IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
)
ANTONIA NYMAN, )
)
Respondent, ) No. 99249-5
)
v. )
) En Banc
DAN HANLEY, )
)
Appellant. ) Filed July 22, 2021
_______________________________)
GONZÁLEZ, C.J.— Antonia Nyman was renting a backyard cottage to Dan
Hanley when the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease) pandemic began. She sought to
evict Hanley and gave him 60 days’ notice of her intention to move into the unit
herself. Due to this unprecedented pandemic, Governor Jay Inslee temporarily
halted most evictions, but not for landlords seeking to occupy the unit personally.
A federal eviction moratorium imposed by the United States Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC) also temporarily halted some evictions, but not for
tenants who have violated a contractual obligation (with certain specified
exceptions). We are asked whether Hanley violated a contractual obligation by
holding over in his unit after his lease expired by its terms. Based on undisputed
facts before us, we hold that he has.
Nyman v. Hanley, No. 99249-5
BACKGROUND
Hanley rented Nyman’s backyard cottage. 1 The lease ran from July 2019 to
July 2020 and did not convert into a month-to-month tenancy. 2 Hanley fell behind
on rent. In February 2020, Nyman served Hanley with a notice to pay the rent he
owed or vacate. In March, Nyman began eviction proceedings.
Meanwhile, Governor Inslee declared a state of emergency due to the
COVID-19 pandemic. Proclamation by Governor Jay Inslee, No. 20-05 (Wash.
Feb. 29, 2020), https://www.governor.wa.gov/sites/default/files/
proclamations/20-05%20Coronavirus%20%28final%29.pdf [https://perma.cc/
TAF6-QNGB]. On March 18, 2020, the governor temporarily prohibited
residential evictions based on nonpayment of rent. Proclamation by Governor Jay
Inslee, No. 20-19 (Wash. Mar. 18, 2020), https://www.governor.wa.gov/sites/
default/files/proclamations/20-19%20-%20COVID-19%20Moratorium%20on%
20Evictions%20%28tmp%29.pdf [https://perma.cc/BBN9-QEM8]. This
moratorium was extended several times, and on June 2, 2020, the governor
exempted cases where the owner wishes to occupy the property personally.
Proclamation by Governor Jay Inslee, No. 20-19.2 (Wash. June 2, 2020) (eviction
proclamation),
1
Nyman does not include citations to the record in her briefing in violation of RAP 10.3(a)(5).
She also discusses testimony at a show cause hearing where the transcript was not provided to
us. We have ignored facts not properly before us in the record or not acknowledged by both
parties.
2
Neither party submitted a copy of the residential lease agreement. However, both parties agree
the lease expired in July and did not automatically renew or convert to a periodic tenancy.
2
Nyman v. Hanley, No. 99249-5
https://www.governor.wa.gov/sites/default/files/proclamations/20-
19.2%20Coronavirus%20Evictions%20%28tmp%29.pdf [https://perma.cc/8VTV-
9HK9]; Proclamation by Governor Jay Inslee, No. 20-19.1 (Wash. Apr. 17, 2020),
https://www.governor.wa.gov/sites/default/files/proclamations/20-
19.1%20-%20COVID-
19%20Moratorium%20on%20Evictions%20Extension%20%28tmp%29.pdf
[https://perma.cc/G9YP-7HYP].
The original eviction could not proceed as it was based on non-payment of
rent. After Proclamation 20-19.2 allowed a landlord to evict a tenant in order to
move into the property, Nyman served Hanley with the required 60 days’ written
notice of intent to occupy the unit. She requested that Hanley vacate by September
1, 2020.
Hanley’s lease expired in July, and Hanley did not leave by September 1.
Three days later, the CDC issued a nationwide eviction moratorium (CDC order).
Temporary Halt in Residential Evictions To Prevent the Further Spread of COVID-
19, 85 Fed. Reg. 55,292 (Sept. 4, 2020), https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-
2020-09-04/pdf/2020-19654.pdf [https://perma.cc/5W4D-NK2H]. The CDC order
temporarily prevents evictions for a “covered person” who meets specified
hardship criteria. 3 The CDC order “does not relieve any individual of any
3
A tenant is a “covered person” if they declare that
3
Nyman v. Hanley, No. 99249-5
obligation to pay rent” and rent, fees, penalties, and/or interest may accumulate
while the moratorium is in place. Id. at 55,294. Hanley filed a declaration on
September 24, 2020, that he met the hardship criteria under the CDC order.
Nyman renewed her attempt to evict Hanley in October. A superior court
commissioner found that the CDC order did not apply to Hanley and issued a writ
of restitution to evict him. A superior court judge denied Hanley’s revision
motion, concluding that the CDC order did not apply because Hanley breached the
lease by holding over after the lease expired. Hanley moved for an emergency stay
and direct, accelerated review, which we granted. Drew Mazzeo, Eastside Legal
(1) The individual has used best efforts to obtain all available government
assistance for rent or housing;
(2) The individual either (i) expects to earn no more than $99,000 in annual
income for Calendar Year 2020 (or no more than $198,000 if filing a joint tax return), (ii)
was not required to report any income in 2019 to the U.S. Internal Revenue Service, or
(iii) received an Economic Impact Payment (stimulus check) pursuant to Section 2201 of
the CARES Act;
(3) the individual is unable to pay the full rent or make a full housing payment
due to substantial loss of household income, loss of compensable hours of work or wages,
a lay-off, or extraordinary out-of-pocket medical expenses;
(4) the individual is using best efforts to make timely partial payments that are as
close to the full payment as the individual’s circumstances may permit, taking into
account other nondiscretionary expenses; and
(5) eviction would likely render the individual homeless—or force the individual
to move into and live in close quarters in a new congregate or shared living setting—
because the individual has no other available housing options.
85 Fed. Reg. at 55,293 (footnotes omitted).
4
Nyman v. Hanley, No. 99249-5
Assistance Program,4 Rental Housing Association of Washington, and the State
of Washington submitted amicus briefs.
Both the CDC order and the Washington eviction proclamation have since
been extended. Temporary Halt in Residential Evictions To Prevent the Further
Spread of COVID-19, 86 Fed. Reg. 34,010 (June 28, 2021),
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2021-06-28/pdf/2021-13842.pdf
[https://perma.cc/N7FA-QHWB]; Proclamation by Governor Jay Inslee, No. 20-
19.6 (Wash. Mar. 13, 2021),
https:///www.governor.wa.gov/sites/default/files/proclamations/proc_20-19.6.pdf
[https://perma.cc/X9AS-5MTR]. 5
ANALYSIS
We review statutory and regulatory questions de novo. Columbia
Riverkeeper v. Port of Vancouver USA, 188 Wn.2d 80, 90, 392 P.3d 1025 (2017)
(citing Jametsky v. Olsen, 179 Wn.2d 756, 761-62, 317 P.3d 1003 (2014)). “We
interpret administrative regulations using rules of statutory construction.” Id.
4
Joining Eastside Legal Assistance Program’s amici brief are Columbia Legal Services, the
American Civil Liberties Union of Washington, GLMA, Yakima County Volunteer Attorney
Services, Clark County Volunteer Lawyers Program, Skagit Volunteer Lawyer Program, Leona
C. Bratz, Tenant Law Center, the Fred T. Korematsu Center for Law and Equality, the
Washington Low Income Housing Alliance, Children’s HealthWatch, Emily A. Benfer, Michael
Z. Levy, Kathryn M. Leifheit, Craig E. Pollack, and David Vlahov.
5
Superseded by Proclamation by Governor Jay Inslee, No. 21-09 (Wash. June 29, 2021),
https://www.governor.wa.gov/sites/default/files/proclamations/proc_21-09.pdf
[https://perma.cc/5FLT-5THF]; see also LAWS OF 2021, chs. 115, 212.
5
Nyman v. Hanley, No. 99249-5
(citing Overlake Hosp. Ass’n v. Dep’t of Health, 170 Wn.2d 43, 51, 239 P.3d 1095
(2010)). “Leases are contracts” and “the rules of construction that apply to
contracts also apply to leases.” Seattle-First Nat’l Bank v. Westlake Park Assocs.,
42 Wn. App. 269, 272, 711 P.2d 361 (1985). “‘The intention of parties to a written
contract is normally to be ascertained largely from the language of the contract.’”
Id. at 273 (quoting In re Estates of Wahl, 99 Wn.2d 828, 831, 664 P.2d 1250
(1983)). As the essential facts are undisputed, we treat them as verities and apply
de novo review. See State v. Escalante, 195 Wn.2d 526, 531, 461 P.3d 1183
(2020) (citing State v. Lorenz, 152 Wn.2d 22, 30, 36, 93 P.3d 133 (2004)).
The CDC order applies unless a local jurisdiction provides “the same or
greater level of public-health protection.” 86 Fed. Reg. at 34,015. This must be
evaluated on a case-by-case basis. The parties agree that Washington’s eviction
proclamation does not protect Hanley from eviction, as a landlord may evict a
resident with advance written notice in order to sell or personally move into a unit.
But if the tenant is a “covered person,” the CDC order would prevent such an
eviction. Because the CDC order is more protective in that context, it would apply.
Accordingly, unless Hanley is exempted from the CDC order, he cannot be
evicted.
The CDC order temporarily prevents evictions of “covered persons” unless
they fall under the following exclusions:
6
Nyman v. Hanley, No. 99249-5
Nothing in this Order precludes evictions based on a tenant, lessee, or
resident: (1) Engaging in criminal activity while on the premises; (2)
threatening the health or safety of other residents; (3) damaging or posing an
immediate and significant risk of damage to property; (4) violating any
applicable building code, health ordinance, or similar regulation relating to
health and safety; or (5) violating any other contractual obligation, other
than the timely payment of rent or similar housing-related payment
(including non-payment or late payment of fees, penalties, or interest).
Id. (emphasis added) (footnote omitted). The parties agree that Hanley’s lease
expired by its terms in July 2020 without an option to renew or continue as a
periodic tenancy. 6 The question is whether holding over in the unit after the lease
expired violated a contractual obligation, excluding Hanley from the protections of
the CDC order. The trial court found that it did. We agree.
Hanley argues that “any other contractual obligation” should be construed
narrowly to exclude “no-fault” or “passive” violations like a lease expiring. Br. of
Appellant at 27-29. But the language of the CDC order does not make that
distinction. The preceding terms in the list are already quite broad, so to construe
the fifth term narrowly would leave it without much additional meaning.
6
We stress that we are not faced with a situation where a landlord unilaterally terminated a
month-to-month tenancy and attempted to evict a tenant for not vacating the premises. A
previously agreed-upon expiration to a tenancy term, explicitly written in a lease agreement, is
different from a termination option that may be exercised by either party. Compare RCW
59.12.030(1), with RCW 59.12.030(2); see also FPA Crescent Assocs., LLC v. Jamie’s LLC, 190
Wn. App. 666, 676, 360 P.3d 934 (2015) (distinguishing “‘expiration of the term for which [the
property] is let’ from a unilateral termination” (alteration in original) (quoting RCW 59.12.030)).
The CDC order does not permit evictions for “trespass” or “similar state-law offense” where the
underlying basis is a covered person remaining in the property after the landlord has sought to
unilaterally terminate the lease in violation of the CDC order. See 86 Fed. Reg. at 34,015.
7
Nyman v. Hanley, No. 99249-5
Under the plain language of the CDC order, “any other contractual
obligation” includes the requirement to vacate when a lease term expires. 86 Fed.
Reg. at 34,015 (emphasis added). Whether or not a contractual provision has been
violated will, by definition, depend on the contract. While we do not have the
contract here, the parties agree that by its terms, Hanley was required to vacate the
unit when the lease expired automatically in July 2020. Holding over after
expiration may not always violate a contractual obligation, but based on the
contract here it does. Hanley violated this contractual obligation and is therefore
exempt from the protections of the CDC order.7
CONCLUSION
We hold that Hanley violated a contractual provision when he held over in
his unit past the explicit expiration of his lease term. While the CDC order may be
more protective than Washington’s eviction proclamation in some instances, it
does not apply here. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court and lift the stay of the
writ of restitution.
7
Given our disposition, we do not reach Nyman’s constitutional arguments.
8
Nyman v. Hanley, No. 99249-5
____________________________
WE CONCUR:
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