dissenting.
Glenn W. Fitzgerald was charged with the burglary of three separate commercial establishments. Although the majority correctly observes that burglary may be accomplished in the nighttime without a breaking, see Code § 18.2-90, the Commonwealth did not proceed upon that theory. Each of the indictments charged that Fitzgerald “did break and enter.” Because entry was gained by breaking either a door or window at each establishment, Fitzgerald was also charged by warrants with the destruction of property at each of the establishments. Each warrant charged that Fitzgerald “did destroy private property, namely” a door or window, in violation of Code § 18.2-137.
Fitzgerald’s accomplice testified for the Commonwealth under a plea agreement. The accomplice testified that Fitzgerald remained in the automobile while the accomplice used a tire iron to break *630the door to enter one establishment; “grabbed a . . . pipe . . . and busted out the front window [and] crawled through the window” of another establishment; and used a tire iron “to bust open the back side door ... to get in” the other establishment. Based on this testimony, the jury found Fitzgerald guilty of “breaking and entering” each establishment and guilty of destruction of private property growing out of the means used to effect the entries.
Code § 19.2-294 provides in pertinent part as follows:
If the same act be a violation of two or more statutes, or of two or more ordinances, or of one or more statutes and also one or more ordinances, conviction under one of such statutes or ordinances shall be a bar to a prosecution or proceeding under the other or others.
The statutory phrase “same act” focuses on the conduct of the accused, or, as relevant to this prosecution, the conduct of the accomplice attributed to Fitzgerald as a principal in the second degree. See Carter v. Commonwealth, 232 Va. 122, 126, 348 S.E.2d 265, 267 (1986). Thus, the inquiry must be upon the type of conduct proved by the Commonwealth at trial.
In Padgett v. Commonwealth, 220 Va. 758, 263 S.E.2d 388 (1980), the Supreme Court addressed the inquiry required by Code § 19.2-294.1, which is somewhat analogous to Code § 19.2-294 and which is contained in the same article of the Code.3 The Supreme Court rejected as inapplicable the tests applied in Jones v. Commonwealth, 208 Va. 370, 157 S.E.2d 907 (1967), and in Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299 (1932), reasoning:
The question here, however, is not whether two distinct and separate offenses were involved so that the prosecution for both could have proceeded without violating double jeopardy principles. If that were the question, the Blockburger test, which was enunciated in a double jeopardy setting, would permit both convictions to stand in this case because the Lynchburg reckless driving charge could have been es*631tablished without proof that the defendant was intoxicated and the Bedford driving while intoxicated charge could have been sustained without proof that the defendant drove recklessly.
But the bar of Code § 19.2-294.1 encompasses offenses which, although separate and distinct, grow out of “the same act or acts.” Thus, the real question in the case is the meaning of this statutory phrase.
Because § 19.2-294.1 relates to matters of a penal nature and is remedial in character, it must be construed strictly against the Commonwealth and favorably to the accused. So construing it, we do not believe that the difference in venue involved in this case alters the singular nature of the act or acts out of which the charges against the defendant arose. We interpret the language, “the same act or acts,” to mean “the same act or acts” of driving and to contemplate a continuous, uninterrupted course of operation of a motor vehicle, without regard to the crossing of the boundary line between two localities.
Padgett, 220 Va. at 761, 263 S.E.2d at 389-90 (emphasis omitted).
It is also the case under Code § 19.2-294 that Blockburger is not the controlling test. Under Code § 19.2-294, a technical comparison of the elements of the two statutes is not the issue. The issue to be resolved in applying Code § 19.2-294 is whether the “act” that Fitzgerald is charged with committing is a violation of two or more statutes. See Wade v. Commonwealth, 9 Va. App. 359, 365, 388 S.E.2d 277, 280 (1990) (“Code § 19.2-294 speaks to ‘acts’ of the accused, not elements of the offense”). The inquiry is thus limited to whether the same action or conduct, which the Commonwealth proved at trial and which is being attributed to Fitzgerald, is a violation of both the applicable portion of Code § 18.2-137 that is charged in the warrants and the applicable portion of Code § 18.2-90 that is charged in the indictments. This analysis requires an examination of the “nature of the act . . . out of which the charges against the defendant arose.” Padgett, 220 Va. at 761, 263 S.E.2d at 389.
*632The Commonwealth proved only one continuous, uninterrupted act of a singular nature in connection with each of the incidents. The proof established that at each establishment Fitzgerald’s accomplice used a tire iron or pipe to break a door or window as he entered the establishment. These acts of breaking a door or window and gaining entrance to the establishments are the conduct in question. That conduct constituted one continuous, indivisible act, in terms of time and place. Cf. Jones v. Commonwealth, 218 Va. 757, 761, 240 S.E.2d 658, 661 (1978). That same conduct forms the basis for the burglary and the destruction of property prosecutions. However, Code § 19.2-294 “forbids multiple prosecution of offenses springing from the same criminal act.” Jones, 218 Va. at 761, 240 S.E.2d at 661.
We must also consider that the express language of the indictment charged that Fitzgerald “did break and enter” the various establishments. In Jones v. Commonwealth, 218 Va. 757, 240 S.E.2d 658, cert. denied, 439 U.S. 892 (1978), the Supreme Court recognized the significance of the particular wording of an indictment and stated: “Manifestly, a robbery indictment includes all elements of whatever larceny offense it charges, whether grand or petit, and the larceny offense charged is, therefore, lesser-included in robbery.” Id. at 760, 240 S.E.2d at 660. See also Blowe v. Peyton, 208 Va. 68, 75, 155 S.E.2d 351, 357 (1967). This holds true even though, as in Jones, an essential “element” of the larceny “offense” is the value of the property, which is not an essential “element” of the “offense” of robbery. Jones, 218 Va. at 760, 240 S.E.2d at 661. Thus, the fact that the alleged conduct in this case (destroying the door or window to effect an entry) is not a technical “element” of statutory burglary is inconsequential. What is determinative is that in proving a breaking into each store, the Commonwealth necessarily proved an act that destroyed personal property, and relied upon that same proof to establish the destruction of private property charge. Thus, the acts that supported the prosecutions in this case (and the evidence used to prove the acts) were the same for the purposes of Code § 19.2-294.
Recently, the United States Supreme Court expressly held that the double jeopardy clause bars a successive prosecution in which the government relies upon conduct that constitutes an offense for which the accused has already been prosecuted. Grady v. Corbin, 495 U.S. 508, 510 (1990). Code § 19.2-294 is not of recent vin*633tage; however, it is an unambiguous legislative prohibition against twice putting persons in jeopardy for the same act or conduct, whether the prosecutions are contemporaneous or successive. Accordingly, because the proved act violated both statutes, I would hold that the prosecution for damage to personal property was barred by Code § 19.2-294.
Code § 19.2-294.1 reads as follows:
Whenever any person is charged with a violation of § 18.2-266 or any similar ordinances of any county, city, or town and reckless driving growing out of the same act or acts and is convicted of one of these charges, the court shall dismiss the remaining charge.