C.F. v. B.D.

J-A04002-21

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

C.F. : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT
: OF PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
B.D. :
:
Appellant : No. 1484 EDA 2020

Appeal from the Order Entered July 16, 2020
In the Court of Common Pleas of Bucks County
Domestic Relations at No: No. 2020DR00395,
PACSES #097300232

BEFORE: STABILE, J., KING, J., and PELLEGRINI, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY STABILE, J.: FILED: APRIL 23, 2021

B.D. (“Father”) appeals from the order entered July 16, 2020, declaring

him the legal father of E.D. (“Child”), a female born in November 2019, and

directing that he pay child support. After careful review, we affirm.

Although the details are not entirely clear from the record, Father began

a relationship with C.F. (“Mother”) in or before 2017. N.T., 7/16/20, at 9, 48.

Father was incarcerated for about a month starting in February 2019 because

of a probation violation.1 Id. at 18, 28-29. Once he was released in March

2019, he resumed his relationship with Mother. Id. at 29-30, 40-41. Mother

became pregnant with Child at or near this time. Id. at 44-45. Father was

present at the hospital during Child’s birth and, critical to this appeal, signed
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*
Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.

1
Father violated his probation by moving without informing his probation
officer. N.T., 7/16/20, at 17-18.
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an acknowledgement of paternity the day after the birth. Id. at 30, 36-37.

Three weeks later, however, Father moved out of the home he shared with

Mother and Child, and he has not seen Child since. Id. at 31.

On April 27, 2020, Mother filed a complaint for child support. The trial

court entered an interim order on June 23, 2020, following a conference, which

directed Father to pay support. Father requested a de novo hearing that same

day. Although the court and the parties indicate that Father filed a motion to

establish paternity and for paternity testing on July 2, 2020, that motion does

not appear in the certified record or on the docket. The record does contain

a motion to stay the proceedings pending the results of a paternity test, which

Father filed on July 13, 2020.

The trial court held the de novo hearing on July 16, 2020.2 In relevant

part, Father testified that Mother told him Child was his child, and that he had

initially believed her. N.T., 7/16/20, at 30, 33. He contended that he learned

Child was not his child after discovering that Mother deceived him regarding

Child’s due date. According to Father, Mother told him that Child’s due date

was the first week of September. Id. at 32. When Child was not born at that

time, Mother insisted that Child would be born “soon.” Id. at 32-33. However,

Child was not born until November 2019. Id. at 34. Father claimed that he

knew a normal pregnancy would only last about forty weeks but believed it
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2
The transcript of the hearing indicates that it took place on July 18, 2020.
However, this appears to be a typographical error, as the trial court entered
the order resulting from the hearing on July 16, 2020. The scheduling orders
in the record also indicate that the hearing would occur on July 16, 2020.

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was possible for Child to be born two months late. Id. at 34-35. He claimed

that he first learned this was not possible while speaking with his mother, I.M.,

several weeks after Child’s birth. Id. at 35-38. Father maintained that he

now realized Child could not be his child because her conception would have

occurred while he was incarcerated in February 2019. Id. at 36.

I.M. presented a similar account of the events surrounding Child’s birth.

She testified that Child’s alleged due date changed during Mother’s pregnancy,

explaining, “we kept hearing September, then October, and then it ended up

being November.” Id. at 24. She recalled that she discussed Child’s due date

with Father “a few weeks or something” after the birth. Id. at 22. During the

discussion, Father stated that Child was born two months late, and I.M. replied

that a two-month delay “doesn’t happen. That’s impossible.” Id. at 23. I.M.

testified that Father appeared to be “starting to realize that I was right,” but

that they did not discuss the issue again. Id. at 24.

In contrast to Father’s account, Mother testified that she conceived Child

in March 2019, following Father’s release from incarceration, and that she was

induced after thirty-six weeks because it was a high-risk pregnancy.3 Id. at

43-44. Mother acknowledged that Child may not be Father’s child but insisted

that she had informed Father of that possibility prior to the birth. Id. at 51.

She explained her decision to contest his request for a paternity test despite

this possibility as follows:
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3
Mother did not explain clearly why the pregnancy was high-risk but noted
that she “ha[s] had gestational diabetes[.]” N.T., 7/16/20, at 43.

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. . . . In 2017 [Father] and I were also pregnant then. I lost the
child at six months. Since then, [Father] had wanted nothing but
a child. I was honest, Your Honor, with [Father], from the very
beginning, that there was a possibility that this was not his child,
but because we had lost a baby in 2017, he never made a big deal
about it. He said, no matter what, I’m going to be there, and I’m
going to be there for you. I am going to be there for [Child], and
that’s what it was. I’m not saying that he’s a hundred percent the
father, you’re right.

***

. . . . I don’t know that, but I’m not saying that he’s not the father.
All I am saying is the truth, and that he said that he would be
there, so he signed the acknowledgement of the paternity and he
gave her his last name.

Id. at 48.

Mother presented the testimony of M.W., a mutual acquaintance of the

parties and the father of Mother’s other child, who corroborated her testimony.

M.W. testified that he discussed the issue of paternity with Father while on a

trip in July or August 2019. Id. at 9. M.W. recalled that Father “brought up

that it’s a little stressful . . . because of . . . not knowing if he was the father,

but he did acknowledge that if . . . he wasn’t, he would still be there 100

percent because he loves [Mother.]” Id. at 10-11.

Following the hearing, the trial court entered the order on appeal, ruling

that Father was Child’s legal father and directing him once again to pay child

support.4 Curiously, the order also directed that the parties and Child undergo
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4
The order indicated that Father’s support obligation would cease effective
August 1, 2020, because his income fell below the self-support reserve, but
that he would remain obligated to pay any arrears or fees owed.

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paternity testing, while specifying that Father would remain Child’s legal father

“[r]egardless of the results[.]” Order, 7/16/20, at 1 (unnumbered pages).

Father timely filed a notice of appeal on August 5, 2020, and Mother timely

filed a cross appeal on August 12, 2020. The court entered an order on August

18, 2020, directing that Mother file a concise statement of errors complained

of on appeal, and she complied by filing a concise statement on September 3,

2020. Father also filed a concise statement on September 18, 2020, although

it does not appear from the record that the court ordered him to do so.5, 6

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5
The trial court entered two orders directing the filing of a concise statement,
but both orders were identical and applied solely to the “Appellant in Cross-
Appeal.” Orders, 8/18/20, at 1 (unnumbered pages). We interpret the orders
as referring to Mother and not Father, as Mother was the party that filed the
cross appeal as well as the plaintiff in the child support proceeding. See, e.g.,
Pa.R.A.P. 2322 (“If a case involves a cross appeal, the plaintiff or moving party
in the action below shall be deemed the appellant for the purposes of these
rules unless the parties otherwise agree or the court otherwise directs.”). At
the very least, the orders were ambiguous, and it is unclear whether the court
was directing Father to file a concise statement. Even accepting for the sake
of argument that the language of the orders was not ambiguous, and the court
was directing Father to file a concise statement, our review of the trial court
docket does not indicate that Father received notice of the orders. Therefore,
we cannot conclude that his concise statement was untimely.

6
Our Rules of Appellate Procedure provide that this is a children’s fast track
appeal. See Pa.R.A.P. 102 (defining “[c]hildren’s fast track appeal” as “[a]ny
appeal from an order involving . . . paternity.”). As such, the Rules required
that Father file a concise statement at the same time as his notice of appeal.
See Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)(2)(i) (“In a children’s fast track appeal . . . [t]he
concise statement of errors complained of on appeal shall be filed and served
with the notice of appeal.”). Despite Father’s failure to comply with Rule
1925(a)(2)(i), we will accept his concise statement. See In re K.T.E.L., 983
A.2d 745, 747-48 (Pa. Super. 2009) (declining to quash or dismiss the appeal,

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Meanwhile, on September 3, 2020, Mother filed a motion to stay the

paternity testing pending the outcome of her cross appeal. By order entered

September 24, 2020, the trial court vacated the portion of the July 16, 2020

order requiring paternity testing, but directed that all other provisions of the

order remain in effect.7 Mother then discontinued her cross appeal on October

26, 2020. Therefore, we focus our attention solely on Father’s appeal in this

memorandum, as it is all that remains before the Court.

Father raises the following claims for our review:

1. Did the Court err by failing to vitiate the Acknowledgment of
Paternity executed by the [f]ather, because it had been procured
by fraud of the [m]other?

2. Did the Court err in not requiring the [m]other to declare who
the putative biological fathers might be and in failing to require
the [m]other to submit the [c]hild for a paternity test?

Father’s Brief at 4 (suggested answers omitted).

____________________________________________

or find waiver, where the appellant filed her concise statement three days
after her notice of appeal).

7
It is not clear how the trial court would have jurisdiction to vacate a portion
of the July 16, 2020 order over two months after it was entered, and after
both parties filed notices of appeal. See 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 5505 (“Except as
otherwise provided or prescribed by law, a court upon notice to the parties
may modify or rescind any order within 30 days after its entry . . . if no appeal
from such order has been taken or allowed.”); Pa.R.A.P. 1701(a) (“Except as
otherwise prescribed by these rules, after an appeal is taken . . . the trial court
or other government unit may no longer proceed further in the matter.”). It
does not appear, however, that either party appealed the September 24, 2020
order, and Father does not question the court’s ability to enter that order in
this appeal. Therefore, we need not address the court’s jurisdiction here.

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Initially, we address Father’s defective presentation of his claims in his

appellate brief. While Father includes two distinct claims in his statement of

questions involved, he presents only a single argument section in his brief, in

contravention of our Rules of Appellate Procedure. See Pa.R.A.P. 2119(a)

(“The argument shall be divided into as many parts as there are questions to

be argued; and shall have at the head of each part--in distinctive type or in

type distinctively displayed--the particular point treated therein[.]”). Further,

Father’s argument relates only to the first claim listed in his statement. This

argument focuses on Father’s contention that Mother procured his signature

on the acknowledgment of paternity through fraud. The argument does not

develop Father’s assertion that the trial court should have ordered Mother to

“declare who the putative biological fathers might be” and submit Child for

paternity testing, or support that assertion with legal authority. 8 Father’s Brief

at 4. Thus, we conclude that Father has waived his second claim, and we limit

our analysis to his first claim.9

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8
Father only mentions his second claim in his summary of the argument. See
Father’s Brief at 8 (“The Court abused its discretion by . . . failing to ask the
Mother who the actual father might be.”).

9
Even if Father had developed this claim in his brief, it would still fail for other
reasons. As the trial court observes in its opinion, Father did not inquire, or
ask the court to inquire, who other potential fathers of Child might be during
the hearing. See Pa.R.A.P. 302(a) (“Issues not raised in the trial court are
waived and cannot be raised for the first time on appeal.”). In addition, the
court’s order actually did direct paternity testing. As we explained above, the
court later vacated that portion of its order. Regardless, because the court
found that Father is Child’s legal father, and we discern no abuse of discretion
in that assessment, there was no reason to order paternity testing.

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Our standard of review is as follows:

We review support orders for abuse of discretion. We
cannot reverse the trial court’s support determination unless it is
unsustainable on any valid ground. An abuse of discretion is not
merely an error of judgment, but if in reaching a conclusion the
law is overridden or misapplied, or the judgment exercised is
manifestly unreasonable, or the result of partiality, prejudice, bias
or ill-will, as shown by the evidence of record. The principal goal
in child support matters is to serve the best interests of the
children through the provision of reasonable expenses.

S.M.C. v. C.A.W., 221 A.3d 1214, 1217 (Pa. Super. 2019) (citations and

quotation marks omitted).

Pennsylvania law provides that the father of a child born to an unmarried

mother may sign an acknowledgement of paternity. 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 5103(a).

If the mother consents to the acknowledgement of paternity, it then becomes

“conclusive evidence of paternity without further judicial ratification in any

action to establish support.” 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 5103(d). The statute provides

only very limited circumstances under which a father may rescind or challenge

the validity of an acknowledgment of paternity, as follows:

(g) Rescission.—

(1) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a
signed, voluntary, witnessed acknowledgment of
paternity subject to 18 Pa.C.S.[A.] § 4904 shall be
considered a legal finding of paternity, subject to the
right of any signatory to rescind the acknowledgment
within the earlier of the following:

(i) sixty days; or

(ii) the date of an administrative or
judicial proceeding relating to the child,

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including, but not limited to, a domestic
relations section conference or a
proceeding to establish a support order in
which the signatory is a party.

(2) After the expiration of the 60 days, an
acknowledgment of paternity may be challenged in
court only on the basis of fraud, duress or material
mistake of fact, which must be established by the
challenger through clear and convincing evidence. An
order for support shall not be suspended during the
period of challenge except for good cause shown.

23 Pa.C.S.A. § 5103(g).

Here, as we have explained, Father contends that Mother procured his

signature through fraud. To establish fraud for the purposes of invalidating

an acknowledgement of paternity, a party must prove the existence of “(1) a

misrepresentation, (2) a fraudulent utterance thereof, (3) an intention by the

maker that the recipient will thereby be induced to act, (4) justifiable reliance

by the recipient upon the misrepresentation, and (5) damage to the recipient

as the proximate result.” R.W.E. v. A.B.K., 961 A.2d 161, 167 (Pa. Super.

2008) (quoting B.O. v. C.O., 590 A.2d 313, 315 (Pa. Super. 1991)). Further,

we have clarified that a “misrepresentation” in this context is not limited to

one party making an untruthful statement to the other:

A misrepresentation need not be an actual statement; it can be
manifest in the form of silence or failure to disclose relevant
information when good faith requires disclosure. Fraud is
practiced when deception of another to his damage is brought
about by a misrepresentation of fact or by silence when good faith
required expression. Fraud comprises anything calculated to
deceive, whether by single act or combination, or by suppression
of truth, or suggestion of what is false, whether by direct falsehood

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or innuendo, by speech or silence, word of mouth, or look or
gesture.

Id. at 167-68 (quoting Glover v. Severino, 946 A.2d 710, 713 (Pa. Super.

2008)) (emphasis omitted).

Father’s first claim amounts to a challenge to the trial court’s credibility

findings. Father directs our attention to the testimony presented during the

hearing and insists that it shows Mother was perjuring herself. Specifically,

he contends that Mother did not admit he might not be Child’s father until the

hearing, and did so only under cross-examination by the court. Father’s Brief

at 7, 16-19. He claims Mother duped him into signing the acknowledgment

of paternity by telling him that Child was born two months late, and that he

did not learn it was impossible for Child to be born two months late until he

spoke with his mother, I.M. Id. at 7, 17-20. Father adds that I.M. testified

at the hearing and corroborated his explanation. Id. at 7, 17.

The trial court addressed this claim in its opinion as follows, in relevant

part:

. . . . Father had notice of his rights if he wished to rescind his
Acknowledgment within 60 days and he failed to do so. Father
did not try to rescind his Acknowledgement of Paternity until July
2, 2020, even though his [m]other allegedly told him that the
baby was not his child in November, 2019.

In his Petition, Father claimed fraud that Mother lied to him
and said he was the [f]ather. Father failed to meet his burden of
demonstrating by even a preponderance of the evidence that
Mother lied to him. Mother was very credible in her testimony as
to what she told Father about the [p]aternity of [Child]. Father
was not.

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Father’s first claim must fail because this Court found
Mother to be very credible. We also note that Father did not take
the stand (after) Mother testified to refute her claim that she
suffered a miscarriage in 2017. Moreover, despite Father’s claim
in his first issue of his concise statement that Mother lied in Court,
the record fails to support his assertion. At no point did Mother
say she told [Father] unequivocally that he was the [f]ather. As
to her disclosure that he may not be the [f]ather, [Father] decided
to still assume that role.

Trial Court Opinion, 9/29/20, at 5.

We discern no abuse of discretion in this analysis. It is undisputed that

Father signed an acknowledgment of paternity the day after Child’s birth in

November 2019, and that he did not attempt to rescind that acknowledgment

within sixty days pursuant to Section 5103(g)(1)(i). Father conceded during

the hearing that he did not attempt to challenge the acknowledgement until

July 2020, about eight months after he signed it. N.T., 7/16/20, at 39. Thus,

Father could only challenge his paternity of Child by proving fraud, duress, or

material mistake of fact pursuant to Section 5103(g)(2).

While Father contends that he signed the acknowledgment of paternity

because of Mother’s fraud, our review of the record supports the trial court’s

determination that no fraud occurred. See R.W.E., 961 A.2d at 166 (if our

review supports the trial court’s findings, we cannot disturb them); Vargo v.

Schwartz, 940 A.2d 459, 462 (Pa. Super. 2007) (the trial court is free to

accept some, all, or none of the evidence, and to make weight and credibility

determinations). Mother testified that she was honest with Father “from the

very beginning” that he might not be Child’s father. N.T., 7/16/20, at 48. The

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parties’ mutual acquaintance, M.W., corroborated this testimony, recalling

that Father admitted “not knowing if he was the father” in July or August 2019,

during Mother’s pregnancy. Id. at 9-11. Indeed, Father’s own assertions

belie his claim of fraud. Father testified that he learned Child was not his child

several weeks after her birth, when his mother, I.M., informed him that it was

impossible for Child to be born two months late. Id. at 35-38. Despite this

alleged revelation, Father did nothing to challenge his paternity at that time.

Accordingly, because the record supports the trial court’s findings, we

conclude that the court did not abuse its discretion by ruling that Father is

Child’s legal father and directing him to pay child support. We therefore affirm

the court’s July 16, 2020 order.

Order affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 4/23/21

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