[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT FILED
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
________________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
November 30, 2004
No. 04-10012 THOMAS K. KAHN
________________________ CLERK
D. C. Docket No. 03-00763 CV-ORL-06DAB
BKCY No. 97-01680-6b1
In Re: T.H. ORLANDO LTD.,
Debtor.
STATE OF FLORIDA,
Department of Revenue,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
T.H. ORLANDO LTD.,
T.H. RESORTS ASSOCIATES LTD.,
KISSIMMEE LODGE LTD.,
Defendants-Appellants.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Florida
_________________________
(November 30, 2004)
Before BLACK, RONEY and ALARCÓN*, Circuit Judges.
ALARCÓN, Circuit Judge:
Appellants T.H. Orlando, Ltd., T.H. Resorts Associatess, Ltd., and
Kissimmee Lodge, Ltd., appeal from the district court’s order reversing the
bankruptcy court’s grant of summary judgment against the Florida Department of
Revenue (“FDOR”). The district court concluded as a matter of law that §
1146(c), which exempts from stamp or similar taxes the making or delivery of an
instrument of transfer under a confirmed Chapter 11 plan, does not extend to third-
party transactions involving non-estate property. We have jurisdiction over this
appeal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 158(d) and 1229. We reverse because we
conclude that the transfer at issue in this case was necessary to the consummation
of a confirmed Chapter 11 plan.
I
Appellants T.H. Orlando, Ltd. and T.H. Resorts Associates, Ltd.
(collectively, the “debtors”) own three hotels in the Orlando, Florida area. In
February of 1997, the debtors, facing foreclosure of the mortgage encumbering the
three hotels, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. Although the mortgage debt on the
*
Honorable Arthur L. Alarc`n, United States Circuit Judge for the Ninth Circuit, sitting
by designation.
2
three hotels exceeded $70 million, the mortgage lender, RECP Orlando, L.P.,
agreed to accept $23.5 million in satisfaction of the outstanding mortgage balance.
RECP conditioned its offer on receipt of $23.5 million by August 31, 1997.
Berkshire Mortgage Finance Corporation was the only lender willing to
advance the debtors $23.5 million before August 31, 1997. Berkshire, however,
conditioned its offer to lend the debtors $23.5 million on the agreement of
Kissimmee Lodge, Ltd., a non-debtor that owned a hotel adjacent to one of the
debtor’s hotels, to refinance its hotel through Berkshire as part of the same
transaction. Kissimmee agreed to participate in this transaction solely as an
accommodation to the debtors. Kissimmee’s hotel was not subject to the RCAP
mortgage, and it was under no obligation to refinance its hotel at the time.
Effective July 31, 1997, Berkshire issued four commitment letters, under
which it agreed to make the following loans: (1) $4 million to T.H. Orlando
secured by a mortgage on its hotel; (2) $9.9 million to T.H. Resorts secured by a
mortgage on one of its two hotels; (3) $12.8 million to T.H. Resorts secured by a
mortgage on the other of its hotels; and (4) $29.35 million to Kissimmee secured
by a mortgage on its hotel. Pursuant to this agreement, the debtors filed a Chapter
11 joint plan of reorganization (the “Orlando plan”) which provides, in pertinent
part:
3
Berkshire’s willingness to make the loan to [the debtors] is contingent
upon Kissimmee Lodge’s agreement to refinance its hotel through
Berkshire; Berkshire will not provide any financing to [the debtors]
unless Kissimmee Lodge refinances through Berkshire. The
Kissimmee Lodge refinancing therefore is incident to an a condition
precedent to the reorganization of [the debtors] and that refinancing
therefore is exempt from Florida documentary stamp taxes, intangible
and similar taxes pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 1146(c).
The FDOR filed a timely objection to the confirmation of the plan. The
FDOR argued that the plan failed to comply with 11 U.S.C. § 1129(a)(1)1 because
the § 1146(c) exemption the proposed plan conferred on the Kissimmee
transaction was not available as a matter of law to non-debtor entities. At the
August 18, 1997 confirmation hearing, the bankruptcy court sustained the FDOR’s
objection without prejudice and confirmed the plan. With respect to the
Kissimmee transaction, the Confirmation Order provided:
The Plan . . . is hereby confirmed, and all objections thereto are
overruled, except that the objection raise by the [FDOR] is sustained
without prejudice, and the Plan is hereby amended such that the
$29,350,000 mortgage refinancing transaction between Kissimmee
Lodge and Berkshire shall not, until further order of this Court be
deemed exempt from Florida documentary stamp taxes under 11
U.S.C. § 1146(c).
Kissimmee paid $161,425 in Florida documentary stamp taxes and intangible
taxes under protest.
1
11 U.S.C. § 1129(a)(1) provides that a court “shall confirm a plan only if . . . [t]he plan
complies with the applicable provisions of this title.”
4
The debtors and Kissimmee then filed suit in the Circuit Court for Osceola
County, Florida seeking declaratory relief and a refund of the $161,425 in stamp
and intangible taxes that Kissimmee had paid. In response, the FDOR removed
the case to federal bankruptcy court. The bankruptcy court found that
Kissimmee’s agreement to refinance was done pursuant to the Orlando plan, was
essential to the confirmation of the plan, and was necessary to consummate and
implement the plan. Accordingly, the bankruptcy court concluded that
Kissimmee’s refinancing of its mortgage was “under a plan” within the meaning of
§ 1146(c) and that Kissimmee was entitled to a judgment of $161,425 against the
FDOR. The district court reversed, holding that § 1146(c) was inapplicable
because the transaction involved two non-debtors.
II
The district court’s interpretation of 11 U.S.C. § 1146(c) is a question of
law this court reviews de novo. See In re Morgan, 182 F.3d 775, 777 (11th Cir.
1999). Section 1146(c) provides:
The issuance, transfer, or exchange of a security, or the making or
delivery of an instrument of transfer under a plan confirmed under
section 1129 of this title, may not be taxed under any law imposing a
stamp tax or similar tax.
5
11 U.S.C. § 1146(c). To qualify for an exemption under this provision, three
conditions must be satisfied: (1) there must be a stamp tax or similar tax, (2)
imposed upon the making or delivery of an instrument of transfer, (3) “under” a
confirmed Chapter 11 plan. See In re Amsterdam Ave. Dev. Ass’n, 103 B.R. 454,
456 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 1989). There is no dispute that the first two conditions are
met in this case. The controversy centers on whether the mortgage Berkshire
secured on Kissimmee’s hotel was a transfer “under” the Orlando plan where
neither estate property nor the debtor was involved in the transaction.
We begin “with the language of the statute itself.” United States v. Ron-
Pair Enters., Inc., 489 U.S. 235, 240 (1989). If the language of the statute is plain,
our sole obligation is to enforce the statute “‘according to its terms.’” Id. (quoting
Caminetti v. United States, 242 U.S. 470, 485 (1917)). By its terms, § 1146(c)
exempts from stamp taxes or similar taxes any instrument of transfer “under” a
confirmed Chapter 11 plan. The Third Circuit has held that “the phrase ‘under a
plan confirmed’ in 11 U.S.C. § 1146(c) was most likely intended to mean
‘authorized by a plan confirmed.’” In re Hechninger Inv. Co. of Del., 335 F.3d 335
F.3d 243, 252 (3rd Cir. 2003). Similarly, the Fourth Circuit concluded that the
term “under” may be construed as “[w]ith the authorization of” a Chapter 11 plan.
See In re NVR LP, 189 F.3d 442, 457 (4th Cir. 1999) (quoting Webster’s II New
6
Riverside University Dictionary 1256 (1988)). The Second Circuit has recognized
that a chapter 11 plan impliedly authorizes any transfer that its necessary to the
consummation of the plan. See City of New York v. Jacoby-Bender, 758 F.2d 840,
842 (2d Cir. 1985) (“[W]here, as here, a transfer, and hence an instrument of
transfer, is necessary to the consummation of a plan, the plan seems implicitly to
have ‘dealt with’ the transfer instrument.”) (emphasis added). We agree with our
sister circuits’ interpretation of § 1146(c). A transfer “under a plan” refers to a
transfer authorized by a confirmed Chapter 11 plan. In turn, a plan authorizes any
transfer that is necessary to the consummation of the plan.
Since the Orlando plan expressed authorized the Kissimmee transaction,
which the bankruptcy court found was necessary to consummation of the Orlando
plan, the mortgage Kissimmee extended to Berkshire is exempt from Florida’s
stamp tax under the plain language of § 1146(c). While the FDOR argues that no
reported decision extends a § 1146(c) exemption to a third-party transaction
involving non-estate property,2 nothing in the plain language of § 1146(c) restricts
2
Indeed, at least two bankruptcy courts apparently have concluded that § 1146(c) may not
extend as a matter of law to non-debtor transactions. See In re Bel-Aire Invest., Inc., 142 B.R.
992, 996 (Bankr. M.D. Fla. 1992) (“[T]his court is satisfied that § 1146(c) should not be
extended to a transaction entered into by a non-debtor corporation after it has received assets
from a Debtor, when the Debtor is not a party to that transaction.”); Amsterdam, 103 B.R. at 460
(concluding that Congress “did not intend that section 1146(c) exemptions for transfers under a
Chapter 11 plan apply to non-debtor transactions”). As we discuss in more detail below, none of
(continued...)
7
its application to transactions involving the debtor or estate property. We
therefore conclude that the phrase “under a plan” refers to a transfer that is
necessary to the consummation of a confirmed Chapter 11 plan irrespective of
whether the transfer involved the debtor or property of the estate.
The FDOR objects that construing § 1146(c) to encompass third-party
transactions involving non-estate property would extend the bankruptcy court’s
jurisdiction beyond its statutory limits. In support of this argument, the FDOR
cites this Court’s decision in United States v. Huckabee Auto Co., 783 F.2d 1546
(11th Cir. 1986). In Huckabee, this Court held that a bankruptcy court lacked
jurisdiction to enjoin the IRS from assessing a penalty under 26 U.S.C. § 6672
against corporate officers of the debtor. See 783 F.2d at 1549. Notwithstanding
the bankruptcy court’s finding that the assessment would adversely affect the
corporate debtor’s reorganization efforts, this Court concluded:
The jurisdiction of the bankruptcy courts encompasses determinations
of the tax liabilities of debtors who file petitions for relief under the
bankruptcy laws. It does not, however, extend to the separate
liabilities of taxpayers, who are not debtors under the Bankruptcy
Code. It is therefore irrelevant that the penalty, if assessed, will
adversely affect the corporate debtor’s reorganization.
2
(...continued)
these cases involved transactions between non-debtors that were necessary to consummation of a
Chapter 11 plan.
8
Id. The FDOR argues that conferring an exemption on the Kissimmee transaction
would contravene Huckabee’s holding that bankruptcy courts lack jurisdiction to
adjudicate the tax liabilities of third parties.
We disagree with the FDOR’s contention that Huckabee is controlling. The
bankruptcy court in Huckabee concluded that 11 U.S.C. § 505(a) gave it
jurisdiction to adjudicate the tax liabilities of third parties arising under 26 U.S.C.
§ 6672. See In re Huckabee, 42 B.R. 306, 311 (Bankr. M.D. Ga. 1984) (noting
with approval a series of decisions holding that 11 U.S.C. § 505(a) conferred
authority on bankruptcy courts to adjudicate the tax liability of “an officer of the
debtor when the tax in question is a 100 percent penalty under 26 U.S.C. § 6672 . .
. for the debtor’s failure to pay employment related taxes”). This Court rejected
this reasoning in Huckabee, holding that the adjudication of a third party’s tax
liability under § 6672 fell outside the bankruptcy court’s jurisdiction even if
imposition of the tax liability would adversely affect the debtor’s reorganization.
By contrast, the issue presented in this case is whether a non-debtor is entitled to
an exemption from Florida stamp and intangible taxes under federal bankruptcy
law.
The adjudication of substantive entitlements created by bankruptcy law falls
squarely within the core jurisdiction of bankruptcy courts. See Carter v. Rodgers,
9
220 F.3d 1249, 1253 (11th Cir. 2000) (noting that “‘[a]rising under’ proceedings
are matters invoking a substantive right created by the Bankruptcy Code”). If
bankruptcy courts were divested of jurisdiction in any case in which a state sought
to impose a stamp tax or similar tax on a non-debtor, states could circumvent the
exemption provided under § 1146(c) by shifting the tax burden entirely to third
parties even in those transactions involving the debtor. Several courts have
conferred an exemption on non-debtors under § 1146(c) without discussing any
jurisdictional concerns. See, e.g., In re CCA Partnership, 70 B.R. 696, 698
(Bankr. D. Del. 1987) (holding that a state “may not divide liability for a stamp or
similar tax along the parties to a transaction under a confirmed plan between
debtor grantor and a solvent grantee”); In re Cantrup, 53 B.R. 104, 106 (Bankr. D.
Colo. 1985) (“The exemption provided for in § 1146(c) was intended to apply to
the making or delivery of an instrument of transfer, whether presented for
recording by the grantor or grantee”).
Further, we note that Florida’s own regulatory interpretation of § 1146(c)
implicitly recognizes that an exemption may extend to third parties. See Florida
Admin. Code, Ch. 12B-4.054(31) (providing that a transfer under a Chapter 11
plan is exempt from state documentary stamp taxes “if it is done pursuant to a plan
confirmed by the federal bankruptcy court under 11 U.S.C. § 1129 . . . and the
10
debtor is a party to the transaction”). Although the Florida regulation would
restrict the exemption to transactions in which the debtor is a party, the regulation
would not restrict the exemption solely to taxes imposed on debtors. This
interpretation is difficult to reconcile with the FDOR’s argument that conferring
an exemption under § 1146(c) on Kissimmee, a non-debtor, would contravene
Huckabee’s holding that bankruptcy courts lack jurisdiction to adjudicate the tax
liabilities on non-debtors. We therefore reject the FDOR’s argument that
Huckabee precludes a bankruptcy court from granting Kissimmee an exemption
under § 1146(c).
The FDOR also relies on In re Amsterdam Avenue Development Ass’n, a
New York bankruptcy court decision which holds that a third-party purchaser’s
grant of a mortgage to a bank in order to finance a purchase of estate property was
not exempt under § 1146(c). 103 B.R. at 460. In concluding that § 1146(c) did
not extend to the third-party mortgage, the Amsterdam court reasoned:
In Section 1123 of the Bankruptcy Code, Congress listed the subjects
that it expected could be embraced by a Chapter 11 plan. That list is
not conclusive, is extremely broad, and indicates few limitations. But
significantly missing from that list is any indication that Congress
intended that a transfer between non-debtors be the subject of a plan .
. . Section 1123, where Congress indicated its intentions as to the
contents of Chapter 11 plans, evidences that Congress did not intend
that section 1146(c) exemptions for transfers under a Chapter 11 plan
apply to non-debtor transactions.
11
Id. at 460 (emphasis added). FDOR contends that the same reasoning applies in
this case because nothing in § 1123 contemplates the refinancing transaction
between third-parties that was employed under the Orlando plan. Notwithstanding
the express terms of the Orlando plan, the FDOR contends that the bankruptcy
court could not authorize or require Kissimmee to refinance its hotel with a third
party lender. Cf. In re Eastmet Corp., 907 F.2d 1487, 1489 (4th Cir. 1990) (noting
that “it remains questionable whether the bankruptcy court could have required
‘under the plan, that the purchasers [of estate property] execute the deed of trust to
the third-party lenders”). Since, under FDOR’s view, the Orlando plan could not
require the Kissimmee transfer, the FDOR maintains that the transfer was not
“under” the Orlando plan within the meaning of § 1146(c).3
We are not persuaded by this argument. The critical inquiry under §
1146(c) is whether the Kissimmee transaction was necessary to the consummation
of the Orlando plan, regardless of whether the terms of the plan were binding on
Kissimmee. If Kissimmee failed to carry through with the terms of the Orlando
plan, the plan would not have been consummated. The debtors’ proposed
3
This is a jurisdictional argument in the sense that FDOR argues that a bankruptcy court
lacks the authority to require under a Chapter 11 plan a third party to engage in a transaction with
another third party involving non-estate property. Nevertheless, the argument is ultimately
rooted in the construction of the phrase “under a plan,” as FDOR contends that only those
transfers that a bankruptcy court could require under a Chapter 11 plan are properly viewed as
falling “under a plan.”
12
refinancing would have failed, RCAP would have foreclosed on its mortgage, and
the unsecured creditors would have received nothing. By contrast, the Chapter 11
plan involved in Amsterdam could have been consummated without the third party
purchaser extending a mortgage to a bank. All that was required for the
consummation of the plan in Amsterdam was the sale of the debtor’s principal
asset. The manner in which the purchaser of that asset financed its purchase was
immaterial.
The Fourth Circuit in State of Maryland v. Antonelli Creditors’ Liquidating
Trust, 123 F.3d 777 (4th Cir. 1997), relied on a similar distinction in holding that a
bankruptcy court order exempting transfers of estate property between a
Liquidating Trust and third party purchasers was not a “transparently invalid”
interpretation of § 1146(c). 123 F.3d at 784-86. State taxing authorities argued
that while the transfers from the debtor to the trust were exempt, the transfers from
the trust to the third party purchasers did not fall within the purview of § 1146(c)
because “the debtors were not parties to the transfers.” Id. at 784. In support of
their argument, the state taxing authorities invoked In re Eastmet Corp., in which
the Fourth Circuit held that a purchase money deed of trust extended by a non-
debtor to a bank to finance the purchase of estate property was not exempt under §
13
1146(c). Id. at 785. The Fourth Circuit concluded that Eastmet was
distinguishable:
Unlike the deed of trust financing for third-party purchasers that was
involved in Eastmet, transfers from the Liquidating Trust to third-
party purchasers were required by the plan of reorganization . . . It
was the sole function of the Liquidating Trust to mediate the
relationship between debtor, third-party purchaser, and creditor. By
contrast, in Eastmet, the mortgages obtained by third-party purchasers
were not necessary to the reorganization effort. Third parties could
have financed their purchase or used their own capital to make them,
and neither alternative was addressed in the Eastmet plan.
Id. at 785-86 (emphasis added). As in Antonelli, the Kissimmee transaction,
although it involved two non-debtor parties, was necessary to the reorganization
effort.
Antonelli is not precisely on point because the Fourth Circuit was
addressing a collateral attack on the bankruptcy court’s order. See id. at 784
(noting that “because we are faced with the question of whether the Taxing
Authorities are barred from collaterally attacking a bankruptcy court order, the
issue before us is not whether the bankruptcy court misconstrued the scope of §
1146(c)). Hence, the Antonelli court’s inquiry was restricted to whether the
bankruptcy court’s order “had only a frivolous pretense to validity.” Id.
Additionally, the liquidating trust in Antonelli was distributing estate property
while the Kissimmee transaction did not involve property of the estate. Finally,
14
the liquidating trust in Antonelli was a “procedural mechanism” created by the
bankruptcy court to effect the distribution of the bankruptcy estate, while
Kissimmee is a separate business entity. Id. at 782.
Antonelli nevertheless provides persuasive authority that an exemption
under § 1146(c) may extend to transactions involving non-debtors. While the
liquidating trust at issue in Antonelli was created solely to distribute estate
property, nothing in Antonelli or the language of § 1146(c) suggests that a transfer
must involve estate property to qualify for an exemption. Further, the Fourth
Circuit analysis, in our view, hinged on its conclusion that the transfers between
the liquidating trust and third party purchasers were necessary to consummation of
the plan. Indeed, the Fourth Circuit distinguished its earlier decision in Eastmet
on the ground that “the way in which third-party purchasers financed their
purchases [in Eastmet] was irrelevant to the plan and their use of the deed of trust
financing therefore was not ‘under a plan.’” Id. at 785 (emphasis added). In
contrast to Eastmet, the Kissimmee refinancing transaction was not “irrelevant” to
the Orlando plan because the plan could not have been consummated absent that
transfer. Cf. Bel-Aire Invs., Inc., 142 B.R. at 996 (holding that § 1146(c) did not
exempt refinancing by non-debtor because “this was not a transaction in
furtherance of consummation of the terms of the Confirmed plan, but independent
15
of any of the specific terms of the Confirmed Plan”) (emphasis added). Far from
being irrelevant, the Kissimmee transfer was essential to consummation of the
Orlando plan and therefore was “under the plan” within the meaning of § 1146(c).
Both parties also invoke various policy arguments to support their proposed
interpretation of § 1143(c). Appellants emphasize that the Congressional policy
behind § 1143(c) would be furthered if an exemption were granted in this case
because such an exemption would encourage entities such as Berkshire to extend
financing to debtors. The FDOR stresses the policy articulated by the Supreme
Court that tax exemptions are to be construed narrowly. See ,e.g., United States v.
Centennial Savings Bank FSB, 499 U.S. 573, 583 (1991) (“Tax-exemption and . . .
deferral provisions are to be construed narrowly.”). The Supreme Court also has
instructed lower courts that federal laws that interfere with state taxation schemes
should be construed in favor of the state. See, e.g., California State Bd. of
Equalization v. Sierra Summit, Inc., 490 U.S. 844, 851-52 (1989) (noting that “a
court must proceed carefully when asked to recognize an exemption from state
taxation that Congress has not clearly expressed”).
Resort to such policy considerations perhaps would be appropriate if we
concluded that the application of § 1146(c) to the Kissimmee transaction was
ambiguous. We conclude, however, the plain language of § 1146(c) exempts from
16
stamp taxes or similar taxes any transfer that is necessary to the consummation of
a Chapter 11 plan. Nothing in the plain language of § 1146(c) restricts the
exemption to transactions involving the debtor and estate property. Orlando’s
Chapter 11 plan expressly authorized the Kissimmee-Berkshire transaction, and
that transaction was necessary to the plan’s consummation. Accordingly, the
district court’s order is REVERSED.
17