J-A29012-20
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
SAVOY JULIN JENNINGS :
:
Appellant : No. 2095 MDA 2019
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered October 17, 2019
In the Court of Common Pleas of Centre County Criminal Division at
No(s): CP-14-CR-0001877-2018
BEFORE: DUBOW, J., KUNSELMAN, J., and COLINS, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY DUBOW, J.: FILED MARCH 18, 2021
Appellant, Savoy Julin Jennings, appeals from the Judgment of Sentence
entered on October 17, 2019, after a jury convicted him of Criminal Use of a
Communication Facility, Possession with the Intent to Deliver a Controlled
Substance (“PWID”), and Delivery of a Controlled Substance.1 We emphasize,
however, that the jury found Appellant not guilty of Drug Delivery Resulting
in Death (“DDRD”) and Recklessly Endangering Another Person (“REAP”).2
Appellant challenges the trial court’s admission of evidence of two
similar drug sales that occurred after the drug sale in this case. In addition,
even though the jury found Appellant not guilty of DDRD, he still avers that
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* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
1 18 Pa.C.S. § 7512(a) and 35 P.S. § 780-113(a)(30), respectively.
2 18 Pa.C.S. §§ 2506(a) and 2705, respectively.
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the trial court erred by preventing him from arguing during his closing
argument that someone else caused Decedent’s death. After careful review,
we affirm.
On July 16, 2018, Appellant sold fentanyl to Jada Ferguson in
Williamsport. Ferguson then shared the fentanyl with her friends Chelsae
Mehalick and Michael Vivian (“Decedent”). Decedent immediately began
showing signs of overdose. Ferguson did not want to take Decedent for
medical attention because she and Decedent had outstanding warrants for
arrest. Several hours later, Mehalick drove Decedent to a gas station where
she requested help. Decedent had already died of a fentanyl overdose by the
time emergency personnel arrived.
On November 2, 2018, police filed a criminal complaint against Appellant
charging him with the above crimes. On November 16, 2018, the court
released Appellant on bail.
On January 2, 2019, after his release on bail, Appellant sold fentanyl to
an undercover police officer. Then, on February 22, 2019, Appellant sold
fentanyl to a confidential police informant (“CI”).
On August 26, 2019, the Commonwealth filed a Motion in Limine seeking
a ruling on the admissibility of evidence of Appellant’s subsequent drug sales
pursuant to Pa.R.E. 404(b). The Commonwealth sought to introduce this
evidence to establish Appellant’s identity as the person who sold fentanyl to
Ferguson. Appellant filed a Motion in Limine on the same day, opposing the
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introduction of evidence of his subsequent drug sales. On September 3, 2019,
the trial court granted the Commonwealth’s Motion.
Appellant’s jury trial started on September 9, 2019. Ferguson testified
consistent with the above recitation of facts and identified Appellant as the
person who sold her fentanyl. Appellant cross-examined Ferguson on her
extensive criminal record and history of drug abuse.
The Commonwealth then introduced evidence of Appellant’s subsequent
drug sales. This evidence established that Appellant used the same nickname,
method of communication, and packaging in fentanyl sales occurring on July
16, 2018, January 2, 2019, and February 22, 2019.
Finally, Appellant presented the alibi testimony of Melissa Hyden. Hyden
alleged that she spent parts of July 15, 16, and 17, 2018, with Appellant in
Phoenixville. Based on her testimony, Appellant argued, he could not have
been in Williamsport to sell fentanyl to Ferguson on July 16, 2018.
The jury convicted Appellant of Criminal Use of a Communication
Facility, PWID, and Delivery of a Controlled Substance. It found him not guilty
of DDRD and REAP. On October 17, 2019, the court sentenced Appellant to an
aggregate term of 3 to 7 years’ incarceration.
Appellant filed a Post-Sentence Motion, which the trial court denied on
November 22, 2019.
Appellant timely filed a Notice of Appeal, and both he and the trial court
complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925. Appellant raises two issues for our review:
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1. Did the trial court commit an error of law by allowing [the
Commonwealth to introduce] evidence of [Appellant’s subsequent
drug sales] pursuant to Pa.R.E. 404(b)?
2. Did the trial court commit an error of law by denying
[Appellant’s] counsel the opportunity to argue intervening
circumstances relative to the death before the jury?
Appellant’s Br. at 4.
Appellant’s issues require us to consider the trial court’s rulings on the
admissibility of evidence. We review such determinations for an abuse of
discretion. Commonwealth v. Thompson, 106 A.3d 742, 754 (Pa. Super.
2014). An abuse of discretion is “the overriding or misapplication of the law,
or the exercise of judgment that is manifestly unreasonable, or the result of
bias, prejudice, ill-will, or partiality, as shown by the evidence of record.”
Commonwealth v. Harris, 884 A.2d 920, 924 (Pa. Super. 2005) (citations
omitted).
Finally, “evidentiary rulings by a trial court which, in all likelihood, do
not affect the verdict will not provide a basis for disturbing the jury’s
judgment.” Commonwealth v. Parker, 882 A.2d 488, 495 (Pa. Super.
2005).
Admission of Pa.R.E. 404(b) evidence
In his first issue, Appellant challenges the trial court’s admission of facts
underlying his subsequent drug sales pursuant to Pa.R.E. 404(b). Appellant’s
Br. at 8-16.
Rule 404(b) provides that “[e]vidence of a crime, wrong, or other act is
not admissible to prove a person's character in order to show that on a
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particular occasion the person acted in accordance with the character.” Pa.R.E.
404(b)(1). However, “[t]his evidence may be admissible for another purpose,
such as proving motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge,
identity, absence of mistake, or lack of accident.” Id. at 404(b)(2). In a
criminal case, this evidence is admissible only if its probative value outweighs
its potential for unfair prejudice. Commonwealth v. Kinard, 95 A.3d 279,
284 (Pa. Super. 2014) (en banc).
Appellant first argues that evidence of his subsequent drug sales did not
satisfy any exception to Rule 404(b)’s proscription on evidence of other
crimes. Appellant’s Br. at 12-16. The trial court explained that it admitted
evidence of Appellant’s subsequent drug sales to establish his identity as the
person who sold fentanyl to Ferguson. Trial Ct. Op., 2/19/20, at 4.
Our Supreme Court has acknowledged that one of the recognized
exceptions to the rule prohibiting evidence of other crimes is where the
evidence establishes “the identity of the perpetrator when the crimes are so
similar that logically the same person has committed both acts.”
Commonwealth v. Rush, 646 A.2d 557, 560 (Pa. 1994); Pa.R.E. 404(b)(2).
When used to prove identity, the other crimes and the underlying crime must
“share a method so distinctive and circumstances so nearly identical as to
constitute the virtual signature of the defendant.” Commonwealth v.
Weakley, 972 A.2d 1182, 1189 (Pa. Super. 2009). “Sufficient commonality
of factors between the other incidents and the underlying crime dispels the
notion that they are merely coincidental and permits the contrary conclusion
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that they are so logically connected they share a perpetrator.”
Commonwealth v. Hicks, 156 A.3d 1114, 1125 (Pa. 2017) (citation and
quotation marks omitted).
Pennsylvania appellate courts have likewise recognized the probative
value of evidence of after-occurring crimes to establish identity. See
Weakley, supra at 1184-89 (permitting evidence of defendant’s subsequent
robbery to prove identity as perpetrator of robbery-murder eight months
earlier); Commonwealth v. Reid, 626 A.2d 118, 121 (Pa. 1993) (permitting
evidence that appellant used the same firearm in a subsequent murder to
prove identity at trial for earlier murder).
In the instant case, the trial court explained that evidence of Appellant’s
subsequent drug sales was probative of his identity because “the actions of
Appellant were nearly identical. In [all] sales of the fentanyl, he used the same
name, and the same manner of delivery of the drug[, and] the same type of
bag in distribution.” Trial Ct. Op., at 4. “[S]uch evidence was highly probative
in establishing the identity of Appellant, and there was clearly a logical
connection between the two instances.” Id.
After careful review, we agree. At trial, the Commonwealth established
that, on July 16, 2018, Ferguson purchased fentanyl from a drug dealer she
knew as “Vortex” by contacting him at a phone number ending in 5657, and
through Facebook at a profile under the name “Vo Rt Ex.” N.T. Trial, 9/9/19,
at 182-83, 201-06. Vortex packaged the fentanyl in blue glassine baggies. Id.
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The Commonwealth then presented Williamsport police detective
Jonathan Rachael, police officer Cassandra McCormack, and a police CI. Their
testimony established that Appellant sold fentanyl to an undercover police
officer on January 2, 2019, and the CI on February 22, 2019. N.T. Trial,
9/10/19, at 186-87, 241. In both of these drug sales, Appellant went by the
name “Vortex,” and used the 5657 phone number and “Vo Rt Ex” Facebook
profile to coordinate the sales. Id. at 182, 184-87, 222-32. He also packaged
the same drug, fentanyl, in the same blue glassine baggies. Id. at 186-87,
221. The Commonwealth introduced video evidence of the drug sales and
records of the communications between the CI and Appellant. Id. at 194-96,
215-18.
The similarities among the July 16, 2018, January 2, 2019, and February
22, 2019 drug sales comprise Appellant’s virtual signature and make it highly
unlikely that anyone other than Appellant sold fentanyl to Ferguson on July
16, 2018. This evidence was, therefore, probative of Appellant’s identity. Since
identity is one of the recognized exceptions to Rule 404(b)’s proscription on
other crime evidence, Appellant’s first challenge to this evidence fails.
Appellant also challenges the trial court’s finding that the probative
value of this other crime evidence exceeded its risk for unfair prejudice.
Appellant’s Br. at 10-11. He argues that such evidence was “particularly
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prejudicial” because “the crimes alleged across both cases were practically
identical to one another.” Id. at 10.3
As stated above, when offered for a legitimate purpose, other crime
evidence is admissible if its probative value outweighs its potential for unfair
prejudice. Commonwealth v. Tyson, 119 A.3d 353, 358 (Pa. Super. 2015).
Contrary to Appellant’s assertion, such evidence’s probative value is directly
correlated to the similarity of the crimes in question. Tyson, supra at 361-
62. Additionally, when conducting the probative value/prejudicial effect test,
the court considers the strength of the other crime evidence and the
Commonwealth’s need for the evidence, including whether the defendant
“sharpened” the issue by contesting the aspect of the case addressed by the
other crime evidence. Weakley, supra at 1189; Commonwealth v.
Rozanski, 433 A.2d 1382, 1388 (Pa. Super. 1981). Finally, a cautionary jury
instruction can ameliorate the proffered evidence’s prejudicial effect.
Commonwealth v. Hairston, 84 A.3d 657, 666 (Pa. 2014).
As discussed at length above, Appellant’s subsequent drug sales were
essentially identical to the crimes charged, giving this other crime evidence
considerable probative value of Appellant’s identity. Likewise, the other crime
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3 Appellant also argues that the other crime evidence prejudiced him because
“at the time of trial [Appellant] stood merely accused of the offenses” and
“they occurred after the conduct in the case for which he [was] being tried.”
Appellant’s Br. at 11. However, as Appellant recognizes, “[Rule] 404(b) does
not distinguish between prior and subsequent bad acts[] or uncharged/un-
convicted conduct[.]” Id. (citing Commonwealth v. Wattley 880 A.2d 682
(Pa. Super. 2005), Commonwealth v. Lockcuff, 813 A.2d 857 (Pa. Super.
2002)).
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evidence was reliable: the Commonwealth introduced convincing evidence
through video, communication records, and the testimony of Detective
Rachael, Officer McCormack, and a CI to show that Appellant committed the
subsequent drug sales. N.T. Trial, 9/10/19, at 182-241.
Further, Appellant “sharpened” the identity issue by presenting his alibi
defense to contradict Ferguson’s identification testimony. The
Commonwealth’s need for the other crime evidence establishing identity, thus,
supported the court’s conclusion that its probative value outweighed its
prejudicial effect.
Finally, the trial court ameliorated the prejudicial effect of the proffered
evidence with its cautionary instruction. The court instructed the jury on the
limited scope of its consideration of the other crime evidence and admonished
that it could not consider the evidence as probative of Appellant’s guilt. N.T.
Trial, 9/11/19, at 247-48.
After balancing the above factors, we conclude that the trial court did
not abuse its discretion in finding that the probative value of evidence of
Appellant’s subsequent drug sales outweighed its risk of prejudice.
Closing argument
In his second issue, Appellant claims that the trial court erred by
preventing him from arguing in his closing argument that Ferguson’s delay in
getting Decedent medical care was an intervening circumstance that absolved
Appellant of culpability for DDRD. Appellant’s Br. at 20. However, the jury
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found Appellant not guilty of DDRD.4 Therefore, the court’s prohibition of this
argument did not contribute to the verdict and cannot form a basis on which
to grant Appellant relief. Parker, supra at 495. As a result, Appellant’s claim
fails.
Conclusion
In sum, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
admitting evidence of Appellant’s subsequent drug sales. Further, the trial
court’s decision to limit Appellant’s closing argument cannot provide a basis
for relief.
Judgment of Sentence affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 03/18/2021
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4Appellant does not argue that Ferguson’s delay in getting Decedent medical
attention affected any of his convictions.
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