was actually covered by the security described in
§ 3101(1). [Id. at 499-500 (emphasis added).]
Turner concerned whether MCL 500.3114(4)(a) applied to a self-insured rental car
company and whether the company was required to maintain no-fault security for rental vehicles
registered out of state. See id. at 501-507. Although Turner is factually distinguishable from this
case, the main takeaway for purposes of this appeal is Turner’s holding that MCL 500.3114(4)(a)
3
Turner was decided on April 16, 2019. The trial court issued its opinion and order on April 24,
2019. The briefing on the motions for summary disposition was submitted before Turner was
decided. In its motion for reconsideration, MACP relied on Turner and attached it to its motion.
The trial court did not address the case in denying the motion.
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refers to the insurer of the vehicle’s owner, not the insurer of the vehicle. That holding is binding
precedent that we must follow in applying MCL 500.3114(4)(a) to the facts of this case.4
Home-Owners does not discuss the relevant caselaw or offer an alternative interpretation
of MCL 500.3114(4)(a). Instead, it argues that MCL 500.3114(4)(a) should not apply here because
Cuddihy had removed the vehicle from the policy and so requiring Home-Owners to provide PIP
benefits to Calcatera would subject it to providing coverage for an unassumed risk. However,
none of the cases Home-Owners relies on involved the no-fault act; rather, all the cases it cites
involve liability insurance in which there was a claim by the insurer that the terms of its policy did
not apply. No-fault PIP coverage is different because whether an insurer is liable to provide
benefits is determined by statute, not by contract. Indeed, we rejected a similar argument by the
insurer in Farmers Ins Exch, 272 Mich App at 116-117, reasoning that “[t]he issue before us is
one of statutory interpretation and not contractual interpretation. Defendant is precluded from
arguing that its contract for insurance coverage prevails over the requirements of MCL
500.3114[].” No-fault insurers are regularly required to pay PIP benefits to non-owners of the
vehicle even if the policy itself does not cover that risk. Or put differently, all PIP insurers assume
the risk that they will have to pay PIP benefits to someone other than their insured. Who might be
that “someone” is defined by the priority statute, not any particular policy.
In sum, the above caselaw establishes that “[t]he insurer of the owner of registrant of the
vehicle occupied” as used in MCL 500.3114(4)(a) refers to the insurer of the vehicle’s owner, not
the vehicle itself. Thus, priority under MCL 500.3114(4) establishes liability to pay PIP benefits.
In this case, at the time of the accident, Cuddihy was the titled owner of the vehicle involved in
the accident, and he was insured by a Home-Owners policy covering a different vehicle.
Accordingly, Home-Owners has priority under MCL 500.3114(4) as the insurer of the owner of
the vehicle involved in the accident, even though it did not insure the vehicle. Because there is an
applicable insurer, the trial court erred by denying MACP summary disposition.
Home-Owners notes that the Legislature has amended MCL 500.3114(4) to provide that if
there is no personal, spousal, or household policy applicable under MCL 500.3114(1), the injured
person must now seek PIP benefits through MACP.5 See PA 21 PA 2019. But Home-Owners
4
The Supreme Court has granted leave to in Turner to address whether MCL 500.3114(4)(a)
applied in that case, not this Court’s decision to adopt Farmers Ins Exch’s analysis. See Turner by
Sakowski v Farmers Ins Exch, 505 Mich 874 (2019). Even if Turner is reversed on the issue before
the Supreme Court, its construction of MCL 500.3114(4)(a) as relevant to this case has ample
support in Farmers Ins Exch, Pioneer, and Titan Ins Co.
5
The current statute states in part:
(4) Except as provided in subsections (2) and (3), a person who suffers accidental
bodily injury arising from a motor vehicle accident while an occupant of a motor
vehicle who is not covered under a personal protection insurance policy as provided
in subsection (1) shall claim personal protection insurance benefits under the
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does not argue for retroactive application of the amended version of MCL 500.3114(4), and
“[a]bsent such clear indication that the Legislature intended retroactive application, it is presumed
that a statute applies only prospectively.” Buhl v Oak Park, 329 Mich App 486, 495; 942 NW2d
667 (2019). Accordingly, the version of MCL 500.3114(4) in effect at the time of the accident
controls this case. For the same reasons, we find no merit in Home-Owners’s suggestion that the
new version of MCL 500.3114(4) will apply to any future claim for benefits.
Finally, we note that no party challenges the trial court’s determination that there is a
question of fact whether Calcatera was a statutory owner of the vehicle involved in the accident.
If on remand the trier of fact concludes that Calcatera was an owner of the vehicle, then she (and
MHSI as her assignee) would be precluded from recovering PIP benefits under MCL 500.3113(b)
for failing to maintain the no-fault security required by MCL 500.3101(1). And if Calcatera is not
entitled to coverage from Home-Owners on those grounds, then she would be disqualified from
receiving benefits through MACP. See MCL 500.3173.
Reversed and remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not
retain jurisdiction.
/s/ Michael J. Riordan
/s/ Douglas B. Shapiro
/s/ Amy Ronayne Krause
assigned claims plan under sections 3171 to 3175. [MCL 500.3114(4), as amended
by 21 PA 2019.]
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