in the Matter of A.K.

In the
Court of Appeals
Second Appellate District of Texas
at Fort Worth
___________________________
No. 02-20-00410-CV
___________________________

IN THE MATTER OF A.K.

On Appeal from the 323rd District Court
Tarrant County, Texas
Trial Court No. 323-107606-18

Before Bassel, Wallach, and Walker, JJ.
Memorandum Opinion by Justice Bassel
 MEMORANDUM OPINION

I. Introduction

This is Appellant A.K.’s second appeal involving a transfer order from the

juvenile court. See In re A.K., No. 02-19-00385-CV, 2020 WL 1646899 (Tex. App.—

Fort Worth Apr. 2, 2020, no pet.) (mem. op.). In Appellant’s first appeal, we

overruled his constitutional complaints, reversed the juvenile court’s transfer order

due to factually insufficient evidence, and remanded the case to the juvenile court. Id.

at *13. On remand, the juvenile court entered a second order waiving its jurisdiction

and ordering Appellant transferred to an appropriate district court or criminal district

court to be prosecuted as an adult for capital murder and aggravated robbery.

Appellant challenges that order in this appeal, contending in four points that (1) the

evidence is insufficient to support the juvenile court’s transfer order, (2) it is a

violation of the constitutional prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment and

fundamentally unjust to transfer “this intellectually disabled/deficient juvenile” to

criminal court, (3) Texas Family Code Section 54.02(c) is unconstitutional on its face

and as applied to Appellant, and (4) the second transfer hearing was barred by double

jeopardy and by the principle of collateral estoppel. We again overrule Appellant’s

constitutional complaints, including his new double jeopardy argument, and this time

we also overrule Appellant’s sufficiency challenge because the evidence demonstrates

that the 2020 test results do not indicate that he is intellectually disabled but that he is

2
more sophisticated than same-aged peers and equally as mature as other adolescents.

Accordingly, we affirm.

II. Factual and Procedural Background

Appellant was fourteen years old at the time that he allegedly committed the

underlying felony-level offenses of capital murder and aggravated robbery. Appellant

was seventeen years old at the time of the second transfer hearing. The following

summarizes the events that led to Appellant’s arrest for the two felony offenses,

provides a brief recap of the first transfer hearing, and details the evidence presented

at the second transfer hearing that led to this appeal.

A. Appellant’s Arrest

Appellant, an alleged member of the 300 Mafia Crips gang, was on probation

for burglary and was scheduled to have a detention hearing on the day that the

offenses were committed. But on the day of the offenses, Appellant awoke late, left

his home, and saw a friend who suggested that they “hit a lick.” Appellant “end[ed]

up breaking into a house.”

Detective Matthew Barron responded to an apartment on Calmont Avenue on

May 18, 2018, and found Yesenia Gutierrez face down in the dining room; she was

bleeding profusely from a gunshot wound to the head. A spent nine-millimeter shell

casing stamped with R-P was recovered from the scene.

A video from a nearby business showed that at approximately 10:55 a.m., two

young men—both wearing different shades of blue pullover hoodie sweatshirts—

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appeared to be walking toward the location of Gutierrez’s apartment. Detective

Barron’s investigation revealed that two young men had seen a PS4 game system in an

apartment window and had broken into that apartment by kicking in the door. When

they got inside, they demanded a phone from Gutierrez. Gutierrez complied and

gave them the phone. She turned away, and the shot was fired, striking her in the

back of the head. The shooting occurred at approximately 11:07 a.m.

That evening, some gang officers, who had heard about the shooting and were

working in that area, came across Appellant, two other juveniles (L.P. and A.F.), and a

man named Devoe Walker. The gang officers stopped the young men for a

pedestrian violation a few blocks away from Gutierrez’s apartment. During the

course of stopping them, the gang officers discovered that Walker was carrying a

Ruger P85 nine-millimeter handgun.1 The gang officers also found that Appellant

had in his pocket a loaded magazine that fit the handgun that Walker carried.

Walker agreed to speak with Detective Barron that night. Walker told police

that he had contact with Appellant and L.P. after the shooting. Appellant and L.P.

told Walker that they had been walking by Gutierrez’s apartment when they heard a

shot. After they heard the shot, they looked in and saw a man, so they started to run.

Walker put two and two together and decided to take the handgun away from

1
The shells in the magazine of the gun were marked as R-P. The firearms lab
confirmed that the shells in the handgun retrieved from Walker were consistent with
the casing that was recovered from Gutierrez’s apartment.

4
Appellant because they were causing the streets “to get hot” in the Las Vegas Trail

area.

When the police met with Appellant the following day, he gave several versions

of what had happened at Gutierrez’s apartment. Appellant ultimately said that he had

kicked in the door to Gutierrez’s apartment, that L.P. had entered first, that he

(Appellant) had followed, that he had demanded the phone from Gutierrez, that she

had complied and had given him the phone, and that he was outside the door when

the shot was fired. After the shot was fired, Appellant and L.P. took off running.

L.P. told police that Appellant had kicked in the door of Gutierrez’s apartment,

that they had demanded her phone, that Gutierrez had complied and had turned away

from them, and that Appellant had raised a firearm and had shot her as she turned

away.

Police arrested Appellant two days after the murder, and he remained in

custody at the juvenile detention center from the day of his arrest until the second

transfer hearing—a total of 926 days. While in detention, Appellant told a fellow

juvenile who was housed with him that he had shot the lady with a Ruger nine-

millimeter handgun, that it was supposed to be a robbery, and that L.P. was outside of

the apartment during the shooting. Another juvenile told police that on the day of the

offense, Appellant and L.P. had been at an apartment referred to as “the studio.”

Appellant told the juvenile that he had shot somebody. The juvenile said that

Appellant was wearing a blue-colored jacket and that he had disposed of that jacket in

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the dumpster at the apartment complex. The juvenile said that he saw Appellant with

a chrome-colored semiautomatic pistol on the day of the offense.

B. Petition for Discretionary Transfer and First Transfer Hearing

Shortly after Appellant’s arrest, the State filed its petition for discretionary

transfer to a criminal court. The State later filed an amended petition. The juvenile

court held the first hearing on the motion in October 2019—approximately seventeen

months after Appellant’s arrest. After hearing testimony from Appellant’s probation

officer and the Fort Worth Police Department detective in charge of the investigation

and after reviewing the prediagnostic evaluation with the report of Appellant’s latest

psychological evaluation attached and Appellant’s police interview, along with other

evidence of the crime, the juvenile court decided to waive its jurisdiction and transfer

the case to a criminal court. Appellant appealed the initial transfer decision, and we

reversed the juvenile court’s transfer order due to factually insufficient evidence and

remanded the case to the juvenile court. See id.

C. The Second Transfer Hearing

Because Appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, we set forth a

detailed summary of the second transfer hearing beginning with evidence of his prior

criminal history.

1. Appellant’s Prior Criminal History

In March 2018, Appellant was placed on probation for twelve months for

burglary of a building. As part of his probation, Appellant was assigned to perform

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community service but did not complete it; he had also been placed on electronic

monitoring but was noncompliant.

Appellant had also been referred to probation for the offenses of burglary of a

building and criminal trespass in December 2017, possession of marijuana in January

2018, possession of marijuana that was pending from May 2018, and criminal trespass

that was pending from May 2018.

2. Prediagnostic Study

Probation officer Ronnie Mitchell testified that he began supervising Appellant

in March 2018. Mitchell prepared a prediagnostic study for the transfer hearing. The

prediagnostic study noted under the family-relation subsection that Appellant’s

mother had indicated that Appellant did not come home at night, that he left for

school but did not actually go to school, and that she felt like her only control over

him was deciding who could come in their house. Appellant’s dad was in jail, and

Appellant’s family was homeless at one point prior to Appellant’s being placed on

probation. During the time when Appellant’s family was homeless, he spent

approximately one year in a foster placement with the All Church Home.

The school section of the prediagnostic study noted that Appellant had a 504

plan to address any behavioral or intellectual special needs that he had within the

school environment. With regard to behavioral issues, prior to the May 2018 incident

involving Gutierrez, Appellant was involved in fights at school and was suspended

once or twice while in middle school and seven times total since he had started

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attending school. One of his suspensions was related to having drug paraphernalia in

his backpack. With regard to intellectual issues, Appellant’s pattern at the Middle

Level Learning Center was that he mostly earned passing grades with the occasional F

but that he normally raised the failing grades to pass for the semester. According to a

grade report from July 2019 while Appellant was in detention, he was passing only

one class by state standards: he had a 71 average in English/language arts.

Appellant’s other grades at that time included a 57 in mathematics, a 52 in science,

and a 58 in social studies; he also did not pass any part of the STAAR test. At the

time of the transfer hearing in December 2020, Appellant was still attending the

school in the Lynn Ross Detention Center, and was mostly passing his classes. His

October 2020 transcript showed that Appellant was passing English, social studies,

and health and that he was failing math and science.

Mitchell prepared a Positive Achievement Change Tool (PACT) full-screen

summary report that was updated in August 2020, and attached it to the prediagnostic

study. The PACT report showed that Appellant had not committed crimes during the

prior six months due to being in a locked-down and controlled environment. The

PACT also showed that Appellant’s overall risk to reoffend was moderate.

A seven-page printout dated December 2, 2020, was also attached to Mitchell’s

prediagnostic study. The printout summarized the infractions that Appellant had

committed while in detention. Mitchell testified that overall, Appellant’s behavior had

been acceptable; the majority of the time, Appellant stayed on Level 1—the highest

8
level of good behavior. But Appellant had some infractions during the thirty months

that he had been in detention. Those infractions included, among other things, that

he had threatened staff on June 1, 2018; that he had exhibited gang signs and had

made gang references in August 2018; that he had instigated fights in March 2019;

that he had threatened staff again in July 2020; that he had fought L.P. in August

2020, despite having been ordered not to associate with L.P.; and that he was

disrespectful towards staff two weeks prior to the December 4, 2020 transfer hearing.

Mitchell testified that each of these infractions was concerning.

3. Psychological Evaluations and Psychologist’s Testimony

Dr. Monica Jeter, a psychologist who was court-appointed to perform

psychological evaluations, testified that she had conducted three psychological

evaluations on Appellant. The three psychological evaluations were conducted in

June 2018, August 2019, and October 2020.

Dr. Jeter explained that she had conducted the October 2020 psychological

evaluation pursuant to the juvenile court’s order and that it was part of a prediagnostic

study to assist the juvenile court in evaluating whether to waive or to retain

jurisdiction in this matter. In preparation for drafting her report, Dr. Jeter had

reviewed “all of the documents,” which included the prediagnostic study, the previous

psychological evaluations that she had conducted on Appellant, and his records from

FWISD but not his school detention records.

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 One of the documents that Dr. Jeter reviewed was the “504 Manifestation

Determination” from October 2017. That determination noted that Appellant had

“engaged in the code of conduct violation of weapon offense” and that the conduct

was not a direct result of the school’s failure to implement a Section 504 services plan

nor was it “caused by or had a direct and substantial relationship to [Appellant’s]

disability.” The 504 committee decided that Appellant’s “accommodations [were]

sufficient and that his behavior [was] more of a choice rather than [a] disability.” The

504 committee reached that same conclusion in February 2018 when Appellant

“engaged in the code of conduct violations of weapon and drug offenses.”

During Dr. Jeter’s interview with Appellant for the June 2018 psychological

evaluation, she asked him about his friends, and he related that he was in a gang.

Appellant said that he had started hanging out with a thirteen-year-old boy who was a

300 Mafia Crips gang member and that Appellant had joined the gang for a week or

two during the 2017 to 2018 school year but then had “got[ten] out.” Appellant

acknowledged that he had continued to associate with and to represent the gang and

that most of the kids from his neighborhood were in that gang. By the time of the

2020 psychological evaluation, Appellant acknowledged that he was in 300 Mafia

Crips “once upon a time” for two months but said that he had gotten out of it

because they were not faithful and did not look out for each other.

Dr. Jeter’s interview with Appellant for the June 2018 psychological evaluation

also revealed his drug use and criminal activity. Appellant denied consuming alcohol

10
but admitted that prior to detention he had smoked marijuana—a blunt or two—once

a week with others. Appellant also admitted that he had once “tak[en]” a game

system and had sold it to a pawn shop for $100. Appellant had stolen candy from the

corner store, snacks from Kroger, and a wallet left by a boy. Appellant engaged in

setting a fire; he once lit a figurine on fire and put it in a trash can, causing the house

to catch on fire. During the 2019 psychological, Appellant related that he had broken

into houses to support his drug habit. Appellant described his prior marijuana use as

a “zip or two” and changed his prior frequency—weekly—to daily. Appellant told

Dr. Jeter that a “zip” was twenty-eight grams and that he had used “four bars every

chance [he] had to get [them].”

With regard to his health, Appellant revealed during the June 2018

psychological evaluation that he was taking allergy medication and ADHD

medication, which kept him calm. Appellant had no history of psychiatric

hospitalization. While in detention, he had engaged in self-mutilation (scratching

himself and banging his head) and saw things when his eyes were closed, though he

did not have hallucinations; he said that he was seeing a counselor at the detention

center. During the 2020 psychological evaluation, Appellant said that he had

previously taken medication for sleep and for ADHD but had not been taking

medication in detention even though he continued to have difficulty sleeping.

During the two and a half years that Dr. Jeter had known Appellant, she had

administered a number of evaluations and tests to determine what his IQ was and

11
whether he qualified as a person with a severe mental health issue or intellectual

disability. Dr. Jeter said that she had administered the following tests to Appellant:

the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test, Second Edition; the Wide Range Achievement

Test, Fifth Edition (WRAT); the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory; the

Risk-Sophistication-Treatment Inventory–Self Report (RSTI–SR); and the Structured

Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY).

Dr. Jeter explained that the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is a

personality inventory that examines how a youth functions—both emotionally and

behaviorally—within his environment. The test depicted how Appellant functioned

and behaved within the community and school. Dr. Jeter’s 2020 psychological

evaluation noted that Appellant’s “profile was similar to youth who have numerous

behavior problems in school, family difficulties, poor school adjustment/conduct[,]

and use of alcohol or other drugs”; that he may lack self-confidence; and that he may

experience feelings of fear/anxiety and self-doubt, engage in physical complaints, and

report concentration difficulties. Dr. Jeter’s report indicated that Appellant’s “profile

was similar to youth [who] are enthusiastic, interested in many things[,] and ha[ve] an

animated approach to problems” and that his level of energy could lead to antisocial

acts.

Dr. Jeter’s report summarized the purpose of the RSTI–SR and Appellant’s

results as follows:

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 The RSTI–SR is a self-report measure designed to assert pertinent
psychological constructs for those youth in the juvenile justice system
and other relevant high[-]risk settings. It is comprised of the three latent
constructs of risk, development-maturity[,] and treatment amenability.
The RSTI–SR items are dynamic[,] and this measure can be used as a
change sensitive test to determine what characteristics of the youth[’s]
presentation require treatment.

On the RSTI–SR, [Appellant] endorsed a lack of extensive serious
criminal behavior history and [a] lack of exhibition of some psychopathic
traits. Test data suggested he has a good sense of who he is as a person,
makes decisions independently[,] and weighs the costs and benefits of
his actions. Individuals with similar profiles are also quick to recognize
and capable of regulating their emotions[. Appellant] endorsed
amenability to treatment[,] which is an alliance with a lower level of
psychopathology. Individuals with similar profiles generally take
responsibility for their troubles and are open to changing their behavior.

With regard to the SAVRY test, Dr. Jeter explained that it is based on how the

youth presents and his history and uses a scale to provide an idea of the youth’s level

of risk. Dr. Jeter testified that Appellant’s test results revealed that he

was a high-level severity with his history of nonviolent offending,
parent/caregiver criminality, and poor school achievement. Moderate
risks: history of violence, childhood history of maltreatment[,] and early
caregiver disruption. And a low-level risk at an early initiation of
violence, past supervision/intervention failures, history of self-harm or
suicide attempts, and exposure to violence in the home. And that was
his historical factors.

As it related to social/contextual risks, he was at a high-level
severity as it related to stress and poor coping. Moderate level of
severity as related to . . . peer delinquency, poor parent management,
lack of personal/social support, and community disorganization. And
low level of severity is related to peer rejection.

....

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 . . . As it related to individual/clinical risk factors, he was at a
high-level severity as it related to risk-taking and impulsivity. Risk
factors that were moderate were negative attitude, substance-use
difficulty, anger[-]management problems, attention-deficit/hyperactivity
difficulties, poor compliance, and low[-]interest commitment in school.

....

. . . Low-level severity was empathy and remorse.

His protective factors were strong social support, strong
attachment and bonds, positive attitude towards intervention and
authority, and resilient personality traits.

Dr. Jeter was asked about Appellant’s maturity and sophistication as compared

to a typical seventeen-year-old male:

Q. Is he, based on your evaluations of him, functioning as a fairly
typical 17-year-old?

A. I would consider him a fairly typical 17-year-old.

Q. Okay.

A. Not more -- can I rephrase that?

Not more mature than another 17-year-old.

Q. Or less?

A. Well, yeah.

Q. So is he a person who you would characterize as having the same
level of sophistication as most 17-year-olds or even higher?

A. I would characterize as perhaps higher.

Q. Why is that?

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 A. Just based on, like, his street knowledge or awareness, and it could be
related to the environment. But I think he has more of a street
knowledge or awareness than perhaps someone else his age.

Q. So more sophisticated, not interested in school, just as mature as the
same-age peers?

A. Yes.

Dr. Jeter concluded that Appellant’s IQ was 81 and that based on his IQ,

Appellant is not a person with an intellectual disability.

The defense began its cross-examination by questioning Dr. Jeter about the

development of the juvenile brain beginning around age sixteen. Dr. Jeter testified

that the brain is not fully developed until a person is age twenty to twenty-five.

Dr. Jeter agreed that prior to that time, a juvenile has an inability to delay his

gratification and reflect on what he is doing, can exhibit difficulties with problem-

solving, may have a hard time with evaluating risks and the consequences of those

risks, and may be susceptible to peer pressure.

The defense then questioned Dr. Jeter about the differences between

Appellant’s 2019 and 2020 scores on the WRAT test and the IQ test. Appellant’s

scores on the WRAT for those two years are as follows:

2019 2020
Word Reading 56 67
Spelling 58 59
Math 55 67
Sentence Construction 60 74

15
Dr. Jeter testified that most of Appellant’s 2019 WRAT scores were comparable to

those performing at the seven- or eight-year-old level and that his 2020 WRAT scores

were comparable to those performing at the eight- or nine-year-old level.

Appellant’s IQ scores for those years are as follows:

2019 2020
Verbal IQ 79 83
Nonverbal IQ 65 85
Composite IQ 68 81

When asked to explain what generally accounts for an increase in IQ over time,

Dr. Jeter said that education and “exposure to different things that are in those test

measures.” Dr. Jeter explained that there is a realm of scores that psychologists look

at “[b]ecause we are human, we are providing the testing. And, you know, we have to

say within a certain confidence level that this person’s intelligence score fell in that

realm.” 2 With regard to why Appellant’s IQ scores increased, Dr. Jeter said, “I think

that [during the 2019 testing, Appellant] was not answering questions that he

perceived as difficult. It’s not atypical for adolescents, and it’s certainly not atypical

for youth who have had academic struggles. But it’s just sometimes they don’t want

to put that energy in.” Dr. Jeter further explained that Appellant’s nonverbal score

had increased thirty percent because “[h]e was not very motivated to our testing

during [the 2019] test administration, which was discrepant from his evaluation in

Dr. Jeter testified that it is her preference to give a range and that she has “a 90
2

percent confidence [level] that [Appellant’s] true IQ falls within that range.”

16
2018.[3] And his scores in the 2018 evaluation were more similar to the 2020

evaluation.”

The defense questioned why Dr. Jeter did not determine that Appellant was

intellectually disabled in 2019 when his IQ was 68 and the 504 meeting from February

2018 had noted that he had exhibited physical or mental impairments that significantly

impaired a major life activity. Dr. Jeter agreed that the DSM criteria to find someone

intellectually disabled is an IQ below 70 and impairment in life and onset before

reaching adulthood, but she said that under her objective analysis, she did not find

that Appellant was intellectually impaired or disabled in 2019 because she did not

believe that was an accurate depiction of him. She explained that when she had

evaluated him in 2018, his score was higher; but in 2019, Appellant had exhibited a

lack of motivation and had stopped answering questions early.

When asked whether she believed that Appellant’s intellectual deficit, his

inability to do schoolwork, and the fact that he was operating as a seven- or eight-

year-old boy impacted her analysis of his maturity, Dr. Jeter responded, “I think he is

as equally mature as other adolescents” even though his 2020 test results showed that

he was in the below-average range of intelligence.

On redirect, Dr. Jeter agreed that the examinations produced a measure of an

educational level, not a functional level. Dr. Jeter testified that her findings were

As a result of the 2018 testing, Dr. Jeter determined that Appellant’s full-scale
3

IQ was 76 and indicated that his true score fell between 70 and 84.

17
consistent with Appellant’s lack of interest in education and with his learning

differences. She explained that Appellant has some problems with learning (including

diagnoses for dyslexia and ADHD), and “so that does impact his desire to be in

school and struggle with that.” Dr. Jeter had not observed deficits in Appellant’s

adaptive function and agreed that he was “even more sophisticated than the same age

peers.”

Dr. Jeter’s conclusion in Appellant’s October 2020 psychological evaluation is

as follows:

[Appellant] is not a person with mental retardation. He has a history of
ADHD and currently[] appears to be experiencing anxiety related to his
current legal situation. He is more sophisticated but not more mature
than his same[-]aged peers. He appears capable of understanding the
legal implications surrounding a discretionary transfer motion and of
assisting his attorney in his defense. It appears [that] the[] community
would be at a moderate to high level of risk were he to remain in it.
[Appellant] would benefit from services afforded through the juvenile
justice system[,] such as a high level of structure and supervision.

4. Other Testimony about Appellant’s Maturity and
Sophistication

Detective Barron said that he had testified at the prior transfer hearing that he

believed during his investigation that there “was probably juvenile involvement . . .

because of the lack of experience that you could honestly see.” Detective Barron

clarified, “I mean, it doesn’t negate [Appellant’s] ability to understand that what he

was doing was wrong. It just means he either doesn’t care about getting caught, or he

hasn’t done this enough times that he understands he might get caught doing it this

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way.” When asked whether he would admit that there was not much maturity or

sophistication in the offense, Detective Barron answered, “I would say there’s not a

lot of maturity in it.”

On redirect, Detective Barron testified that when he said that this offense did

not show a lot of maturity, he meant maturity as a seasoned lifelong criminal, that is,

the person who had robbed Gutierrez had not done it enough times to know that

“this [entering by kicking in the door] is a bad idea.” Detective Barron did not use the

words sophisticated or mature to describe Appellant’s behavior after the shooting but

said that Appellant’s getting rid of the gun and his clothes demonstrated that

Appellant understood that what he did was wrong, that he needed to try to cover it,

and that he knew how to cover it. In fact, Appellant was on his way to get rid of the

magazine in his pocket when police stopped him; he had tried to sell it for $300.

Detective Barron did not have any reason to believe or any information that

Appellant was intellectually impaired; instead, Detective Barron stated that Appellant

had “seemed fine and functional” when he had spoken to Appellant. Appellant did

not have any difficulty in understanding Detective Barron or in communicating with

him. When asked whether Appellant was “able to articulate his thoughts[] and [was]

able to communicate . . . in a sophisticated and mature manner,” Detective Barron

responded, “And in a manner enough so that he’s even attempting to create a cover

story . . . .”

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 During the two and a half years that probation officer Mitchell had known

Appellant, he had not had any trouble communicating with him and had not noticed

Appellant’s having any difficulty communicating with others. Mitchell stated that

during their interactions, nothing had led him to believe that Appellant is severely

intellectually disabled. None of the documents from FWISD, MHMR, or the All

Church Home specifically mentioned that Appellant has an intellectual disability.

When Mitchell testified at the first transfer hearing, he felt like there was still a

possibility that Appellant could benefit from the juvenile system. At the second

transfer hearing, Mitchell acknowledged that Appellant’s options were no longer as

broad as they were at the prior transfer hearing and that the only benefit that

Appellant would have from staying in the juvenile system is that he might be able to

spend a couple of years and get some education at TJJD.

5. Appellant’s Mother’s Testimony

Appellant’s mother testified that she has three other children who reside with

her in her apartment in Fort Worth. Appellant’s mother noticed that when Appellant

was in preschool, he struggled with tracing words and “just couldn’t get it.”

Appellant’s mother testified that teachers wanted to hold Appellant back in first

grade, but she would not let them. Appellant was tested in third grade and was

diagnosed as dyslexic. Later, he was diagnosed with ADHD and was prescribed

medication around age ten.

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 Appellant’s mother testified that the first 504 meeting was when Appellant was

in third grade. The 504 plan was based on a combination of both behavior issues and

learning issues but was based mainly on learning issues. Appellant’s mother explained

that his teachers believed that Appellant acted out because he was put on the spot to

read and was embarrassed.

From 2014 to 2015, Appellant’s mother was unemployed and homeless. CPS

got involved, and Appellant and his brother lived in All Children’s Home for about

nine months.

Appellant’s mother testified that when she was able to secure housing and get

her children back, Appellant’s “trouble started” because he met L.P. She explained

that there was an incident when she could not find Appellant, and her brother went to

L.P.’s house and found Appellant smoking marijuana.

Appellant’s mother said that she has contact almost every day with Appellant in

detention and that she had seen changes. She explained that his maturity had

improved and that he seemed to be levelheaded.

Appellant’s mother opined that he has some potential to turn around in five

years, ten years, or twenty years. She asked the juvenile court to deny the certification

so that Appellant’s case could be handled in the juvenile court.

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 6. Juvenile Court’s Disposition

The juvenile court decided to waive its jurisdiction and transfer the case to a

criminal court, explaining its reasoning from the bench:

So, [Appellant], having heard and considered all of the competent
evidence provided to this Court, and specifically, I’ve considered
whether the offense was against persons o[r] property, the sophistication
and maturity of you as a child, the record and previous history of you as
a child, [and] the protection of the public[] and the likelihood of
rehabilitation within the juvenile justice system.

These are the four specific areas that I’ve considered, and I’ve
considered everything presented to the Court. This Court will waive
jurisdiction of this matter and transfer to an adult criminal court.

Okay. [Appellant], a lot of this has to do with just when you
break into somebody’s house in the middle of the day, and then they die.
And it’s just how serious this offense is, is really what’s weighing on me.
I am considering everything.

I am considering your history, any intellectual issues, all of those
things. But this is just too serious for a juvenile court to handle. The
legislature specifically allows certification for 14-year-olds for these types
of offenses. And so I think you deserve the respect and the courtesy of
telling you why I’m making the decision that I’m making.

The juvenile court also issued a written order granting the transfer:

Having heard and considered the evidence, the arguments of counsel for
both parties, and all matters required by Texas Family Code Section
54.02, the Court makes the following FINDINGS:

The Court finds that [Appellant] is a male person who was born
on November [X], 2003, and that [Appellant] was 14 years of age at the
time the acts upon which the First Amended Petition is founded are
alleged to have occurred.

The Court finds that [Appellant] was 17 years of age on the date
of this hearing.

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 ....

The Court finds that no adjudication hearing has been conducted
concerning the acts alleged in the First Amended Petition.

The Court finds that, prior to this hearing, the Court ordered and
obtained a complete diagnostic study, social evaluation, and full
investigation of [Appellant], his circumstances, and the circumstances of
the alleged offenses.

The Court finds that the acts alleged in Paragraphs III and IV of
the First Amended Petition [setting forth the offenses of capital murder
and aggravated robbery], if committed by an adult, are felonies under the
penal laws of the State of Texas, specifically a capital felony and a felony
of the first degree.

The Court finds that the offenses alleged in . . . Paragraphs III
and IV of the First Amended Petition were committed against the
person of another and that there is probable cause to believe that
[Appellant] committed said offenses.

The Court finds that [Appellant] is of sufficient sophistication and
maturity to be tried as an adult, having considered all the evidence,
exhibits, reports, and testimony adduced during the hearing, and the
following:

(1) testimony and reports from licensed psychologist Dr. Jeter,
who examined [Appellant] and conducted IQ tests in 2018,
2019, and 2020 and concluded from her multiple
examinations that [Appellant] is not a person with an
intellectual disability, that [Appellant] is as mature as other
17 year old males and is more sophisticated than other 17
year old males, and that [Appellant] is capable of
understanding the legal implications surrounding a
discretionary transfer hearing and of assisting his attorney
in his defense;

(2) testimony from juvenile probation officer Ronnie Mitchell,
who had extensive contact with [Appellant] in 2018, 2019,
and 2020, that [Appellant] was able to communicate with
him appropriately[,] and that he did not observe any

23
 difficulty in communicating or indication of intellectual
disability on the part of [Appellant] during his personal
interactions with [Appellant]; and

(3) the facts of the offenses themselves, including [Appellant’s]
carrying out a collaborative scheme, obtaining and carrying
a loaded handgun, looking for a crime to commit, kicking
in an apartment door in broad daylight, entering the
apartment, pointing the loaded handgun at the victim and
demanding and obtaining her property, shooting and killing
the victim, disposing of the stolen property, disposing of
the clothing [Appellant] wore during the offense, and
attempting to dispose of the handgun used to shoot the
victim.

The Court considered [Appellant’s] record and previous history[]
and finds that it is extensive and includes prior referrals to Tarrant
County Juvenile Services for the offenses of:

(1) Terroristic Threat;
(2) Burglary of a Habitation;
(3) Criminal Trespass;
(4) Possession of Mari[j]uana;
(5) Burglary of a Building;
(6) Possession of Mari[j]uana; and
(7) Criminal Trespass.

The Court finds that the prospects of adequate protection of the
public and the likelihood of the rehabilitation of [Appellant] by use of
procedures, services, and facilities currently available to the juvenile
court are low, having considered all of the evidence and the following
items:

(1) [Appellant], prior to committing the offenses made the
subject of this cause, received supervision and services
from Tarrant County Juvenile Services (the local juvenile
probation department) without success;
(2) [Appellant] was on felony juvenile probation at the time he
is alleged to have committed the offenses made the subject
of this cause;

24
 (3) [Appellant] is alleged to have committed other law
violations during the term of his felony probation;
(4) [Appellant] failed to appear at a juvenile court hearing
scheduled for the date of the offenses alleged in this cause;
(5) while under juvenile probation supervision, [Appellant] was
often truant from school[] and regularly broke curfew;
(6) [Appellant] is a documented member of a criminal street
gang;
(7) the instant offenses involve the use of deadly force against
an unarmed and cooperative mother in her own home; and
(8) [Appellant] is now 17 years and one month old[,] and[]
even with a determinate sentence, [Appellant] can only
receive services from either the local juvenile probation
department or from the Texas Juvenile Justice Department
for a period of 23 months or less.

In consideration of all the above evidence and the statutory
factors, the Court finds that, because of the seriousness of the offenses
alleged in the First Amended Petition, the welfare of the community
requires criminal proceedings.

THEREFORE, by reason of the foregoing, I . . . hereby waive
this Court’s exclusive original jurisdiction of the matters made the
subject of this cause and transfer [Appellant] . . . to the appropriate
district court or criminal district court of Tarrant County, Texas, for
criminal proceedings, and do hereby certify said action.

D. Postjudgment Proceedings

Appellant filed a motion for new trial and an amended motion for new trial in

which he challenged the admission of the October 2020 psychological evaluation and

raised various as-applied and facial constitutional challenges to Texas Family Code

Section 54.02. The State filed a response. The juvenile court held a hearing on the

motion and denied it. Appellant timely perfected this appeal.

25
 III. Double Jeopardy 4

In his fourth point, Appellant argues that the second transfer hearing was

barred by double jeopardy and by the principle of collateral estoppel. Appellant relies

on a case from the First Court of Appeals that includes a statement limiting the

juvenile court’s ability to make a second certification solely to instances when a case is

remanded due to an insufficient order. See In re J.G., 495 S.W.3d 354, 365–66 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2016, pet. denied). Because J.G. fails to discuss when

jeopardy attaches, we instead look to a case from the San Antonio Court of Appeals

holding that jeopardy does not attach to a transfer hearing, and thus a second transfer

hearing is not barred by the Double Jeopardy Clause. See In re M.A.V., 88 S.W.3d

327, 329–30 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2002, no pet.).

In M.A.V., the San Antonio Court of Appeals distinguished a United States

Supreme Court case in which a juvenile was adjudicated prior to transfer and

explained that jeopardy attaches to an adjudication, not a transfer hearing:

In his first issue, M.A.V. claims the juvenile court is precluded from
transferring him to criminal district court because jeopardy has already
attached regarding the alleged offenses. See Breed v. Jones, 421 U.S. 519,
95 S. Ct. 1779[] . . . (1975). M.A.V. contends jeopardy has attached
because the court’s transfer order states: “the court finds . . . [M.A.V.]

4
We first address Appellant’s fourth and second points that allege violations of
his constitutional rights and his third point challenging the constitutionality of Section
54.02(c) because, if successful, they would afford the greatest relief—a remand to the
juvenile court for proceedings without the application of the challenged transfer
provision. See A.K., 2020 WL 1646899, at *5 (citing In re B.G., 317 S.W.3d 250, 258
(Tex. 2010)). We then address his first point challenging the sufficiency of the
evidence to support the transfer order.

26
did violate a penal law . . . [] (the order then cites each penal provision
M.A.V. purportedly violated).” We disagree.

In Breed v. Jones, the State of California filed a petition in juvenile
court alleging [that] Breed had committed robbery. Id. at 521, 95 S. Ct.
[at 1781]. An adjudicatory hearing was held, and the court determined
Breed had committed the offense. Id. at 521–22, 95 S. Ct. [at 1782].
Shortly thereafter, the court declared Breed “unfit for treatment as a
juvenile” and transferred Breed to adult court. Id. at 524, 95 S. Ct. [at
1783]. Breed was tried as an adult and, once again, found guilty of
robbery. Id. at 525, 95 S. Ct. [at 1783]. Breed filed a petition for a writ
of habeas corpus in federal district court, alleging [that] his prosecution
in adult court subjected him to double jeopardy. Id. at 525–26, 95 S. Ct.
[at 1783–84]. The Supreme Court agreed with Breed, holding [that]
jeopardy attaches[]

at a proceeding whose object is to determine whether he
has committed acts that violate a criminal law and whose
potential consequences include both the stigma inherent in
such a determination and the deprivation of liberty for
many years.

Id. at 529, 95 S. Ct. [at 1785]. The Court determined jeopardy attaches at
the point in a juvenile proceeding where the juvenile is “put to trial
before the trier of facts.” Id. at 531, 95 S. Ct. [at 1787]. The [C]ourt
recognized its holding will require that a decision to transfer a juvenile be
made prior to an adjudicatory hearing. Id. at 535–36, 95 S. Ct. [at 1789].
However, the Court specifically noted[] [that]

nothing decided today forecloses [s]tates from requiring as
a prerequisite to the transfer of a juvenile, substantial
evidence that he committed the offense charged, so long as
the showing required is not made in an adjudicatory
proceeding.

Id. at 538 n.[]18, 95 S. Ct. [at 1790 n.18].

Breed is distinguishable from the case at bar. Unlike Breed, we are
not confronted with a situation where the child was adjudicated prior to
his transfer. Texas courts have consistently held that a certification and
transfer hearing is not an adjudicatory trial because the child’s guilt or

27
 innocence is not the subject of inquiry. In re L.R.L.C., 693 S.W.2d 552,
553 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1985, no writ). Rather, the subject of
inquiry at such hearing is whether[]

there is probable cause to believe that the child before the
court committed the offense alleged and that because of
the seriousness of the offense alleged or the background of
the child[,] the welfare of the community requires criminal
proceedings.

See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 54.02(a)(3)[.]

It is clear from the record that Judge Mireles knew the difference
between transfer and adjudication, and conducted the proceeding as a
transfer hearing. . . .

....

Because Judge Mireles recognized that the only issue to be
decided at this hearing was whether he should transfer M.A.V. to
criminal district court, we hold M.A.V.’s double jeopardy rights were not
violated.

Id. at 329–30. We agree with the San Antonio court’s reasoning and reach the same

conclusion here.

Because the first transfer hearing did not involve an adjudication, 5 jeopardy did

not attach. And because jeopardy did not attach, collateral estoppel did not come into

5
The reporter’s record from the first transfer hearing was admitted during the
second transfer hearing. At the outset of the first transfer hearing, the juvenile court
noted that there had not been an adjudication, and before waiving its jurisdiction, the
juvenile court stated that

this is a process to decide whether I’m going to waive my jurisdiction.
The result of this hearing is not about whether you did this offense or
not. It’s simply about whether . . . the juvenile justice system is
adequately equipped to handle your case or you’re better equipped in the

28
play to bar a subsequent certification hearing. See York v. State, 342 S.W.3d 528, 551

(Tex. Crim. App. 2011) (“If jeopardy does not attach to a particular issue in the first

prosecution, then that issue cannot become the basis for collateral estoppel in a

subsequent prosecution.”); Adames v. State, No. 13-15-00569-CR, 2018 WL 5074696,

at *3 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg Oct. 18, 2018, no pet.) (mem. op., not

designated for publication) (“Thus, for collateral estoppel to apply on a constitutional

basis, jeopardy must have attached[,] or there must have been the equivalent of

criminal punishment in the first proceeding.”).

Accordingly, we hold that the second transfer hearing was not barred by double

jeopardy or by collateral estoppel, and we overrule Appellant’s fourth point.

IV. Cruel and Unusual Punishment

In his second point, Appellant argues that it was a violation of the

constitutional prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment and manifestly unjust

to transfer him—an “intellectually disabled/deficient juvenile”—to criminal court.

Appellant bases his argument on the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments to the

United States Constitution; Article I, Section 13 of the Texas Constitution;6 and the

adult justice system. And so things that are said here, while some of it
may be admissible in your own trial, this entire proceeding today will not
be admissible as a whole in your trial.

The juvenile court thus made clear that no adjudication had occurred.

Appellant includes only one sentence in his brief about the cruel-and-unusual-
6

punishment provision contained in the Texas Constitution: “Article 1, Section 13 of

29
“guarantee of fundamental fairness” as set forth in Moon. See U.S. Const. amend.

VIII, XIV; Tex. Const. art. I, § 13; Moon v. State, 451 S.W.3d 28, 51 (Tex. Crim. App.

2014), overruled by Ex parte Thomas, No. WR-89,128-01, 2021 WL 1204352 (Tex. Crim.

App. Mar. 31, 2021). Appellant’s argument is centered on a faulty premise, as he has

not been determined to be intellectually disabled.

Moreover, Appellant recognizes that we analyzed his cruel-and-unusual-

punishment point in our prior opinion 7 and that we concluded that “a cruel[-]and[-

]unusual[-]punishment claim cannot be maintained because [Section] 54.02 is not a

punishment provision.” Appellant responds that “[o]ther courts have taken a broader

interpretation of the scope of a cruel[-]and[-]unusual[-]punishment protection” and

that his transfer under Section 54.02 “calls for a new review in light of the legal trends

developing in this area of disability and juvenile law.”

Of the cases that Appellant cites to support his legal-trend argument, only one

was issued after our prior opinion, and it does not address Section 54.02. See Avalos v.

State, 616 S.W.3d 207, 211 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2020, pet. granted) (op. on

the Texas Constitution contains an identical provision [to the Eighth Amendment of
the United States Constitution].” Appellant does not, however, argue that the Texas
Constitution provides greater protections than the Eighth Amendment. Thus, we will
analyze his cruel-and-unusual-punishment claim solely on federal grounds. See Murphy
v. State, 112 S.W.3d 592, 607 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003); Muniz v. State, 851 S.W.2d 238,
251–52 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993) (holding that failure to provide a rationale for
interpreting state constitution more broadly than federal constitution and failure to
provide separate substantive analysis for state ground forfeits state ground); A.K.,
2020 WL 1646899, at *7.

See A.K., 2020 WL 1646899, at *7–8.
7

30
en banc reconsideration) (holding that Texas Penal Code Section 12.31(a)(2), which

automatically imposes life imprisonment without parole, is unconstitutional as applied

to intellectually disabled persons). In its most recent pronouncement, the United

States Supreme Court refused to impose additional structures on a court’s discretion

to impose a sentence of life without parole on a murderer who committed the crime

when less than 18 years of age. See Jones v. Mississippi, No. 18-1259, slip op. at 14, 22

(U.S. S. Ct. Apr. 22, 2021), https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/18-

1259_8njq.pdf. Because Appellant has not raised anything new for our review, we

decline to re-analyze his cruel-and-unusual-punishment argument. We therefore

overrule Appellant’s second point.

V. Rights under the Fifth, Sixth, and Fourteenth Amendments

In his third point, Appellant argues that Texas Family Code Section 54.02(c) 8 is

unconstitutional on its face and as applied to him because it violates the guarantees of

the Fifth, Sixth, and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution and

Article I, Sections 10, 15, and 19 of the Texas Constitution. 9 See U.S. Const. amend.

8
Appellant is not consistent in his third point about whether he is challenging
solely Subsection (c) or Section 54.02 generally. We have attempted to track the
arguments that he makes within his third point.
9
Appellant’s third point includes only one sentence about the difference
between the Texas Constitution and the federal constitution: “While the Texas
Constitution is textually different [from the federal constitution] in that it refers to
‘due course’ rather than ‘due process[,]’ we regard these items as without meaningful
distinction.” Appellant does not, however, argue that the Texas Constitution provides
greater protections than the federal constitution. Thus, we will analyze his

31
V, VI, XIV; Tex. Const. art. I, §§ 10, 15, 19. Specifically, Appellant contends that

Section 54.02(c) violates his right to confrontation, right to a jury trial, “right” to the

rules of evidence, right against self-incrimination, and right to due process.

A. Applicable Law

We set forth the law applicable to constitutional challenges to a statute in our

prior opinion as follows:

Statutes are presumed to be constitutional. Sax v. Votteler, 648 S.W.2d
661, 664 (Tex. 1983); . . . J.G., 495 S.W.3d [at] 364 . . . ; see also Peraza v.
State, 467 S.W.3d 508, 514 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015). A party challenging
the constitutionality of a statute bears the burden of rebutting the
presumption. Peraza, 467 S.W.3d at 514; J.G., 495 S.W.3d at 364–65.
We endeavor to uphold the statute, “mak[ing] every reasonable
presumption in favor of the statute’s constitutionality, unless the
contrary is clearly shown.” Peraza, 467 S.W.3d at 514; see J.G., 495
S.W.3d at 365.

When a party challenges the constitutionality of a statute on its
face, it attacks the statute, not just a particular application of it, and must
show that “no set of circumstances exists under which [the] statute
would be valid.” Peraza, 467 S.W.3d at 514. If the statute could be valid
in any circumstance, the facial challenge fails. Id. at 515–16. Because of
this high burden, a facial challenge rarely succeeds. United States v.
Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 745, 107 S. Ct. 2095, 2100 (1987); Allen v. State,
[614 S.W.3d 736, 741] (Tex. Crim. App. [] 2019).

When a party brings an as-applied challenge to a statute’s
constitutionality, the party claims that the statute, “although generally
constitutional, operates unconstitutionally as to the claimant because of
his particular circumstances.” Faust v. State, 491 S.W.3d 733, 743–44
(Tex. Crim. App. 2015) (footnote omitted); see In re A.J.F., 588 S.W.3d
322, 339 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2019, no pet.).

constitutional challenges to Section 54.02(c) solely on federal grounds. See Murphy,
112 S.W.3d at 607; Muniz, 851 S.W.2d at 251–52; A.K., 2020 WL 1646899, at *7.

32
A.K., 2020 WL 1646899, at *6.

B. Challenged Statute

The statute that Appellant challenges is Texas Family Code Section 54.02(c),

which states that “[t]he juvenile court shall conduct a hearing without a jury to

consider transfer of the child for criminal proceedings.” See Tex. Fam. Code Ann.

§ 54.02(c).

C. Analysis of As-Applied Challenge 10

1. Right to Confrontation

Appellant’s first as-applied argument challenges Section 54.02(c) on the ground

that it does not afford a juvenile at a transfer hearing the right to confront the

witnesses against him. Appellant, however, acknowledges that we have previously

held that Section 54.02 contains a statutory exception to the hearsay rule and

authorizes the introduction of specific reports that would otherwise be objectionable.

10
The State argued in its response to Appellant’s amended motion for new trial
that Appellant had failed to raise his as-applied challenge during the transfer hearing.
An as-applied challenge must be raised in the trial court, but it need not be raised
during the transfer hearing. See generally Gillenwaters v. State, 205 S.W.3d 534, 538 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2006) (holding that appellant’s motion for new trial was sufficient under
Rule 33.1 to preserve for appellate consideration his “unconstitutionally vague as
applied” challenge to telephone harassment statute). Because Appellant raised all of
his as-applied challenges, except for the one he labels as his “right to the rules of
evidence,” in his timely amended motion for new trial and obtained a ruling on the
motion, we hold that other than that one exception, Appellant preserved his as-
applied challenges to Section 54.02. See id.; see also In re O.R.F., 417 S.W.3d 24, 44
(Tex. App.—Texarkana 2013, pet. denied) (mem. op. on reh’g) (assuming that
appellant had preserved her as-applied challenge by raising it for the first time in her
motion for new trial even though she could have raised her complaint at any point
prior to the judgment).

33
See In re Q.D., 600 S.W.2d 392, 394 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1980, no writ) (stating

that because Section 54.02(d) requires the juvenile court to obtain a prediagnostic

study and because Section 54.02(e) allows the juvenile court to consider this study in

addition to other testimony, Section 54.02 is a statutory exception to the hearsay rule

and authorizes the introduction of specified reports that would otherwise be

objectionable). More recently, we have stated that “[t]his court[] . . . has repeatedly

held that a juvenile has no right of confrontation at a discretionary transfer hearing.”

In re H.C., No. 02-15-00149-CV, 2016 WL 354297, at *1 & n.3 (Tex. App.—Fort

Worth Jan. 28, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op.) (collecting cases). Alternatively, the record

reflects that Appellant had the opportunity to cross-examine Dr. Jeter who prepared

the psychological evaluation and the probation officer who prepared the prediagnostic

study. Because there is no right of confrontation at a transfer hearing and,

alternatively, because Appellant was able to question the witnesses who prepared the

reports that were admitted into evidence, we overrule the portion of Appellant’s third

point challenging Section 54.02(c) as applied to him on the confrontation ground.

2. Right to a Jury Trial

Appellant’s second as-applied argument is that “[t]he Legislature has specifically

provided in Section 54.02(c) that all transfer hearings shall be without a jury” and that

“[t]he denial of a jury at this critical stage of the juvenile’s prosecution violates his

basic Sixth Amendment right.” We held in the prior appeal that “Section 54.02 as

applied to Appellant did not violate his rights to a jury trial [as] guaranteed by the

34
Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments.” See A.K., 2020 WL 1646899, at *9 (citing Rivera

v. State, Nos. 05-06-00026-CR, 05-06-00027-CR, 2007 WL 3245610, at *4 (Tex.

App.—Dallas Nov. 5, 2007, no pet.) (not designated for publication)). Appellant

raises no new law on appeal that would necessitate our revisiting this argument. We

therefore overrule this portion of Appellant’s third point.

3. “Right to the Rules of Evidence”

Appellant’s third as-applied argument appears to challenge Section 54.02(c) on

the ground that it violates his “right to the rules of evidence,” though he does not cite

any statutory or constitutional provision for the basis of his alleged “right” and does

not specify any evidence at the transfer hearing for which he sought and was denied a

ruling on its admissibility. Appellant states that “more than one Texas court has held

that a juvenile court is not required to rule on the admissibility of evidence during a

transfer hearing.”11 Unlike the First Court of Appeals, this court has not taken a

stance on the issue but has resolved a case by assuming that the rules of evidence

11
Although Appellant states “more than one Texas court,” he cites two cases
from the same court. See Navarro v. State, Nos. 01-11-00139-CR, 01-11-00140-CR,
2012 WL 3776372, at *6 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Aug. 30, 2012, pet. ref’d)
(mem. op., not designated for publication) (holding that juvenile court is not required
to rule on the admissibility of evidence during a transfer hearing); see also In re H.Y.,
512 S.W.3d 467, 474 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2016, pet. denied) (referencing
Navarro but stating that it “need not resolve whether the Rules of Evidence . . . apply
to juvenile transfer hearings pursuant to [S]ection 51.17(c), because even if we were to
reach this claim, it would not result in reversal of the juvenile court’s order in this
case” as the evidence was cumulative of other evidence that was admitted without
objection).

35
apply to a transfer hearing. See In re D.S., No. 02-17-00050-CV, 2017 WL 3187021, at

*5 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth July 27, 2017, pet. denied) (mem. op.).

Here, we do not reach the issue of whether the rules of evidence apply to a

transfer hearing because Appellant did not raise this ground in his amended motion

for new trial. Appellant has therefore forfeited this as-applied challenge to Section

54.02(c). See Sigalavillavicencio v. State, No. 02-17-00244-CR, 2019 WL 311515, at *2

(Tex. App.—Fort Worth Jan. 24, 2019, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for

publication) (citing Curry v. State, 910 S.W.2d 490, 496 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995), and

holding that as-applied issues were forfeited because they were not raised in the trial

court). Accordingly, we overrule this portion of Appellant’s third point.

4. Right Against Self-Incrimination

Appellant’s fourth as-applied argument is that the transfer provisions of

Section 54.02(f) do not afford him the right against self-incrimination like a detention

hearing does. See generally Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 54.01(g) (“No statement made by

the child at the detention hearing shall be admissible against the child at any other

hearing.”). Specifically, Appellant argues that

[i]t is significant that the rights afforded at a mere detention hearing are
denied at the most critical proceeding a juvenile will face. It is an
imbalance of the system and unjust for the State to be unfettered from
the common law and constitutional rules of practice while the juvenile is
unable to speak in his own behalf without incriminating himself at the
juvenile’s last appearance in juvenile court.

36
 The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has explained the general scope of the

Fifth Amendment as follows:

The scope of the Fifth Amendment is comprehensive, protecting the
individual not only against being involuntarily called as a witness against
himself in a criminal prosecution, but also permitting him “not to answer
official questions put to him in any other proceeding, civil or criminal,
formal or informal, where the answers might incriminate him in future
criminal proceedings.”

In re Medina, 475 S.W.3d 291, 299 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015) (orig. proceeding) (quoting

Lefkowitz v. Turley, 414 U.S. 70, 77, 94 S. Ct. 316, 322 (1973)).

Here, Appellant’s as-applied argument that is centered on an alleged violation

of his right against self-incrimination under the Fifth Amendment is purely

hypothetical. Appellant does not say how his Fifth Amendment rights were violated;

he does not argue that he was compelled to testify,12 nor does he argue that his silence

was used against him.

To the extent that Appellant’s argument can be broadly construed as

challenging his participation in the psychological evaluation, that argument also fails.

The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has discussed the application of the Fifth

Amendment, as well as the Sixth Amendment, to psychological evaluations and found

no violation when the exam did not exceed its intended purpose—assisting the

juvenile court in assessing the Section 54.02(f) factors—and was limited to the

transfer determination:

At the hearing on Appellant’s motion for new trial, defense counsel argued,
12

“Basically if he testifies[,] it can be used against him.” [Emphasis added.]

37
 In light of the criteria a juvenile court is required to consider in making
its determination on transfer, we recognize that it is all but inevitable,
that in the course of any psychiatric or psychological examination, the
doctor will inquire into the facts of the alleged offense and the
juvenile[]’s prior criminal experiences. See Tex. Fam. Code [Ann.]
§ 54.02(d)[,] (f). Such a query is permissible so long as it is not intended
to force juveniles to supply incriminating evidence or investigative leads
against themselves. Failure to limit the query to its permissible purpose
could lead to a violation of a juvenile’s right against self-incrimination or
right to counsel.

Though the psychological report in this case contained
information concerning appellant’s previous delinquency and criminal
conduct, as well as a summary of the doctor’s conversation with
appellant regarding the offense alleged and his prior delinquent conduct,
we cannot say the exam exceeded its intended purpose. Because
appellant was forced to supply neither incriminating evidence nor
investigative leads, we do not agree with appellant’s contention that the
exam amounted to a custodial interrogation entitling him to Fifth and
Sixth Amendment protections. Furthermore, because the State’s use of
the information elicited from the exam was limited to the transfer
determination, we find no constitutional violations consistent with Estelle
[v. Smith, 451 U.S. 454, 101 S. Ct. 1866 (1981),] or Satterwhite [v. Texas,
486 U.S. 249, 108 S. Ct. 1792 (1988)].

Hidalgo v. State, 983 S.W.2d 746, 754, 756 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999) (footnote omitted).

Here, Appellant does not argue, and the record does not reflect, that Dr. Jeter sought

to elicit incriminating evidence or investigative leads when she conducted Appellant’s

psychological evaluations. The psychological evaluations did not exceed their limited

purpose of assisting the juvenile court in assessing the Section 54.02(f) factors and the

State’s use of the information elicited from the evaluations was limited solely to the

transfer determination. See, e.g., C.J.P. v. State, 650 S.W.2d 465, 466–67 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 1983, no writ) (stating that because the proceeding in which a

38
juvenile court decides whether it waives its exclusive original jurisdiction and transfers

the child to an appropriate criminal district court is not an adjudication of the child’s

guilt or innocence, unlike a detention hearing, the child’s Fifth Amendment rights are

not in issue); cf. In re N.B., No. 03-97-00766-CV, 1999 WL 214881, at *1 (Tex. App.—

Austin Apr. 15, 1999, no pet.) (not designated for publication) (collecting cases in

which courts rejected appellants’ complaints that admission of the prediagnostic study

violated their Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination).

Accordingly, we hold that Appellant has not shown that Section 54.02 as

applied to him violated his right against self-incrimination. We overrule the portion

of Appellant’s third point as to his right against self-incrimination.

5. Right to Due Process

Appellant’s final as-applied argument is that the due process required by

Section 54.02(f)13 is “rolled back” by Moon’s holding that any combination of these

factors may suffice to support a waiver of jurisdiction. See Moon, 451 S.W.3d at 47

n.78. But see Thomas, 2021 WL 1204352, at *6 (explicitly overruling Moon). Appellant

further argues that “[i]f the transfer hearing is a critically important proceeding[,] then

the full protection of due process should be applied.” We set forth the following

discussion in our prior opinion:

Texas Family Code Section 54.02(f) sets forth the four factors that the
13

juvenile court shall consider in making a transfer decision. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann.
§ 54.02(f). We do not further elaborate on the factors here because they are not
necessary for the disposition of Appellant’s final as-applied argument.

39
 In Kent v. United States, the Supreme Court held that the transfer “hearing
must measure up to the essentials of due process and fair treatment.”
383 U.S. 541, 562, 86 S. Ct. 1045, 1057 (1966). Due process mandates
“a hearing, including access to the social records and probation or
similar reports which presumably are considered by the court, and . . . a
statement of reasons for the Juvenile Court’s decision.” Id. at 557, 86 S.
Ct. at 1055; J.G., 495 S.W.3d at 367 (quoting same in Section 54.02(j)
case). A transfer hearing was held in this case, Appellant does not argue
that he lacked access to the documentary evidence considered by the
court, and the order states some reasons for the decision. We therefore
hold that Appellant received due process under the statute.

A.K., 2020 WL 1646899, at *8. Because we have previously decided Appellant’s due

process argument and because Appellant has not presented anything new for our

review, we overrule the due process portion of Appellant’s third point.

D. Facial Analysis 14

Appellant’s third point also includes a facial challenge to Section 54.02(c).

Appellant argues that “[t]his statute at every step of the way strips the juvenile of

every common law and constitutional protection usually afforded in a court of law.”

Appellant’s argument is grounded on the premise that juveniles are entitled at a

transfer hearing to all of the common law and constitutional protections of a criminal

trial that are set forth above—even though such protections are not triggered at a

14
Although Appellant raised a facial challenge to Section 54.02 in his prior
appeal, we did not fully delve into that challenge because Appellant waived his on-its-
face constitutional challenge to Section 54.02(c) at oral argument in that appeal. See
A.K., 2020 WL 1646899, at *7.

40
pretrial proceeding at which guilt–innocence is not at issue15—and that a statute that

does not provide such protections is automatically unconstitutional. We disagree.

We noted in the prior appeal that “Section 54.02(c)’s failure to require that a

jury determine whether to transfer a juvenile to a criminal court does not make it

unconstitutional on its face.” Id. at *9 (citing State v. Lopez, 196 S.W.3d 872, 875 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 2006, pet. ref’d)). We similarly hold that the fact that Section 54.02(c)

does not trigger the right to confront witnesses or the right against self-incrimination

and that Section 54.02(e) provides an exception to the hearsay rule does not make the

statute unconstitutional on its face. When we consider actual application of the

statute to juveniles (excluding those who fall under Subsection (j), which is not

challenged on appeal and does not apply to Appellant), there are possible

constitutional applications of the statute: all juveniles receive a hearing that affords

due process, and the statute does not allow certain categories of juveniles to be treated

differently than others (i.e., some are allowed the right to confront witnesses, the right

to a jury trial, or the right against self-incrimination). Thus, Appellant has not met his

burden to show that there are no possible constitutional applications of the statute.

See id. at *6 (citing Peraza, 467 S.W.3d at 514); cf. Ex parte Moon, No. 01-18-01014-CR,

2020 WL 827424, at *11 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Feb. 20, 2020, no pet.)

(holding that Section 54.02(j) is not facially unconstitutional under all possible

15
Having held that Appellant received due process under the statute, we exclude
his due process argument as a basis for his facial challenge to Section 54.02.

41
circumstances because it validly applies to individuals who initially enter the juvenile

system when they are over eighteen years of age). Accordingly, we overrule the

remainder of Appellant’s third point.

VI. Sufficiency of the Evidence to Support the Transfer Order

In his first point, Appellant argues that there is insufficient evidence to support

the transfer order. Appellant contends that no new relevant or probative evidence

was introduced at the second hearing that would cause this court to reach a different

conclusion than the one in the prior appeal regarding his sophistication and maturity.

Because the focus of Appellant’s argument is our prior decision that the evidence was

factually insufficient and that evidence at the second hearing did not change that, we

construe his argument in this appeal as limited solely to a factual-sufficiency challenge

of the sophistication-and-maturity factor.

A. Standard of Review

Our review of a transfer order is two pronged. First, we review the juvenile

court’s specific findings of fact regarding the Section 54.02(f) factors under

“traditional sufficiency of the evidence review.” See In re C.M.M., 503 S.W.3d 692, 701

(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2016, pet. denied). Under a factual sufficiency

challenge, we consider all the evidence presented to determine if the juvenile court’s

findings are against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence so as to be

clearly wrong and unjust. Id.

42
 Second, we review the juvenile court’s waiver decision for an abuse of

discretion. Id. That is, in deciding whether the juvenile court erred to conclude that

the seriousness of the offense alleged or the background of the juvenile or both called

for criminal proceedings for the welfare of the community, we simply ask, in light of

our own analysis of the sufficiency of the evidence to support the Section 54.02(f)

factors and any other relevant evidence, whether the juvenile court acted without

reference to guiding rules or principles. Id. A juvenile court abuses its discretion

when its transfer decision is essentially arbitrary, given the evidence upon which it was

based. Id. By contrast, a waiver decision representing “a reasonably principled

application of the legislative criteria” generally will pass muster under this standard of

review. Id.

B. Applicable Law

The statutory requirements for waiver of jurisdiction and transfer are as

follows:

(1) the child is alleged to have violated a penal law of the grade of felony;

(2) the child was:

(A) 14 years of age or older at the time [of the alleged offense], if
the offense is a capital felony . . . , and no adjudication hearing has
been conducted concerning that offense; [and]

....

(3) after a full investigation and a hearing, the juvenile court determines
that there is probable cause to believe that the child before the court
committed the offense alleged and that because of the seriousness of the

43
 offense alleged or the background of the child [or both] the welfare of
the community requires criminal proceedings.

Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 54.02(a); see id. § 51.02(2) (defining “child” as “a person who

is . . . ten years of age or older and under 17 years of age”). The State has the burden

to persuade the juvenile court by a preponderance of the evidence that the welfare of

the community requires transfer of jurisdiction for criminal proceedings, either

because of the seriousness of the offense or the background of the child (or both).

In re K.W., No. 02-19-00323-CV, 2020 WL 98144, at *3 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth

Jan. 9, 2020, no pet.) (mem. op.).

In making the determination required by Section 54.02(a)(3), the juvenile court

shall consider, among other matters, the following:

(1) whether the alleged offense was against person or property, with
greater weight in favor of transfer given to offenses against the person;

(2) the sophistication and maturity of the child;

(3) the record and previous history of the child; and

(4) the prospects of adequate protection of the public and the likelihood
of the rehabilitation of the child by use of procedures, services, and
facilities currently available to the juvenile court.

See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 54.02(f). These are nonexclusive factors that serve to

facilitate the juvenile court’s balancing of “the potential danger to the public” posed

by the juvenile offender with his “amenability to treatment.” In re J.R., No. 05-20-

00920-CV, 2021 WL 777090, at *6 (Tex. App.—Dallas Mar. 1, 2021, no pet. h.)

(mem. op.) (quoting Hidalgo, 983 S.W.2d at 754). Any combination of these criteria

44
may suffice to support a waiver of jurisdiction; not every criterion need weigh in favor

of transfer. K.W., 2020 WL 98144, at *3. “The [juvenile] court is bound only to

consider these . . . factors in deciding whether to waive jurisdiction. The court need

not find that each factor is established by the evidence.” Id. at *4 (quoting In re

D.L.N., 930 S.W.2d 253, 258 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1996, no writ)). “A

juvenile transfer order entered after the required transfer hearing and complying with

the statutory requirements constitutes a valid waiver of jurisdiction even if the transfer

order does not contain factually-supported, case-specific findings.” Thomas, 2021 WL

1204352, at *9.

C. Analysis

We begin our analysis of the sufficiency of the evidence to support the juvenile

court’s sophistication-and-maturity finding by noting that the purpose of an inquiry

into the mental ability and maturity of the juvenile is to determine whether he

appreciates the nature and effect of his voluntary actions and whether they were right

or wrong. See J.R., 2021 WL 777090, at *8. In its written order, the juvenile court

found that Appellant “is of sufficient sophistication and maturity to be tried as an

adult.” The juvenile court based its decision regarding the sophistication-and-maturity

factor on the following:

(1) testimony and reports from licensed psychologist Dr. Jeter, who
examined [Appellant] and conducted IQ tests in 2018, 2019, and
2020 and concluded from her multiple examinations that
[Appellant] is not a person with an intellectual disability, that
[Appellant] is as mature as other 17[-]year[-]old males and is more

45
 sophisticated than other 17[-]year[-]old males, and that [Appellant]
is capable of understanding the legal implications surrounding a
discretionary transfer hearing and of assisting his attorney in his
defense;

(2) testimony from juvenile probation officer Ronnie Mitchell, who
had extensive contact with [Appellant] in 2018, 2019, and 2020,
that [Appellant] was able to communicate with him appropriately
and that he did not observe any difficulty in communicating or
indication of intellectual disability on the part of [Appellant]
during his personal interactions with [Appellant]; and

(3) the facts of the offenses themselves, including [Appellant’s]
carrying out a collaborative scheme, obtaining and carrying a
loaded handgun, looking for a crime to commit, kicking in an
apartment door in broad daylight, entering the apartment,
pointing the loaded handgun at the victim and demanding and
obtaining her property, shooting and killing the victim, disposing
of the stolen property, disposing of the clothing [Appellant] wore
during the offense, and attempting to dispose of the handgun
used to shoot the victim.

As noted in the written order, the juvenile court specified the facts that it used

from Dr. Jeter’s testimony16 and report and Mitchell’s testimony in order to make its

sophistication-and-maturity finding. Appellant does not attack Mitchell’s testimony

but contends that the October 2020 psychological evaluation and Dr. Jeter’s

testimony “added a new layer of unsupported opinion to the record,” and he

questions whether a new psychological evaluation should have even been

performed.17 Appellant does not, however, challenge Dr. Jeter’s credentials as an

16
Dr. Jeter did not testify at the initial transfer hearing.
17
Appellant’s brief mentions Rule 403 as one objection that he raised at trial in
an attempt to keep out the 2020 psychological examination. See Tex. R. Evid. 403.

46
expert who can perform such psychological evaluations and interpret the results of IQ

testing.

The applicable statute, however, specifically provides that “[p]rior to the

[transfer] hearing, the juvenile court shall order and obtain a complete diagnostic

study, social evaluation, and full investigation of the child, his circumstances, and the

circumstances of the alleged offense.” See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 54.02(d). The

statutory requirement of a complete diagnostic study bears upon the maturity and

sophistication of the child and relates to the questions of culpability, responsibility for

conduct, and ability to waive rights intelligently and assist in the preparation of a

defense. In re B.T., 323 S.W.3d 220, 223 (Tex. App.—Tyler, orig. proceeding) (mem.

op.), mand. granted, 323 S.W.3d 158 (Tex. 2010) (orig. proceeding). Thus, “[a]t the

transfer hearing the court may consider written reports from probation officers,

professional court employees, or professional consultants in addition to the testimony

of witnesses.” Id. § 54.02(e).

As to whether a juvenile court is limited to ordering a single psychological

evaluation, the Houston First Court of Appeals has explained that

Appellant then sets forth Rule 403’s prohibition of evidence that is unfairly prejudicial
prior to stating that “[t]he introduction of the 2020 psychological [evaluation] and the
doctor’s testimony only added more subjective testimony unsupported by objective
scientific test results.” Because Appellant’s issue on appeal is not directed to a Rule
403 ground but is in the nature of an attack on an expert opinion under Rule 702, his
Rule 403 trial objection is not pertinent to our analysis of the issue that he raises on
appeal.

47
 in determining a certification matter on its merits, neither the Family
Code nor case law limits the authority of a [juvenile] court to the receipt
of a single psychological evaluation report, or forbids the [juvenile]
court to order any relevant investigations it may deem necessary. . . .

....

The requirements of § 54.02(d) have been held to be mandatory
and must be strictly followed. “Diagnostic study” has been construed to
include psychologists’ evaluations. The qualitative content of a
diagnostic study is the paramount concern of the juvenile trial court.
The determination of what constitutes a “full investigation” is for the
[juvenile] court. It is a matter of logical deduction, then, to interpret
§ 54.02(d) as allowing the [juvenile] court to supplement, if not
substitute, portions of diagnostic study when it is not satisfied with the
quality or depth of the original.

In re R.L.H., 646 S.W.2d 499, 501–02 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1982, no writ)

(citations omitted).

The record demonstrates that the juvenile court complied with the mandatory

provisions of Section 54.02(d) by ordering a psychological evaluation prior to the

second hearing and was allowed, pursuant to Section 54.02(e), to consider the results

of and the testimony about Appellant’s October 2020 psychological evaluation. See

Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 54.02(d), (e). Moreover, the juvenile court was not prohibited

from ordering a new psychological evaluation prior to the second transfer hearing to

assist with its determination of Appellant’s maturity and sophistication. See R.L.H.,

646 S.W.2d at 501–02; see also B.T., 323 S.W.3d at 223.

Appellant also challenges the timing of the 2020 psychological evaluation as

follows:

48
 The October 2020 psychological exam was not a measure of the 14-year-
old boy alleged to have committed a serious crime. It was a measure of
a young man one month shy of his 17th birthday. It was an exam taken
after 926 days in juvenile confinement. It was an exam taken after the
benefit of 600 days of education in detention. [Record references
omitted.]

Appellant, however, does not cite any law for his timing argument, and the law is

contrary to his position. The timing of the evaluation does not alter the results as

“intellectual disability is by definition a permanent condition.” See Busby v. Davis, 925

F.3d 699, 713 (5th Cir. 2019) (op. on reh’g), cert. denied, 140 S. Ct. 897 (2020); see also

Heller v. Doe, 509 U.S. 312, 323, 113 S. Ct. 2637, 2644 (1993) (“Mental retardation is a

permanent, relatively static condition . . . .”).

In addition to his arguments challenging the 2020 psychological evaluation,

Appellant argues that Dr. Jeter stood by her conclusion from the 2019 psychological

report that Appellant was not “mentally retarded,” that she did not fully discuss the

2018 psychological report, that she did not administer any recognized adaptive

functioning tests to support her conclusion that Appellant’s advanced maturity was

gained through “street knowledge and awareness,” and that she did not explain why

she did not administer any testing to show malingering when she concluded that the

2019 IQ testing underestimated Appellant’s intellectual and academic ability.

Dr. Jeter, however, was not required to expound on the prior testing when her

conclusion about Appellant’s maturity and sophistication was supported by the 2020

psychological evaluation, and we have held above that such evaluation was authorized

49
and that the trial court could rely on it. And because the juvenile court sat as

factfinder and evaluated the witnesses in person, it was the sole judge of their

credibility and could choose to believe or disbelieve a witness’s testimony in whole or

part, including an expert witness’s testimony like that of Dr. Jeter. See In re T.S.,

No. 02-20-00353-CV, 2021 WL 733305, at *3 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Feb. 25, 2021,

no pet. h.) (mem. op.). The juvenile court was thus entitled to believe Dr. Jeter’s

testimony without requiring additional adaptive testing to support it. See In re D.M.,

No. 13-17-00319-CV, 2018 WL 460811, at *6–7 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–

Edinburg Jan. 18, 2018, no pet.) (mem. op.) (upholding juvenile court’s finding that

appellant was sufficiently sophisticated and mature to stand trial as an adult, even

though appellant had been diagnosed as intellectually disabled, because evidence

included testimony from an expert who opined that appellant was “street smart” and

possessed a maturity sufficient to understand the behaviors that he had engaged in).

Appellant further argues that Dr. Jeter’s conclusion about his maturity and

sophistication was controverted by the psychological testing showing that he was

operating academically as a seven- to ten-year-old child and by her testimony about

brain development.18 On redirect, Dr. Jeter explained that the psychological

18
Appellant claims that “Dr. Jeter concluded that it was possible that
[Appellant] was not even on the continuum [of brain development].” During cross-
examination, defense counsel had asked Dr. Jeter, “[I]f there’s a maturity continuum
from 16 to 25, [Appellant’s age at the time of the offenses was] before that continuum
starts?” Dr. Jeter’s response was as follows: “They typically call that middle

50
examinations produced a measure of an educational level, not a functional level. And

nothing about Dr. Jeter’s testimony regarding brain development continuing until age

twenty-five undermined her conclusion about Appellant’s maturity and sophistication.

Appellant also points to the following testimony to show that the evidence is

factually insufficient to support the juvenile court’s sophistication-and-maturity

finding: Detective Barron’s testimony that “there’s not a lot of maturity in [the

offense]”; the probation officer’s testimony that Appellant had academic difficulties;

the probation officer’s testimony from the prior trial that Appellant could benefit

from staying in the juvenile system; and his mother’s testimony that Appellant had

struggled with mastering language skills as far back as preschool and had received his

first 504 education plan in third grade. Detective Barron, however, clarified that his

maturity comment went toward maturity as a seasoned, lifelong criminal, and he

further expounded that Appellant knew what he did was wrong as evidenced by

ridding himself of the stolen items, the clothing he had worn while committing the

offenses, and the gun. See J.R., 2021 WL 777090, at *9 (stating that attempts to

conceal evidence of the crime may show sophistication and maturity and indicate that

a person appreciates that his conduct is wrongful). Detective Barron’s testimony thus

supports the juvenile court’s finding on the sophistication-and-maturity factor. With

regard to the probation officer’s testimony and Appellant’s mother’s testimony about

adolescence versus the late adolescence and early adulthood.” Defense counsel,
however, did not object to the nonresponsive answer.

51
Appellant’s academic struggles and the probation officer’s prior testimony about

whether Appellant could benefit from staying in the juvenile justice system, such

testimony does not render the juvenile court’s sophistication-and-maturity finding

against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence. See C.M.M., 503 S.W.3d

at 708.

Having reviewed all of the evidence, we conclude that it shows that Appellant

could appreciate the nature and effect of his actions and understood right from

wrong. The evidence also shows that he could assist in his defense. Accordingly, we

hold that the juvenile court’s finding that Appellant “is of sufficient sophistication and

maturity to be tried as an adult” is not so against the great weight and preponderance

of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust. See J.R., 2021 WL 7770909, at *10

(holding evidence factually sufficient to support Section 54.02(f)(2) finding because,

among other evidence, psychologist concluded that appellant was “not a person with

mental retardation or a person with significant mental illness” and that appellant

appeared to be capable of understanding the legal implications of a discretionary

transfer motion and of assisting his attorney in his defense); In re A.F., No. 11-20-

00199-CV, 2021 WL 687294, at *4–5 (Tex. App.—Eastland Feb. 23, 2021, no pet.)

(mem. op.) (holding evidence factually sufficient to support Section 54.02(f)(2) finding

despite low level of maturity because doctor who administered IQ test explained that

appellant “did not seem to be intellectually disabled in any way, despite the low score

[66] on an IQ test—a test on which [a]ppellant did not seem to put effort”); C.M.M.,

52
503 S.W.3d at 707 (holding evidence factually sufficient to support Section 54.02(f)(2)

finding because doctor testified that appellant had no intellectual deficits or naïveté

compared to children his age, showed no signs of a thought disorder, had no history

of inpatient or outpatient psychiatric services, and was able to make good decisions

when he chose to do so); In re K.D.S., 808 S.W.2d 299, 302–03 (Tex. App.—Houston

[1st Dist.] 1991, no writ) (holding evidence factually sufficient to support

sophistication-and-maturity finding because juvenile had an IQ “just above the

retarded range” and had the maturity of a nine- to eleven-year-old child when

evidence showed juvenile was capable of understanding proceeding, could assist her

attorneys in her defense, and was intellectually capable of distinguishing right from

wrong).

Having so concluded, we next consider whether the juvenile court abused its

discretion by waiving jurisdiction and transferring Appellant’s case to criminal court.

See C.M.M., 503 S.W.3d at 701. The juvenile court’s order reflects findings that all of

the Section 54.02(f) factors supported waiver and transfer. Appellant challenged only

the factual sufficiency of the sophistication-and-maturity prong; he has not challenged

that the State met the three remaining factors.19 Given the evidence before us and the

19
We note that there need not be evidence in support of every Section 54.02(f)
factor weighing in favor of transfer, so long as there is sufficient overall evidence to
justify the juvenile court’s decision. See J.R., 2021 WL 777090, at *10 n.5. Here,
Appellant does not argue that the remaining factors were unsupported by the
evidence nor does he analyze them in context of the juvenile court’s overall decision;
rather, he implies that error on the sophistication-and-maturity prong cannot be

53
juvenile court’s findings, we further conclude that the juvenile court did not abuse its

discretion by waiving its jurisdiction and transferring Appellant’s case to criminal

court because the record shows that the juvenile court acted with reference to guiding

rules and principles in reaching its decision. See J.R., 2021 WL 777090, at *10. We

overrule Appellant’s first point.

VII. Conclusion

Having overruled Appellant’s four points, we affirm the juvenile court’s

transfer order.

/s/ Dabney Bassel

Dabney Bassel
Justice

Delivered: May 6, 2021

harmless. Nothing in the statute elevates this prong any higher than the other factors
that the juvenile court must consider. See id.

54