?l4 'i.'HE SUPKD.IE COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
THE S ' I A I J ~3 P YONTAIa ex r e l . WILLIAM F. CASHMOKE, M.D. , and
.
STANLEY "C BURGE3,
Rela t o r ,
FOKKES'L H . ANDERSON, a s GOVERNOR O THE STATE OF MONTANA,
F
Respondent.
l
j)r i g i ~ i d P r o c e e d i n g s .
"ourisel of Record:
For Relators :
P a u l T. Keller a r g u e d , H e l e n a , Montana,
P a u l T. Keller, P a u l F. R e y n o l d s , C h a r l e s E. P e t a j a
and P. K e i t h Keller, H e l e n a , Montana.
Mcrrow, Nash and S e d i v y , Bozeman, Montana,
{dmund P. S e d i v y a r g u e d , Bozeman, Montana.
Duuglas Freeman a r g u e d , H a r d i n , Montana.
?. F. Hibbs a r g u e d , B i l l i n g s , Montana,
For Pespondent :
F o r r e s t H. Anderson, Governor, H e l e n a , Montana.
' t o b e r t L. Woodahl, A t t o r n e y G e n e r a l , Relena , Montana.
C h a r l e s C. L o v e l l , A s s i s t a n t A t t o r n e y G e n e r a l , G r e a t F a l l s ,
Montana, a r s u e d .
William Jensen argued, A s s i s t a n t Attorney General, Helena,
Montana.
,;ugenc H , Mahoney a r g u e d , Thompson F a l l s , Montana.
I'
R a n d a l l Swanberg a r g u e d , G r e a t F a l l s , Montana.
James E. Murphy a r g u e d , K a l i s p e l l , Montana.
Amicus Curiae :
John A . Layne III argued, Helena, Montana.
Submitted: July 1 7 , 1972
~ e c i d e d AUG
: 18
Filed: A U G 1 8 I~ I
Mr. Justice Frank I. Haswell delivered the Opinion of the Court,
This original proceeding seeks a judicial determination
by this Court whether the proposed 1972 Montana Constitution
was approved and adopted by the electors at the special election
of June 6, 1972.
The essential facts are undisputed. The 1969 Montana
Legislature provided for a referendum election on the calling
of a constitutional convention. Article XIX, Section 8, Montana
Constitution; Chapter 65, Session Laws 1969. This election was
held on November 3, 1970, at which time the electors approved
the calling of a constitutional convention to revise, alter,
or amend the present Montana Constitution. Thereafter, the 1971
Legislature enacted the necessary enabling act for such consti-
tutional convention. Chapter 1, Extraordinary Session Laws 1971.
The delegates to the constitutional convention were duly elected
at the election held op November 2, 1971, The convention con-
vened, held hearings, debated, and eventually agreed upon a
proposed 1972 Constitution to be submitted to the electors for
their approval or rejection at a special election to be held in
conjunction with the primary election on June 6, 1972.
The separate constitutional election ballot is herewith
set forth:
'' INSTRUCTIONS TO VOTERS: PLACE A N "X" I N THE BOXES WHICH
EXPRESS YOUR PREFERENCES. THE FULL TEXT OF THE PROPOSED
CONSTITUTION AND THE SEPARATE PROPOSITIONS I S AVAILABLE FOR
INSPECTION AT YOUR POLLING PLACE. IF THE PROPOSED CONSTITCP-
TlON FAILS TO RECEIVE A MAJORITY OF THE VOTES CAST, ALTER-
NATE ISSUES ALSO FAIL.
OFFICIAL BALLOT
PROPOSED CONSTITUTION
PLEASE VOTE O N ALL FOUR ISSUES
1.
(Vote for One)
FOR the proposed Constitution.
0 AGAINST t h e proposed Constitution.
The proposed Constitution will include a bicameral ( 2 houses) legislature unless r m r -
jority of those voting i n this election vote for a unicameral ( 1 house) legislature in Issue 2.
2.
(Vote for One)
ZA FOR a unicameral ( 1 house) legislature.
n
2B. FOR a bicameral ( 2 houses) legislature.
3.
(Vote for One)
n
] 3A FOR a l l o w i n g t h e people o r t h e legislature
t o authorize gambling.
a 3 B AGAINST a l l o w i n g the people or t h e legislature
to authorize gambling.
4.
(Vote for One)
n
( 4A. FOR t h e death penalty.
48 AGAINST t h e death penalty. H
u
Following he e l e c t i o n , t h e e l e c t i o n returns were can-
vassed b y t h e s t a t e canvassing board and t h e r e s u l t s of t h a t
canvass were contained i n a c e r t i f i c a t e of t h e a b s t r a c t of t h e
voces by t h e S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e a s follows:
"FOR t h e proposed C o n s t i t u t i o n . 116,415
"AGAINST t h e proposed C o n s t i t u t i o n . 113,883
"ZA, F R a unicameral ( 1 house) L e g i s l a t u r e
O 95,259
"2B. F R a bicameral ( 2 houses) l e g i s l a t u r e 122,425
O
" 3 ~ , F R allowing t h e people o r t h e
O
l e g i s l a t u r e t o a u t h o r i z e gambling. 139,382
"35. AGAINST allowing t h e people o r t h e
l e g i s l a t u r e t o a u t h o r i z e gambling. 88,743
" 4 ~FOR t h e death p e n a l t y .
"40 AGAINST t h e d e a t h p e n a l t y .
"~otal
number of e l e c t o r s v o t i n g . 237,600"
Thereupon the Governor proclaimed t h e proposed 1972
Montana G o n s t i t u t i o n approved and adopted.
R e l a t o r s f i l e d t h e i n s t a n t a c t i o n a s an o r i g i n a l proceeding
i n t h i s Court seeking a d e c l a r a t o r y judgment t h a t t h e proposed
1972 Montana C o n s t i t u t i o n was n o t r a t i f i e d and adopted because
11
i.t was n o t approved by a m a j o r i t y of t h e e l e c t o r s v o t i n g a t
t h e e l e c t i o n " a s r e q u i r e d by A r t i c l e X I X , S e c t i o n 8 of t h e p r e s e n t
Molrtana C o n s t i t u t i o n . R e l a t o r s a l s o sought a p p r o p r i a t e remedial
writs ancillary thereto, The Governor was named a s s o l e defendant
in r e l a t o r s ' a c t i o n .
This Court accepted o r i g i n a l j u r i s d i c t i o n , ordered the
;rparate a c t i o n s f i l e d by t h e two r e l a t o r s c o n s o l i d a t e d , and s e t
s h e c o n s o l i d a t e d a c t i o n f o r adversary h e a r i n g . Prior t o the
Ledring an answer was f i l e d by t h e Governor, a complaint i n
inicervention was f i l e d by s i x i n d i v i d u a l s , t h e Attorney General
i n t e r v e n e d a s an a d d i t i o n a l respondent and f i l e d a s e p a r a t e ans-
w e r , and answers were f i l e d t o i n t e r v e n o r s f complaint. In a l l ,
cwenty w r i t t e n b r i e f s were f i l e d by t h e p a r t i e s , i n t e r v e n o r s ,
and amici c u r i a e . Oral argument was heard on b e h a l f of a l l
i n t e r e s t e d p a r t i e s , i n c l u d i n g amici c u r i a e . This c a s e was
e x h a u s t i v e l y b r i e f e d and argued,
The u l t i m a t e i s s u e f o r d e t e r m i n a t i o n can be simply
stated: Was t h e proposed 1972 Montana C o n s t i t u t i o n "approved
b y a m a j o r i t y of t h e e l e c t o r s v o t i n g a t t h e e l e c t i o n " of June 6 ,
1972, a s r e q u i r e d by A r t i c l e XIX, S e c t i o n 8 , of t h e p r e s e n t
Montana C o n s t i t u t i o n ?
The p r i n c i p a l c o n t e n t i o n s of r e l a t o r s and o t h e r s who
contend t h e proposed 1972 Montana C o n s t i t u t i o n d i d n o t r e c e i v e
the r e q u i r e d m a j o r i t y approval can be summarized i n t h i s manner:
They contend t h e phrase "approved by a m a j o r i t y of t h e e l e c t o r s
v o t i n g a t t h e e l e c t i o n " a s provided i n A r t i c l e X I X , S e c t i o n 8 ,
of t h e p r e s e n t Montana C o n s t i t u t i o n means a m a j o r i t y of t h e
e l e c t o r s who c a s t a v a l i d b a l l o t on any of t h e f o u r q u e s t i o n s on
t h e b a l l o t ; t h a t t h e quoted language speaks f o r i t s e l f and t h e r e
i s n o t h i n g f o r t h i s Court t o c o n s t r u e ; t h a t t h e l e g i s l a t u r e , t h e
c o n s t i t u t i o n a l convention commission, and t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n a l
~ m v e n t i o ni t s e l f a l l understood what t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n a l language
meant a s evidencedby t h e i r o f f i c i a l a c t s ; and t h e i r own i n t e r -
p r e t a t i o n can n o t be changed now a f t e r t h e e l e c t i o n h a s been h e l d
dnd t h e v o t e has become known. They a l s o p o i n t out t h a t t h e
S e c r e t a r y of s t a t e ' s c e r t i f i c a t i o n of 237,600 a s t h e t o t a l number
o f e l e c t o r s v o t i n g i s presumptively c o r r e c t by s t a t u t e and a s
t h e r e i s nothing t o i n d i c a t e such f i g u r e i s i n c o r r e c t , t h e pre-
suinption c o n t r o l s . They conclude t h a t because t h e p r o v i s i o n s
t h e p r e s e n t C o n s t i t u t i o n on determining approval. o r r e j e c t i o n
-tL the proposed c o n s t i t u t i o n a r e mandatory and e x c l u s i v e , and
5rcause 237,600 e l e c t o r s voted a t t h e e l e c t i o n and l e s s than h a l f
~f t h a t number (116,415) voted f o r t h e proposed 1972 C o n s t i t u t i o n ,
i t lacked t h e r e q u i r e d m a j o r i t y approval t o t a k e e f f e c t .
O t h e o t h e r hand, t h e b a s i c t h r u s t of respondents and
n
those who contend t h e proposed 1972 C o n s t i t u t i o n r e c e i v e d t h e
r e q u i r e d m a j o r i t y approval and became e f f e c t i v e according t o i t s
p r o v i s i o n s can be summarized i n t h e s e words: They t a k e t h e p o s i t i o n
t h a t t h e phrase "approved by a m a j o r i t y of t h e e l e c t o r s v o t i n g
a t t h e e l e c t i o n " means a m a j o r i t y of e l e c t o r s v o t i n g on approval.
13r r e j e c t i o n of t h e proposed 1972 C o n s t i t u t i o n , and does n o t
include t h e e l e c t o r s v o t i n g only on one o r more of t h e a l t e r n a -
t i v e proposals.
Respondents argue t h a t t h e r e i s no v a l i d b a s i s f o r con-
s i d e r i n g nonvotes on approval o r r e j e c t i o n of t h e proposed c m s t i -
t u t i o n a s v o t e s a g a i n s t i t s a p p r o v a l , which would be t h e e f f e c t
of i n c l u d i n g a s p a r t of t h e r e q u i r e d m a j o r i t y those b a l l o t s con-
t a i n i n g a v o t e on one o r more of t h e a l t e r n a t i v e q u e s t i o n s which
d i d n o t c o n t a i n a v o t e "for" o r "against" t h e proposed c ~ n s t i t u t i o n
itself. They contend t h e f i g u r e of 237,600 r e p r e s e n t e d a s t h e
t o t a l number of e l e c t o r s v o t i n g i n t h e S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e ' s
c e r t i f i c a t e i s incorrect; that i n f a c t i t represents the t o t a l
number of b a l l o t s i s s u e d which i n c l u d e s blank b a l l o t s , t o t a l l y
void b a l l o t s , p a r t i a l l y void b a l l o t s , and t h e l i k e ; t h a t such
b a l l o t s cannot be counted i n determining t h e t o t a l number of
e l e c t o r s v o t i n g a t t h e e l e c t i o n i n computing t h e r e q u i r e d m a j o r i t y
v o t e , b u t only v a l i d b a l l o t s c a s t can be counted, The Attorney
~ e t l e r a l l t e r n a t i v e l y argues t h a t i f t h e r e q u i r e d m a j o r i t y means a
a
gnajority of the e l e c t o r s v o t i n g on any of t h e f o u r i s s u e s , then
r h e evidence b e f o r e t h i s Court i s i n s u f f i c i e n t t o make t h a t d e t e r -
(nirlation; o r t h i s Court should use t h e i s s u e r e c e i v i n g t h e l a r g e s t
number of v o t e s ( t h e approval o r r e j e c t i o n of t h e proposed c o n s t i -
t u t i o n ) a s a b a s i s f o r determining t h e necessary m a j o r i t y ; o r
oiherwise those v o t i n g i n f a v o r of t h e proposed c o n s t i t u t i o n a r e
denied "due process" and "equal p r o t e c t i o n of t h e laws" by d i l u t i o n
of t h e i r v o t e by those n o t v o t i n g on t h a t q u e s t i o n i n contraven-
t i o n of t h e Fourteenth Amendment t o t h e United S t a t e s C o n s t i t u t i o n .
A t t h e o u t s e t we need n o t concern o u r s e l v e s w i t h any
t e c h n i c a l l e g a l q u e s t i o n concerning t h e p a r t i e s , procedure, t h e
acceptance of o r i g i n a l j u r i s d i c t i o n by t h i s Court, and r e l a t e d
matters. This Court h a s p r e v i o u s l y accepted j u r i s d i c t i o n of t h i s
cause, no i s s u e s have been r a i s e d by t h e p a r t i e s on t h e s e s u b j e c t s ,
and such m a t t e r s a r e i r r e l e v a n t t o our d e c i s i o n h e r e . Instead,
w e d i r e c t our e x c l u s i v e a t t e n t i o n t o determination of t h e substan-
t i v e i s s u e h e r e involved.
Neither do we c o n s i d e r t h e p l e a d i n g c o n f l i c t r a i s e d by t h e
Attorney General concerning t h e meaning and e f f e c t of t h e S e c r e t a r y
o f S t a t e ' s c e r t i f i c a t i o n of t h e " t o t a l number of e l e c t o r s v o t i n g "
germane. The f a c t s speak f o r themselves and only l e g a l q u e s t i o n s
remain f o r our d e t e r m i n a t i o n .
D i r e c t i n g our a t t e n t i o n t o t h e s u b s t a n t i v e i s s u e , we observe
t h a t A r t i c l e X I X , S e c t i o n 8 , of t h e p r e s e n t Montana C o n s t i t u t i o n
provides f o r a s e p a r a t e e l e c t i o n where a c o n s t i t u t i o n a l convention
submits a proposed new c o n s t i t u t i o n t o t h e v o t e r s f o r t h e i r
approval o r r e j e c t i o n . W quote A r t i c l e X I X , S e c t i o n 8 , i n f u l l ,
e
!:he u n d e r l i n e d words being t h e p o r t i o n t h e r e o f which we a r e c a l l e d
upon t o constrrie:
11The l e g i s l a t i v e assembly may a t any time, by a
v o t e of two-thirds of t h e members e l e c t e d t o each
house, submit t o t h e e l e c t o r s of t h e s t a t e t h e
q u e s t i o n whether t h e r e s h a l l be a convention t o
r e v i s e , a l t e r , o r amend t h i s c o n s t i t u t i o n ; and i f
a m a j o r i t y of t h o s e v o t i n g on t h e q u e s t i o n shall
k c l a r e i n favor of such convention, t h e l e g i s l a t i v e
~ s s e m b l ys h a l l a t i t s n e x t s e s s i o n provide f o r t h e
c a l l i n g t h e r e o f . The number of members of t h e con-
vention s h a l l be t h e same a s t h a t of t h e house of
r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s , and they s h a l l be e l e c t e d i n t h e same
'uanner, a t t h e same p l a c e s , and i n t h e same districts.
rhe l e g i s l a t i v e assembly s h a l l i n t h e a c t c a l l i n g t h e
-onvention d e s i g n a t e t h e day, hour and place of i t s
i ~ e e t i n g , f i x t h e pay of i t s members and o f f i c e r s , and
provide f o r t h e payment of t h e same, t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e
~ l e c e s s a r yexpenses of t h e convention. Before proceeding,
t h e members s h a l l take a n o a t h ro stppowt t h e c o n s t i -
t u t i o n of t h e United S t a t e s and of t h e s t a t e of Montana,
and t o f a i t h f u l l y d i s c h a r g e t h e i r d u t i e s a s members
3f t h e convention. The q u a l i f i c a t i o n s of members s h a l l
3e t h e same a s of t h e members of t h e s e n a t e , and vacancies
o c c u r r i n g s h a l l be f i l l e d i n t h e manner provided f o r
i f i l l i n g v a c a n c i e s i n t h e l e g i s l a t i v e assembly. Said
convention s h a l l meet w i t h i n t h r e e months a f t e r such
d l e c t i o n and prepare such r e v i s i o n s , a l t e r a t i o n s o r
dmendments t o t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n a s may be deemed neces-
s a r y , which s h a l l be submitted t o t h e e l e c t o r s f o r t h e i r
r a t i f i c a t i o n o r r e j e c t i o n a t an e l e c t i o n appointed by
t h e convention f o r t h a t purpose. n o t l e s s than two n o r
illore than s i x months a f t k r t h e adjournment t h e r e o f ; and
u n l e s s so submitted and approved by a m a j o r i t y of t h 7
e l e c t o r s v o t i n g a t t h e e l e c t i o n , no such r e v i s i o n ,
a l t e r a t i o n o r amendment s h a l l t a k e effect,"(Emphasis
added).
The crux of t h e i s s u e i s whether t h e underlined quoted language
r e q u i r e s a m a j o r i t y of e l e c t o r s v o t i n g on approval o r r e j e c t i o n of
t h e proposed c o n s t i t u t i o n o r whether i t r e q u i r e s some o t h e r m a j o r i t y .
R e l a t o r s and o t h e r s espousing t h e i r vi.ew contend t h a t t h e
quoted c o n s t i t u t i o n a l language i s c l e a r and ~ 7 emust d e c l a r e what
i t p l a i n l y says. They argue t h a t t h e use of d i f f e r e n t language
i n v a r i o u s e l e c t i o n p r o v i s i o n s of S e c t i o n s 8 and 9 of A r t i c l e XIX
i n d i c a t e s an i n t e n t by t h e framers of t h e Montana C o n s t i t u t i o n t o
r e q u i r e something more than a simple m a j o r i t y t o approve a proposed
c o n s t i t u t i o n submitted by a c o n s t i t u t i o n a l convention. They con-
c l u d e t h a t a m a j o r i t y of t h e t o t a l number of e l e c t o r s v o t i n g on
any of t h e f o u r q u e s t i o n s on t h e b a l l o t i s r e q u i r e d t o approve
the proposed 1972 Montana C o n s t i t u t i o n .
W n o t e t h a t a l l p a r t i e s a g r e e t h a t t h e a c t of v o t i n g
e
c o n s i s t s of marking a v a l i d b a l l o t t h a t i s deposited i n t h e b a l l o t
box and counted i n t h e e l e c t i o n . Goodell v. J u d i t h Basin County,
70 Mont. 222, 224 P. 1110; Maddox v. Board of S t a t e Canvassers,
116 Mont, 217, 149 P. 2d 112, s t a n d f o r t h e p r o p o s i t i o n t h a t v o t i n g
i s t h e a f f i r m a t i v e a c t of marking t h e b a l l o t and d e p o s i t i n g i t
i n t h e b a l l o t box i n conformity w i t h t h e e l e c t i o n laws. Neither
s i g n i n g t h e r e g i s t r y of v o t e r s , n o r b e i n g i s s u e d a b a l l o t , n o r
having o n e ' s name appear on t h e p o l l book i s enough, s t a n d i n g
a l o n e , t o c o n s t i t u t e t h e a c t of v o t i n g .
The i s s u e b e f o r e us i s a narrow one b u t i t s s o l u t i o n i s
noc simple. W recognize t h a t t h e r e a r e two d i s t i n c t and opposing
e
Lines of a u t h o r i t y i n o t h e r j u r i s d i c t i o n s having t h e same o r
s i m i l a r c o n s t i t u t i o n a l language. E a r l i e r cases a r e collected i n
the Annotation appearing a t 131 A.L.R. 1382. For examples of l a t e r
cases see: S t a t e ex r e l . W i t t v. S t a t e Canvassing Board, 78 N.M.
582, 437 P.2d 143; I n r e Todd, 208 Ind. 168, 193 N , E . 865;
S t o l i k e r v . Waite, 359 Mich. 65, 101 N.W.2d 299. These.cases are
c i t e d merely t o i n d i c a t e t h e two c o n f l i c t i n g l i n e s of a u t h o r i t y
b u t a r e n o t r e l i e d upon o r d e t e r m i n a t i v e of our d e c i s i o n i n t h e
instant case, W p r e f e r t o look t o Montana s t a t u t e s and c a s e s
e
f o r guidance i n i n t e r p r e t i n g t h e meaning of our own c o n s t i t u t i o n a l .
provisions.
The r u l e s of s t a t u t o r y c o n s t r u c t i o n a r e e q u a l l y a p p l i c a b l e
t o i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of t h e meaning of p r o v i s i o n s i n t h e Montana
Constitution. S t a t e ex r e l . Gleason v. S t e w a r t , 57 Mont, 397,
188 P. 904; Vaughn & Ragsdale C0.v. S t a t e Board, 109 Mont. 5 2 ,
96 P.2d 420. I n c o n s t r u i n g t h e meaning of a s t a t u t e , t h e i n t e n t
of t h e framers, i . e . , t h e l e g i s l a t u r e , i s paramount. Section
93-401-16, R.C.M. 1947, I n determining l e g i s l a t i v e i n t e n t ,
r e s o r t must f i r s t be made t o t h e p l a i n meaning of t h e words used.
Dunphy v . Anaconda Co., 151 Mont.76, 438 P.2d 660, and Montana
cases c i t e d therein. I n c o n s t r u i n g a s t a t u t e , t h e f u n c t i o n of
t h e c o u r t i s simply t o a s c e r t a i n and d e c l a r e what i s i n terms o r
substance contained t h e r e i n , n o t t o i n s e r t what h a s been omitted
nor t o omit what h a s been i n s e r t e d . S e c t i o n 93-401-15, R.C,M. 1947,
A s t a t u t e must be r e a d and considered i n i t s e n t i r e t y and t h e
L e g i s l a t i v e i n t e n t may n o t be determined from t h e wording of any
p a r t i c u l a r s e c t i o n o r s e n t e n c e , b u t only from a c o n s i d e r a t i o n of
t h e whole, Home Bldg. & Loan v. Bd. of E q u a l i z a t i o n , 141 Mont.
113, 375 P.2d 312.
Applying t h e s e r u l e s t o t h e quoted c o n s t i t u t i o n a l language,
a L i t e r a l c o n s t r u c t i o n would seem t o support r e l a t o r s . The quoted
II
language speaks of approval by a m a j o r i t y of e l e c t o r s v o t i n g a t
the election". But v o t i n g on what? The c o n s t i t u t i o n a l language
does n o t e x p r e s s l y answer t h i s . However, t h e substance of t h e
language of t h e e n t i r e p r o v i s i o n i n d i c a t e s t h a t i t r e f e r s t o v o t i n g
on approval o r r e j e c t i o n of t h e proposed c o n s t i t u t i o n , and i t i s
t o t h a t q u e s t i o n t h a t t h e quoted language i s d i r e c t e d . There i s
a b s o l u t e l y n o t h i n g t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e framers had i n mind a
m u l t i p l e i s s u e b a l l o t wherein c o n t i n g e n t a l t e r n a t i v e i s s u e s would
b e submitted t o t h e e l e c t o r s i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e primary q u e s t i o n
o f approval o r r e j e c t i o n of t h e proposed c o n s t i t u t i o n i t s e l f ,
The b e s t t h a t can b e s a i d f o r r e l a t o r s i s t h a t t h e quoted language
i s ambiguous when r e a d i n connection w i t h t h e e n t i r e c o n s t i t u t i o n a l
p r o v i s i o n r e l a t i n g t o submission of t h e proposed c o n s t i t u t i o n t o
the e l e c t o r s .
W a r e mindful of t h e p r i n c i p l e t h a t when a s t a t u t e
e
is e q u a l l y s u s c e p t i b l e of two i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s , one i n f a v o r of
n d t u r a l r i g h t and t h e o t h e r a g a i n s t i t , t h e former i s t o be
adopted. S e c t i o n 93-401-23, R.C,M. 1947. Majority r u l e i-s a
rratural r i g h t and fundamental t e n e t of government i n a democracy,
and only the s t r o n g e s t evidence t h a t something more than a m a j o r i t y ,
i-.e., an e x t r a o r d i n a r y m a j o r i t y , i s r e q u i r e d i n a given s i t u a t i o n
w i l l suffice. Here no such evidence e x i s t s .
Nor, i n our view, i s t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n language employed
in d i f f e r e n t e l e c t i o n p r o v i s i o n s of A r t i c l e X I X c o n t r o l l i n g , o r
i n d i c a t i v e of an i n t e n t by t h e framers of our C o n s t i t u t i o n t o
r e q u i r e approval of a proposed c o n s t i t u t i o n by an e x t r a o r d i n a r y
,xajority. The f i r s t p a r t of S e c t i o n 8 r e l a t i n g t o c a l l i n g a
11
d c ~ n s t i t u t i o n a lconvention r e q u i r e s a referendum v o t e by a majority
s f t h o s e v o t i n g on t h e question"; S e c t i o n 9 d e a l i n g w i t h submis-
;ion of i n d i v i d u a l c o n s t i t u t i o n a l amendments by t h e l e g i s l a t u r e
r e q u i r e s referendum t o t h e q u a l i f i e d e l e c t o r s a~xdapproval
II by a m a j o r i t y of t h o s e v o t i n g thereon", That p a r t of S e c t i o n 8
we a r e c a l l e d upon t o c o n s t r u e r e q u i r e s submission of t h e proposed
11
constitution t o the electors a t an e l e c t i o n appointed by t h e
convention f o r t h a t purpose, n o t l e s s than two nor more than
s i x months a f t e r t h e adjournment t h e r e o f " and approval by "a
m a j o r i t y of t h e e l e c t o r s v o t i n g a t t h e e l e c t i o n " .
The reason f o r t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n language between t h e s e
t h r e e p r o v i s i o n s i s readi-ly apparent. The referendum t o t h e v o t e r s
on t h e c a l l i n g of a c o n s t i t u t i o n a l convention i s normally h e l d
a t a g e n e r a l e l e c t i o n a s was done h e r e ; consequently, t h e phrase
II
requiring a m a j o r i t y of t h o s e v o t i n g on t h e question" was
employed t o d i s t i n g u i s h t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n a l referendum q u e s t i o n
from o t h e r g e n e r a l e l e c t i o n i s s u e s . The language of S e c t i o n 9
m:el.ating t o submission t o t h e e l e c t o r s of i n d i v i d u a l c o n s t i t u -
t i o n a l amendments proposed by the l e g i s l a t u r e must be a t a g e n e r a l
e l e c t i o n where up t o t h r e e such amendments can be submitted a t t h e
II
same e l e c t i o n , thus t h e language approved by a m a j o r i t y of those
v o t i n g thereon" i s used. The language of S e c t i o n 8 , t h a t we
mst construe --- II a m a j o r i t y of t h e e l e c t o r s v o t i n g a t t h e
e l e c t i o n " was used because a s e p a r a t e e l e c t i o n i s r e q u i r e d f o r
dpproval o r r e j e c t i o n of a c o n s t i t u t i o n proposed by a c o n s t i t u -
t i o n a l convention and t h e r e i s no need t o d i f f e r e n t i a t e between
approval o r r e j e c t i o n of a proposed c o n s t i t u t i o n a t such s e p a r a t e
d l e c t i o n and i s s u e s a t some o t h e r e l e c t i o n h e l d a t t h e same t i m e .
Accordingly, t h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e language employed by t h e
tramers of our C o n s t i t u t i o n i n t h e d i f f e r e n t e l e c t i o n p r o v i s i o n s
qf S e c t i o n s 8 and 9 o f A r t i c l e X I X a r e no evidence of a d i f f e r i n g
i l ~ i l e n ton t h e p a r t of t h e framers, b u t a r e t h e r e s u l t of i n h e r e n t
ct311stitutional d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e e l e c t i o n s themselves, which
L ~ L urn
t r e q u i r e s d i f f e r e n t language.
F i n a l l y , iL t h e framers 0.2 Cunstitution had intei1Jec3
CL) r e q u i r e an e x t r a o r d i n a r y m a j o r i t y f o r approval of a proposed
t : o n s t i t u t i o n submitted by an e l e c t e d c o n s t i t u t i o n a l convention,
':hey c o u l d e a s i l y have s a i d s o . Our C o n s t i t u t i o n c o n t a i n s s e v e r a i
p r o v i s i o n s r e q u i r i n g e x t r a o r d i n a r y m a j o r i t i e s , b u t wherever such
requirement i s imposed t h e language i s l o u d , c l e a r and unaml~iguous.
Examples of such p r o v i s i o n s a r e : Changing t h e s e a t of government
c e q u i r i n g "a v o t e of t w o - t h i r d s of a l l t h e q u a l i f i e d e l e c t o r s
af the state", (Article X, Section 3 ) ; overriding the governor's
v e t o of a l e g i s l a t i v e a c t which r e q u i r e s t h a t such a c t s h a l l
"be r e p a s s e d by t w o - t h i r d s of b o t h houses" i n o r d e r t o become
2 E f e c t i v e , ( A r t i c l e V , S e c t i o n 40) and a s p e c i f i c d e t a i l e d pro-
zedure t h e r e f o r ( A r t i c l e VII, S e c t i o n 1 2 ) ; submission by t h e
l e g i s l a t u r e t o t h e e l e c t o r s t h e q u e s t i o n of c a l l i n g a c o n s t i t u t i o n a l
II
convention which r e q u i r e s a v o t e of t w o - t h i r d s of t h e members
e l e c t e d t o each house", ( A r t i c l e X I X , S e c t i o n 8 ) ; submission by t h e
L e g i s l a t u r e t o t h e e l e c t o r s of i n d i v i d u a l l e g i s l a t i v e proposed
c o n s t i t u t i o n a l amendments which r e q u i r e a v o t e of " t w o - t h i r d s of
rile members e l e c t e d t o each house", (Article XIX, Section 9 ) .
W must a l s o c o n s i d e r t h e e f f e c t of r e q u i r i n g an e x t r a -
e
~ r d i n a r ym a j o r i t y i n an e l e c t i o n by c o u n t i n g t h e e l e c t o r s who
~ o t e i s s u e s o t h e r t h a n approval o r r e j e c t i o n of t h e proposed
on
;onstitution. I n 18 c o u n t i e s of t h i s s t a t e more e l e c t o r s voted
~ it h e proposed c o n s t i t u t i o n i n determining t h e r e q u i r e d m a j o r i t y
:or i t s a p p r o v a l , we a r e i n e f f e c t h o l d i n g t h a t t h e framers of our
d o n s t i t u t i o n i n t e n d e d t o g i v e such a b s t a i n e r s t h e s t a t u s of
lectors v o t i n g a g a i n s t t h e proposed c o n s t i t u t i o n . T h i s we r e f u s e
t o do i n t h e absence of a c l e a r and unmistakable requirement of
an e x t r a o r d i n a r y m a j o r i t y v o t e .
A d d i t i o n a l l y , we must c o n s i d e r t h e p o l i c y and philosophy
o f government contained i n our C o n s t i t u t i o n a s enunciated i n
numerous c a s e s i n c l u d i n g T i n k e l v . G r i f f i n , 26 Mont, 426, 431,
68 P. 859. There t h e Court s a i d :
11The e x p r e s s i o n ' m a j o r i t y of t h e e l e c t o r s t h e r e o f
v o t i n g a t an e l e c t i o n , ' e t c . , c l e a r l y means a
m a j o r i t y of t h o s e who vote, of
a l l of t h e e l e c t o r s of t h e county, o r of t h o s e who
v o t e upon any o t h e r i s s u e , a t t h e same o r some o t h e r
time." (Emphasis added).
The philosophy of our C o n s t i t u t i o n was f u r t h e r explained
i n t h i s language from T i n k e l :
"It i s t h e t h e o r y of our government t h a t t h o s e
e l e c t o r s c o n t r o l p u b l i c a f f a i r s who t a k e a s u f f i -
c i e n t i n t e r e s t t h e r e i n t o g i v e expression t o t h e i r
views. Those who r e f r a i n from such e x p r e s s i o n a r e
deemed t o y i e l d acquiescence,
"In a r e c e n t c a s e t h e c o u r t of a p p e a l s of Kentucky,
having under c o n s i d e r a t i o n a s i m i l a r c o n s t i t u t i o n a l
; ~ r o v i s i o n , s a i d : '1t i s a fundamental p r i n c i p l e i n
,>ur system of government t h a t i t s a f f a i r s a r e con-
t r o l l e d by t h e consent of t h e governed, and, t o
t h a t end, i t i s regarded a s j u s t and wise t h a t a
m a j o r i t y of t h o s e who a r e i n t e r e s t e d s u f f i c i e n t l y
L O assemble a t p l a c e s provided by law f o r t h e pur-
pose s h a l l , by t h e e x p r e s s i o n o f t h e i r o p i n i o n , d i r e c t
he manner i n which i t s a f f a i r s s h a l l be conducted.
When m a j o r i t i e s a r e spoken o f , i t i s meant a m a j o r i t y
a f those who f e e l an i n t e r e s t i n t h e government, and
who have opinions and wishes a s t o how i t s h a l l be
conducted, and have t h e courage t o e x p r e s s them.
L t h a s n o t been t h e p o l i c y of our government, i n o r d e r
t o a s c e r t a i n t h e wishes of t h e people, t o count t h o s e
who do n o t t a k e s u f f i c i e n t i n t e r e s t i n i t s a f f a i r s
t o v o t e upon q u e s t i o n s submitted t o them, It i s a
rilajority of t h o s e who a r e a l i v e and a c t i v e , and ex-
p r e s s t h e i r o p i n i o n , who d i r e c t t h e a f f a i r s of t h e
government, n o t t h o s e who a r e s i l e n t and e x p r e s s no
opinion i n t h e manner provided by law, i f they have
any. Before r e a c h i n g a conclusion t h a t those who
framed our fundamental law intended t o change a w e l l -
s e t t l e d p o l i c y by allowing t h e v o t e r who i s s i l e n t
dnd e x p r e s s e s no opinion on a p u b l i c q u e s t i o n t o be
counted, t h e same a s t h e one who t a k e s an i n t e r e s t i n
3nd v o t e s upon i t , we should be s a t i s f i e d t h a t t h e
Language used c l e a r l y i n d i c a t e s such a purpose, t
(Montgomery County F i s c a l Court v . Trimble, 47 SOW.
!73, 42 L.R.A. 738.)"
This Court r e a f f i r m e d t h e r u l e of T i n k e l i n Morse v.
Srasiitr Sounty, 44 Mont. 78, 119 P. 286.
W e c o n s i d e r t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n a l philosophy expressed t h e r e i n
concerning t h e Montana C o n s t i t u t i o n a s v a l i d today a s i t was when
* r i g i n a l l y expressed t h r e e g e n e r a t i o n s ago. W extend t h a t
e
c o n s t i t u t i o n a l philosophy t o t h e i n s t a n t c a s e i n v o l v i n g A r t i c l e
the i s sue
X I X , S e c t i o n 8 , a n d / m u l t i p l e / e l e c t i o n h e r e involved. Here, we
a r e simply n o t s a t i s f i e d t h a t t h e framers of our C o n s t i t u t i o n
intended t o r e q u i r e more than a simple m a j o r i t y v o t e on approval
of t h e proposed c o n s t i t u t i o n .
Accordingly, we hold t h a t "approval by a m a j o r i t y of e l e c t o r s
v o t i n g a t t h e e l e c t i o n ' ' a s used i n A r t i c l e XIX, S e c t i o n 8 , of t h e
Montana C o n s t i t u t i o n means approval by a m a j o r i t y of t h e t o t a l
number of e l e c t o r s c a s t i n g v a l i d b a l l o t s on t h e q u e s t i o n of
approval o r r e j e c t i o n of t h e proposed 1972 Montana C o n s t i t u t i o n .
W hold t h a t i t does n o t r e f e r t o o r i n c l u d e t h o s e e l e c t o r s who
e
f a i l e d t o e x p r e s s an opinion by a v o t e on t h a t i s s u e . The S e c r e t a r y
of S t a t e ' s c e r t i f i c a t e shows 116,415 v o t e s i n f a v o r of t h e pro-
posed c o n s t i t u t i o n and 113,883 v o t e s a g a i n s t t h e proposed con-
s t i t u t i o n and no one contends t h e s e f i g u r e s a r e i n c o r r e c t , As
t h e s e f i g u r e s c a r r y a presumption of c o r r e c t n e s s by s t a t u t e ,
s e c t i o n 93-1301-7(15), R.C,M, 1947, and a s t h e r e i s n o t h i n g t o
i n d i c a t e otherwise, we h o l d t h a t t h e proposed 1972 Montana Con-
s t i t u t i o n was approved by t h e r e q u i r e d m a j o r i t y and t h e over nor's
proclamation t h e r e o f was c o r r e c t .
Even under r e l a t o r s ' i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n a l
requirement i n q u e s t i o n which we e x p r e s s l y r e j e c t , r e l a t o r s s t i l l
cannot p r e v a i l . R e l a t o r s would r e q u i r e an e x t r a o r d i n a r y m a j o r i t y
t o approve t h e proposed 1972 Montana C o n s t i t u t i o n , i . e . , a
r i ~ a j o r i t yof t h e t o t a l number of e l e c t o r s v o t i n g a t t h e s p e c i a l
c o n s t i t u t i o n a l e l e c t i o n on any i s s u e . The S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e ' s
c e r t i f i c a t e of t h e a b s t r a c t of v o t e s a s determined by t h e s t a t e
11
canvassing board shows T o t a l number of e l e c t o r s v o t i n g . 237,600"
which r e l a t o r s contend must be accepted a s c o r r e c t by s t a t u t e .
This f i g u r e i s c l e a r l y i n c o r r e c t even under r e l a t o r s ' i n t e r p r e -
t d t i o n of A r t i c l e X I X , S e c t i o n 8 .
The S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e by l e t t e r d a t e d June 2, 1972,
i - n s ~ i u c t e d h e county c l e r k s and r e c o r d e r s of each county t o
t
' ' e n t e r t h e t o t a l number of e l e c t o r s who a r e l i s t e d on t h e p o l l
books f o r t h e s e p a r a t e e l e c t i o n on t h e proposed c ' o n s t i t u t i o n on
t h e f r o n t of t h e a b s t r a c t book f o r t h a t e l e c t i o n " . The a f f i d a v i t
of t h e members of t h e s t a t e canvassing board i n d i c a t e s t h a t
the phrase " ' T o t a l number of e l e c t o r s v o t i n g ' , a s used i n s a i d
canvass and c e r t i f i c a t e , r e f e r s t o t h e t o t a l number of e l e c t o r s
dppearing a t t h e p o l l s and r e c e i v i n g b a l l o t s , p l u s t h e number
V J e~l e c t o r s r e c e i v i n g and r e t u r n i n g absentee b a l l o t s . " The
~ 2 f i d a v i tof t h e S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e i s t o t h e same e f f e c t ,
An " e l e c t o r " i s a person p o s s e s s i n g t h e l e g a l q u a l i f i c a -
5 ~ ' ~h a t e n t i t l e him t o v o t e .
t s S t a t e ex r e l . Lang v . F u r n i s h ,
$3 Mont. 28, 134 P, 297. The word "voting" means t h e a f f i r m a t i v e
ac; of marking o n e ' s b a l l o t p r o p e r l y and d e p o s i t i n g i t i n t h e
bdLlot box i n conformity w i t h t h e e l e c t i o n laws. Goodell v .
~ d i t h
Basin County, 70 Mont. 222, 224 P. 1110; I4addox v. Board
sb 7k. The Idaho Court made a g r e a t d i s t i n c t i o n between t h e
meaning of t h e two p r o v i s i o n s and made t h e following o b s e r v a t i o n
which i s important h e r e because of t h e s i m i l a r i t y of t h e language
cons t r u e d t h a t t o be construed i n t h e i n s t a n t c a s e :
" I f t h e y were, a s counsel f o r defendants contend,
intended t o mean t h e same t h i n g , why was n o t t h e
same language used? W know of no r u l e of c o n s t r u c -
e
t i o n , nor h a s our a t t e n t i o n been c a l l e d t o any, t h a t
would warrant us i n a r b i t r a r i l y saying t h a t t h e language
used i n t h e two s e c t i o n s was intended t o mean t h e same
t h i n g . O t h e c o n t r a r y , t h e reason seems t o u s t o be
n
t h e o t h e r way. W can understand why t h e makers of t h e
e
c o n s t i t u t i o n should apply a d i f f e r e n t and more s t r i n g e n t
r u l e i n t h e adoption of a c a l l f o r a c o n s t i t u t i o n a l con-
v e n t i o n from what they would i n t h e m a t t e r of a mere
amendment, I t i s t r u e , t h e amendment under c o n s i d e r a -
t i o n i s one of v a s t importance, b u t s o , l i k e w i s e a r e
t h e o t h e r amendments submitted a t he same time. With
t h e c h a r a c t e r o r importance of t h e amendment we have
nothing t o do i n t h i s c o n s i d e r a t i o n . Was t h e amendment
adopted a s r e q u i r e d by t h e terms and p r o v i s i o n s of t h e
c o n s t i t u t i o n ? To h o l d t h a t i t was n o t i s v i r t u a l l y t o
s a y t h a t no amendment of t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n i s p r a c t i c a b l e .
I n f a c t , counsel do n o t s t r e n u o u s l y contend f o r a con-
s t r u c t i o n i n v o l v i n g such a conclusion, b u t r a t h e r i n s i s t
t h a t t h e words ' m a j o r i t y of t h e e l e c t o r s , I i n s e c t i o n 1,
should be construed t o mean t h e same a s t h e words ' m a j o r i t y
of a l l t h e e l e c t o r s v o t i n g a t such e l e c t i o n , 1 i n s e c t i o n
3. Even t h e a u t h o r i t i e s c i t e d by counsel do n o t go t o
such an e x t e n t t o s u s t a i n such a conclusion."
The reasoning and c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e Idaho Court i s proper
and l o g i c a l . It i s a maxim of s t a t u t o r y c o n s t r u c t i o n , no l e s s
a p p l i c a b l e t o c o n s t i t u t i o n a l law, t h a t "where t h e r e a r e s e v e r a l
p r o v i s i o n s o r p a r t i c u l a r s , such a c o n s t r u c t i o n i s , i f p o s s i b l e ,
t o be adopted a s w i l l g i v e e f f e c t t o a l l . " Section 93-401-15,
R.C.M. 1947. Moreover, t h e i n t e n t of t h e framers must be d e t e r -
mined from t h e language used i n t h e document. The r e a s o n i n g of
t h e Idaho Court i s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e s e p r i n c i p l e s f o r i t g i v e s
e f f e c t t o two d i f f e r e n t l y worded s e c t i o n s "majority of t h e e l e c t o r s "
and "majority of a l l e l e c t o r s voting a t s a i d e l e c t i o n . l1 The ap-
parent i n t e n t of t h e framers t o impose a s t r i c t e r requirement i n
convening a convention than i n r a t i f y i n g an amendment i s a l s o
considered.
I n Lee v. S t a t e of Utah, (1962), 13 Utah 2d 15, 367 P.2d
861, a c o n s t i t u t i o n a l amendment r e l a t i n g t o wartime and emergency
powers of t h e l e g i s l a t u r e was submitted t o t h e v o t e r s and there-
a f t e r was attacked on the grounds t h a t a majority of t h e e l e c t o r s
r e g i s t e r e d had not voted, The Supreme Court of Utah held t h a t a s
t h e majority of e l e c t o r s v o t i n g thereon, a s provided by t h e i r
c o n s t i t u t i o n , had voted i n favor, t h e amendment had been r a t i f i e d .
I n Town of Pine B l u f f s v. S t a t e Board of Equalization, (19581,
79 Wyo. 262, 333 P.2d 700, i t was contended t h a t a c o n s t i t u t i o n a l
amendment was not properly adopted because i t was n o t supported by
a majority of the e l e c t o r s of t h e s t a t e although i t got a majority
of those voting on t h e proposition. However, i t d i d have a majority
a l s o of those voting a t t h a t p a r t i c u l a r e l e c t i o n . The argument was
t h a t t h e r e were more franchised v o t e r s i n t h e s t a t e taking i n t o
c o n s i d e r a t i o n a l l t h e people who were r e g i s t e r e d , and a s a conse-
quence, i t d i d n o t r e c e i v e t h e support of a majority of the e l e c t o r s .
The Court t h e r e h e l d , c i t i n g Indiana, t h a t a s e n s i b l e c o n s t r u c t i o n
had t o be a p p l i e d , and t h e wording " a l l e l e c t o r s of t h e s t a t e " a r e
t h e e l e c t o r s voting a t t h e p a r t i c u l a r e l e c t i o n ,
A r t i c l e X I X , Section 8 , of t h e 14ontana C o n s t i t u t i o n r e l a t i n g
t o t h e r a t i f i c a t i o n of c o n s t i t u t i o n a l r e v i s i o n s a f t e r a convention,
It
provides i n p a r t t h a t such r a t i f i c a t i o n must be by a majority
of t h e e l e c t o r s v o t i n g a t t h e e l e c t i o n . " Section 9, r e l a t i n g t o
t h e r a t i f i c a t i o n of amendments proposed by t h e l e g i s l a t u r e , provides
11
i n p a r t t h a t such amendments must be approved by a majority of
those voting thereon." I t i s t h i s d i f f e r e n c e i n language which
d i c t a t e s t h a t t h e proposed c o n s t i t u t i o n may have f a i l e d . "[floting
thereon" a s i n t e r p r e t e d by t h e Idaho Court i n Green, may be ~ a k e n
t o mean a count of ayes and nays. "[ ~ l o t i n g t
a the election"
must mean something d i f f e r e n t and more; t h a t i s , a l l t h o s e who
c a s t b a l l o t s whether a y e s , o r nays, on any one of t h e f o u r i s s u e s
submitted.
I n f a c t , i n S t o l i k e r v . White (1960), 359 Mich. 65, 101
N.W.2d 299, 300,304, t h e Court based i t s d e c i s i o n on such a d i s t i n c -
tion:
"The q u e s t i o n b e f o r e u s i s t h i s : Does t h e
Constitution require a different vote f o r the
+'
c a l l of a c o n s t i t u t i o n a l convention than i t
r e q u i r e s f o r t h e adoption of a n amendment t o t h e
Constitution?
"What t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n a c t u a l l y says i s t h a t t h e
adoption of a c o n s t i t u t i o n a l amendment r e q u i r e s
a m a j o r i t y of t h e e l e c t o r s ' v o t i n g t h e r e o n , '
whereas a c a l l f o r a c o n s t i t u t i o n a l convention
r e q u i r e s a 1 a m a j o r i t y of such e l e c t o r s v o t i n g
a t such e l e c t i o n . '
II
I n s h o r t , we a r e now asked t o hold t h a t t h e people
d i d n o t c l e a r l y understand what t h e y were t h u s doing.
W a r e asked t o hold t h a t , d e s p i t e t h e 1899 opinion
e
of t h e Attorney General upon t h e v e r y i s s u e h e r e
presented, despite t h e unsuccessful l e g i s l a t i v e a t -
tempt t o overcome i t immediately t h e r e a f t e r , d e s p i t e
t h e r u l i n g of t h e Board of S t a t e Canvassers t h a t t h e
1904 p r o p o s i t i o n had f a i l e d t o c a r r y f o r l a c k of t h e
n e c e s s a r y m a j o r i t y , and d e s p i t e t h e re-enactment i n
t h e new C o n s t i t u t i o n of t h e v e r y language over which
a l l of t h i s turmoil had raged, t h e people d i d n o t
r e a l l y understand t h e c l e a r meaning of t h e words they
were u s i n g , once a g a i n , i n t h e i r new C o n s t i t u t i o n .
( C o n s t i t u t i o n of 1850, a r t i c l e 20,ยง2:
such e l e c t i o n , s h a l l decide i n favor of a convention
,.
.a
P
,--
1
.
-*-, ,, '
?
; i n case
a m a j o r i t y of t h e e l e c t o r s so q u a l i f i e d , v o t i n g a t
I n c a s e a m a j o r i t y of such e l e c t o r s v o t i n g a t such
e l e c t i o n s h a l l d e c i d e i n favor of a convention ; ;2' ik. ' )
iqe a r e t o hold t h a t when they r e q u i r e d t o pass a
k
,.
C o n s t i t u t i o n of 1908, a r t i c l e 17, $ 4 : ' " " "
,. ,,
c o n s t i t u t i o n a l amendment a m a j o r i t y of t h e v o t e s c a s t
!:hereon, and when they r e q u i r e d t o c a l l a c o n s t i t u t i o n a l
zonvention a m a j o r i t y of t h e v o t e s c a s t a t such e l e c t i o n ,
they were a c t u a l l - y p r e s c r i b i n g no d i f f e r e n c e between
t h e two v o t e s b u t were i n f a c t merely c a l l i n g f o r t h e
same v o t e on each. A l l of t h i s we d e c l i n e t o do.
The understanding of our people i s n o t so meager. T h e i r
Aistinguished l e a d e r s who framed t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n were
n o t so i n e p t , so t h o u g h t l e s s , so b l i n d t o t h e i s s u e s
35 t h e day. From t h e language used i t i s c l e a r t h a t
they mean2 t o d i s t i n g u i s l ~between t h e v o t e s
r e q u i r e d f o r a simple amendment and t h o s e r e -
q u i r e d t o c a l l a c o n s t i t u t i o n a l convention,
and our h o l d i n g i s t h a t they d i d so d i s t i n g u i s h ,
" e have t h u s r e l i e d upon t h e contemporaneous
W
~ n d e r s t a n d i n gof t h e people. Their understanding
i-s a s r e l e v a n t today a s i t was a h a l f - c e n t u r y ago
2nd i t has a d i r e c t a p p l i c a b i l i t y t o t h e s i t u a t i o n
'3efore us. When t h e people went t o t h e p o l l s i n
!958 t o v o t e upon t h e q u e s t i o n of a c o n s t i t u t i o n a l
.zonvention, they went w i t h t h e contemporaneous
a d e r s t a n d i n g t h a t a f a i l u r e t o v o t e upon t h e con-
s t i t u t i o n a l q u e s t i o n would have t h e p r a c t i c a l e f f e c t
3f a v o t e i n t h e n e g a t i v e thereon. Such i s n o t only
she c l e a r phrasing of t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n b u t t h e h i g h e s t
c o u r t i n t h e S t a t e had unanimously so r u l e d w i t h
r e s p e c t t h e r e t o . W have no way of knowing how many
e
~ f t h e 900,000 e l e c t o r s who f a i l e d t o v o t e on t h e
Lssue would have ,voted i n t h e a f f i r m a t i v e t h e r e o n ,
had they v o t e d , o r how many who f a i l e d t o v o t e d i d so
3ecause of r e l i a n c e upon t h e p r a c t i c a l e f f e c t of t h e i r
f a i l u r e t o v o t e . Obviously we cannot say t h a t t h e
r ~ r o p o s i t i o nc a r r i e d n o r can we command t h e Board of
S t a t e Canvassers, a s p l a i n t i f f wishes ' t o c e r t i f y
chat t h e r e v i s i o n q u e s t i o n c a r r i e d . 1 11'
There a r e two Montana c a s e s c o n s t r u i n g t h e e l e c t i o n pro-
v i s i o n s o f t h e c u r r e n t C o n s t i t u t i o n concerning v o t i n g on bond
elections. I n T i n k e l v. G r i f f i n , (1902), 26 Mont. 426,431, 68 P.
559, t h e Supreme Court had b e f o r e i t a v o t e i n Flathead County
Eor t h e b u i l d i n g of a new county courthouse and j a i l . The county
commissioners had r e g u l a r l y submitted t o t h e v o t e r s t h e m a t t e r
af t h e loan. That e l e c t i o n was h e l d under A r t i c l e X I I I , S e c t i o n
5 , o f t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n which c o n t a i n s t h e following language:
"* ?';; No county s h a l l i n c u r any indebtedness
o r l i a b i l i t y f o r any s i n g l e purpose t o an
amount exceeding t e n thousand d o l l a r s ($10,000)
without t h e approval of a m a j o r i t y of t h e
e l e c t o r s t h e r e o f v o t i n g a t an e l e c t i o n t o be
provided by law. ?I
T h i s language i s somewhat d i f f e r e n t than t h e language i n S e c t i o n s
8 and 9 , A r t i c l e X I X , of t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n . The q u e s t i o n a r o s e a s
to what c o n s t i t u t e d a m a j o r i t y of f h e e l e c t o r s of t h e county v o t i n g .
The Court pointed o u t t h a t t h e e l e c t i o n could have been h e l d by
i t s e l f o r a t any time. A s a consequence, t h e m a j o r i t y of t h e e l e c t o r s
v o t i n g a t t h e e l e c t i o n t o be provided by law would be only t h o s e
who voted on t h e bonds themselves.
The Supreme Court t r e a t e d t h e e l e c t i o n on bonding t h e
county a s a s p e c i a l e l e c t i o n , although i t was h e l d a t t h e same
time a s t h e g e n e r a l e l e c t i o n . Thus t h e r e were two e l e c t i o n s t h e
same day. The Court i n T i n k e l s a i d t h i s :
" ~ appears t h a t t h e h i g h e s t number of v o t e s
t
c a s t f o r any o f f i c e voted upon a t t h e e l e c t i o n
was 2,400, t h a t 1,000 were c a s t i n f a v o r of
t h e i s s u a n c e of t h e bonds, and t h a t 462 were
c a s t a g a i n s t i t . It t h u s c l e a r l y a p p e a r s , counsel
say, t h a t t h e proposition did not receive a majorlty
of t h e e l e c t o r s v o t i n g , w i t h i n t h e meaning of S e c t i o n
5 , A r t i c l e X I I I , of t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n .
"1t w i l l be observed t h a t t h e requirement i s t h a t
t h e approval must be by a m a j o r i t y of t h e e l e c t o r s
of t h e county v o t i n g , n o t a t a g e n e r a l e l e c t i o n ,
b u t a t an e l e c t i o n t o be provided by law,
I1
As we have seen, such a n e l e c t i o n h a s been provided
by law t o be h e l d a t any time i t may be deemed neces-
s a r y by t h e board of commissioners, I t happens, a l s o ,
t h a t t h e manner of holding i t i s t h e same a s t h a t pre-
s c r i b e d f o r g e n e r a l e l e c t i o n s . Thus i t nay, w i t h
p e r f e c t p r o p r i e t y , be h e l d a t t h e same time a t which
a general election i s held; but the f a c t t h a t t h i s
i s t h e c a s e does n o t r e q u i r e a d i f f e r e n t s t a n d a r d of
e s t i m a t i n g t h e maj o r i t y n e c e s s a r y from t h a t which
would govern i f t h e e l e c t i o n i s h e l d on a d i f f e r e n t
day. The e v i d e n t meaning of t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n i s t h a t
t h e approval must be t h e r e s u l t of a n e x p r e s s i o n of
a m a j o r i t y of t h o s e v o t i n g , The e x p r e s s i o n ' m a j o r i t y
of t h e e l e c t o r s t h e r e o f v o t i n g a t a n e l e c t i o n , 1 e t c . ,
c l e a r l y means a m a j o r i t y of t h o s e who v o t e , and n o t
a m a j o r i t y of a l l t h e e l e c t o r s of t h e county, o r of
t h o s e who v o t e upon any o t h e r i s s u e a t t h e same o r
some o t h e r time. I f t h e e l e c t i o n on t h e i s s u e of a
loan had been upon a n o t h e r day, t h e r e would have
been no q u e s t i o n b u t t h a t i t would have had a m a j o r i t y
of t h e e l e c t o r s of t h e county who voted. It was none
t h e l e s s a s p e c i a l e l e c t i o n , w i t h i n t h e meaning of
t h e law, though i n t h i s p a r t i c u l a r i n s t a n c e i t was
h e l d , f o r convenience, on t h e day f i x e d f o r a g e n e r a l
election. It
The Court f e l t t h a t only t h o s e who voted on t h e bond i s s u e
should have been counted i n determining whether a m a j o r i t y voted
f o r o r a g a i n s t t h e bonds. W have no argument w i t h t h a t philosophy.
e
The same argument i s a p p l i c a b l e t o t h e c a s e a t b a r because t h e t o t a l
number of v o t e s f o r t h e proposed c o n s t i t u t i o n may have been l e s s
than a m a j o r i t y of t h o s e who voted on t h a t s e p a r a t e i s s u e .
T i n k e l was followed by Morse v. G r a n i t e County, (1911), 44
Mont, 78, 95, 119 P, 286. There, t h e county commissioners c a l l e d
a n e l e c t i o n t o submit t o t h e v o t e r s t h e m a t t e r of borrowing
$50,000 t o b u i l d a courthouse. The d i s t r i c t c o u r t of G r a n i t e County
r u l e d i n t e r a l i a t h a t not s u f f i c i e n t v o t e r s had voted i n f a v o r of
t h e bond and h e l d t h e bond i s s u e v o i d and ordered a n i n j u n c t i o n t o
issue. The Court c i t e d T i n k e l w i t h approval:
11 f
The e v i d e n t meaning of t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n i s t h a t
t h e approval must be t h e r e s u l t of an e x p r e s s i o n
of a m a j o r i t y of t h o s e v o t i n g . The e x p r e s s i o n
1I
m a j o r i t y of t h e e l e c t o r s t h e r e o f v o t i n g a t an
e l e c t i o n , 11 e t c . , c l e a r l y means a m a j o r i t y of t h o s e
who v o t e , and n o t a m a j o r i t y of a l l t h e e l e c t o r s of
t h e county, o r of t h o s e who v o t e upon any o t h e r
i s s u e a t t h e same o r some o t h e r time. 1 1 1
The Court t h e n went on t o say t h a t t h e laws and t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n
should b e so i n t e r p r e t e d a s t o become u s e f u l . A m a j o r i t y of t h e
e l e c t o r s who voted a t t h e e l e c t i o n on June 6 , 1972, may n o t have
voted - t h e proposed c o n s t i t u t i o n , t h e same a s t h e Court h e l d i n
for
t h e two Montana c a s e s j u s t c i t e d .
W would f i n d then t h a t " p o s i t i v e a s s e n t " i s t h e same a s
e
1I
a m a j o r i t y of t h e e l e c t o r s v o t i n g a t t h e e l e c t i o n " . This p o s i t i v e
a s s e n t i s r e f e r r e d t o by many w r i t e r s and c o u r t s a s an e x t r a o r d i n a r y
m j o r it y
a .
The q u e s t i o n i n t h e i n s t a n t c a s e i s a m a j o r i t y of what
group? C l e a r l y , t h a t of " e l e c t o r s v o t i n g a t t h e e l e c t i o n " i s
required, What t h a t means under t h e f a c t s h e r e i s t h e problem.
As r e l a t e d h e r e t o f o r e , t h e r e l a t o r s ' p o s i t i o n i s simply
t h a t t h e S e c r e t a r y of s t a t e ' s c e r t i f i e d number v o t i n g i s 237,600
and t h a t answers the q u e s t i o n .
But does i t ?
1I
The respondent says simply t h a t t h e group voting a t the
e l e c t i o n 1 ' i s confined t o t h o s e v o t i n g on i s s u e ?/ I , o r a s he p u t s i t
t h e "main i s s u e " and t h a t answers t h e q u e s t i o n .
But does i t ?
W should then a t t e m p t t o analyze t h e f i g u r e c e r t i f i e d by
e
t h e S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e . The S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e r e c i t e d t h a t h e had
--C . I
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. I
ed Constitrriion
ELECTIO:.: I : 3 R THC CATIFICATION OR REJECTION OF TI4E
F
PROPOSALS O THE CONSiITUTIOMAL CON\'ENTION, JUNE 6, 1972
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of ............ .......................-............... .1972. nt t!tl- lwur of ......... 1 .
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sarr C'ounty Clrrl; nnd flcrl; of sq,?id 13onrd of
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........_.
Scrrc,tnv of St ntc.
Coul;ty Cnnvnsers of .................-....-......-
C o u n t ~ Ststc of Yontrrnn.
,
Ily ........-.....................-...................... ........................... l)cp11t\.
_ _. -_ .--.-
.-. ^-.-.
---- -
From t h e S e c r e t a r y of s t a t e ' s c e r t i f i c a t e of canvass i t
i s ~ b v i o u st h a t some e l e c t o r s d i d n o t v o t e f o r o r a g a i n s t a l l
22 t h e i s s u e s on t h e b a l l o t . A t o t a l of 230,298 e l e c t o r s voted
~ i the
l f i r s t i s s u e , 217,684 e l e c t o r s voted on t h e second i s s u e ,
228,125 e l e c t o r s voted on t h e t h i r d i s s u e , and 224,756 e l e c t o r s
voted on t h e f o u r t h i s s u e . The t o t a l number of e l e c t o r s v o t i n g was
, 2 e r t i f i e d a s 237,600. I n a compilation of v o t e s by c o u n t i e s
prepared by t h e S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e from t h e a b s t r a c t s , on i s s u e
#3 t h e r e were 18 c o u n t i e s which had more v o t e s than on i s s u e #I,
by a t o t a l of 290 v o t e s . This f a c t , , s t a n d i n g a l o n e , demonstrates
c o n c l u s i v e l y t h a t e l e c t o r s voted on t h e b a l l o t (thus a t t h e e l e c t i o n )
b u t d i d n o t a l l v o t e on i s s u e #1. But of t h e 7,302 v o t e s d i f f e r e n c e
between t h e number v o t i n g on i s s u e /I1 and t h e t o t a l number c e r t i f i e d
a s v o t i n g a t t h e e l e c t i o n , i t i s impossible on t h e r e c o r d b e f o r e
us t o determine how many of t h a t number a r e a c t u a l v o t e s c a s t o r
j u s t b a l l o t s issued. I n o t h e r words, does 237,600 r e p r e s e n t a
nec v o t i n g f i g u r e o r a g r o s s f i g u r e of t h o s e r e c e i v i n g b a l l o t s ?
S e c t i o n 23-4002(4), R.Ce1f. 1947, provides:
"A b a l l o t which i s n o t endorsed by t h e o f f i c i a l
scamp i s void and s h a l l n o t be counted. A b a l l o t
o r p a r t of a b a l l o t i s void and sh.all n o t be counted
i f t h e e l e c t o r ' s c h o i c e cannot be determined. I f a
p a r t of a b a l l o t i s s u f f i c i e n t l y p l a i n t o determine
t h e e l e c t o r ' s i n t e n t i o n , t h e e l e c t i o n judges s h a l l
count t h a t p a r t . 11
i t i s c l e a r t h a t t h e "number voting" should be t h e n e t
figure. F u r t h e r proof of t h i s statement can be found by examining
the v o t i n g process under our s t a t u t e s . Since t h e g e n e r a l e l e c t i o n
laws a r e t o be followed, s e c t i o n s 23-3601 through 23-3618, R.C.M.
1947, s e t t h e procedure f o r v o t i n g . The v o t i n g on t h e proposed
c o n s t i t u t i o n was t r e a t e d as a s p e c i a l e l e c t i o n and s p e c i a l p o l l
books were kept on t h e v o t i n g . S e c t i o n 23-3610 provides t h a t t h e
p e r s o n ' s name must be recorded i n t h e p o l l book a s he voted;
provides f o r che keeping of r e c o r d s f o r t h e l i s t of a l l v o t e r s
who v o t e d , and a c e r t i f i c a t i o n by each p r e c i n c t a s t o tirho voted;
and provides t h a t t h e c l e r k of e l e c t i o n s s h a l l keep a l i s t o f
persons v o t i n g . The name of each person who v o t e s must be e n t e r e d
hereon and numbered i n t h e o r d e r v o t i n g . Such l i s t i s lcnown a s
and r e c o r d e r
t h e p o l l book. From t h e s e p o l l books each county clerk,/should
know e x a c t l y how many persons voted on t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n . I f the
o E f i c i a l s followed t h e law, s e c t i o n 23-3605 provides t h a t unmarked
b a l l o t s should be r e t u r n e d t o t h e e l e c t i o n judges. S e c t i o n 23-
3606 provides t h a t a v o t e r s h a l l r e c e i v e a new b a l l o t f o r a s p o i l e d
one.
A s t o t h e counting and canvassing of t h e count, s e c t i o n s
23-4001 through 23-4019, R.C.Pf, 1947, make t h e p r o v i s i o n s . Section
23-4002 provides f o r a method of h a n d l i n g s p o i l e d o r voided b a l l o t s
and f o r an a c t u a l t a l l y of t h e number of v o t e r s who c a s t b a l l o t s .
I f t h e p r o v i s i o n s of t h e law were followed m e t i c u l o u s l y , t h e
number of v o t e s counted would be a l l good b a l l o t s and r e s u l t i n
a net figure.
O t h e o t h e r hand, we have p r e v i o u s l y s e t f o r t h i n f u l l
n
t h e Secretary of s t a t e ' s d i r e c t i v e o r i n s t r u c t i o n s dated June 2 ,
11
1972. There he s t a t e s : I n preparing ik ;k ik the abstracts 9
: ;k 9
:
( I ) Check a l l t o t a l s a g a i n s t p r e c i n c t e n t r i e s . f
: 9
: i'i(4) I t i s v e r y
important t h a t you e n t e r t h e t o t a l number of e l e c t o r s who a r e
l i s t e d on t h e p o l l books f o r t h e s e p a r a t e e l e c t i o n on t h e proposed
c o n s t i t u t i o n on t h e f r o n t of he a b s t r a c t book f o r t h a t e l - e c t i o n .
P l e a s e check t h i s f i g u r e c a r e f u l l y f o r accuracy. i
\ 9
: ""
n
Note t h e underlined i n s t r u c t i o n s - - - - e l e c t o r s l i s t e d . Is
t h a t c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e f i g u r e r e q u i r e d by t h e s t a t u t e s , e l e c t o r s
who voted a v a l i d b a l l o t a f t e r t h e t a l l y of he p o l l books was
adjusted?
W were a s s u r e d when we assumed j u r i s d i c t i o n of t h i s
e
iiiatter t h a t - f a c t u a l d i s p u t e e x i s t e d .
no Yet, t h e overn nor's answer
admits t h e a l l e g a t i o n of t h e p e t i t i o n t h a t 237,600 e l e c t o r s voted
a t the s p e c i a l e l e c t i o n and then f i l e s with h i s b r i e f , through
the Attorney General, an a f f i d a v i t of himself, the Secretary of
S t a t e , and t h e S t a t e Treasurer, c o n s t i t u t i n g the s t a t e canvassing
board, whick a s s e r t s t h a t the figure 237,600 was the t o t a l number
receiving b a l l o t s plus absentees, thus a gross f i g u r e r a t h e r than
a net f i g u r e a s i s seemingly admitted i n the answer. This pre-
sents a fact issue as disc~lssedbefore---in f a c t the c r i t i c a l ,
c o n t r o l l i n g f a c t figure.
&mining the t a b u l a t i o n by counties of the two separate
e l e c t i o n s held on the same day and judged, counted, and canvassed
by the same e l e c t i o n o f f i c i a l s , i t appears t h a t i n the primary
e l e c t i o n a t o t a l of 238,215 votes were c a s t , while i n the s p e c i a l
c o n s t i t u t i o n a l e l e c t i o n 237,600 votes were c a s t . O u t of those
t o t a l votes c a s t , 24 counties show differences between the primary
and s p e c i a l e l e c t i o n t o t a l s , while, s i g n i f i c a n t l y , 32 counties
show i d e n t i c a l t o t a l s ! Using one example, i n Lewis and Clark
County, the s e a t of the S t a t e Capitol, 13,867 votes were c a s t i n
the primary and 13,867 votes were c a s t i n the special. Can these
be possible net f i g u r e s ? Was n a t a' s i n g l e b a l l o t mutilated or
voided f o r some reason i n one or the other election?
O r taking another example from Beaverhead County, t h e f i r s t
county l i s t e d a l p h a b e t i c a l l y , the t o t a l votes c a s t i n the two
separate e l e c t i o n s i s recorded a s 2,832, i d e n t i c a l i n each. Yet
i n the p a r t i s a n races f o r nominations t o the United S t a t e s Senate
where two men, including incumbent Senator Metcalf, vied f o r the
Democratic nomination and four men vied f o r the Republican nomina-
t i o n , a t o t a l o f 2,392 votes was t a l l i e d . 441 voters e i t h e r d i d
not vote a t a l l on t h a t important race o r t h e i r b a l l o t s were not
properly accounted f o r . I n t h a t same county with nine candidates
running f o r the nomination f o r governor, a t o t a l of 2,686 votes c a s t
was t a l l i e d . 146 votes reported a s voting on t h a t important o f f i c e
were not accounted f o r but s i g n i f i c a n t l y 295 more voters expressed
a p r e f e r e n c e h e r e than i n t h e s e n a t o r i a l r a c e . This example
demonstrates t h a t v o t e r s do n o t v o t e on a l l o f f i c e s o r a l l
i s s u e s , b u t n e v e r t h e l e s s do v o t e , and t h e t o t a l number of e l e c t o r s
v o t i n g a t an e l e c t i o n cannot be measured by a s i n g l e i s s u e o r
office i n that particular election.
These q u e s t i o n s pose o t h e r q u e s t i o n s . Did t h e p r e c i n c t
and county e l e c t i o n o f f i c i a l s follow t h e e l e c t i o n laws by ad-
j u s t i n g o r balancing t h e i r p o l l books w i t h t h e v a l i d b a l l o t s ?
O r , d i d they follow t h e S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e ' s i n s t r u c t i o n s by
i n s e r t i n g t h e number of e l e c t o r s l i s t e d i n t h e i r p o l l boolcs?
I t a p p e a r s beyond a doubt t h a t some p r e c i n c t s and some c o u n t i e s
d i d i t each tiray! TITUSt h e f i g u r e of 237,600 c e r t i f i e d by t h e
S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e l i k e l y r e f l e c t s a combination among c o u n t i e s
of n e t and g r o s s f i g u r e s . It i s a c r i t i c a l f a c t question t h a t
no analysj-s s h o r t of a recanvass by p r e c i n c t can answer.
It i s noted h e r e t h a t no suggestion of f r a u d , bad f a i t h ,
i r r e g u l a r i t y o r anything of t h a t n a t u r e h a s been r e p o r t e d o r
urged i n any of t h e 981 p r e c i n c t s i n t h e e n t i r e s t a t e . That t h e
election result on t h e proposed c o n s t i t u t i o n was c l o s e i s s e l f -
apparent----a d i f f e r e n c e of only 2 , 5 3 2 v o t e s , The proposed con-
s t i t u t i o n was approved i n 12 c o u n t i e s and d e f e a t e d i n 44 c o u n t i e s ,
Would a recanvass a f f e c t t h e r e s u l t ? Who knows, w i t h o u t t h e
c o r r e c t f i g u r e i n t h e formula?
The foregoing should pose a dilemma f o r t h i s Court. We
a r e aware t h a t t h e b r i e f s argue on burden of proof and presumptions
of law. Each s i d e a p p l i e s t h e s e l e g a l arguments t o prove its
position. But from our previous d i s c u s s i o n i t i s c l e a r t h a t t o
change such a b a s i c document a s our C o n s t i t u t i o n , a c l e a r c u t w i l l
of t h e people expressed w i t h i n t h e r u l e s l a i d o u t i n A r t i c l e X I X ,
S e c t i o n 8 , i s mandatory and should n o t r e s t on t h e n i c e t i e s and
s u b t l e t i e s of t h e r u l e s on burden of proof and presumptions of law.
W a r e h e r e concerned w i t h h a r d , c o l d , mathematical f a c t s which
e
can be determined. This Court h a s t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y t o s e e t h a t
t h e f a c t s a r e determined.
We would find that the only solution to this problem is to
grant a writ of mandamus to compel a recanvass by precinct of the
votes cast in the June 2, 1972 election. A canvassing board cannot
evade its duties by adjourning without taking the action required
by law, and mandamus lies to compel its members to reassemble and
perform their duty. A partial or incomplete canvass is viewed in
the same manner as a total failure to make a canvass in the first
instance, and a writ may issue to compel the board to reassemble
and make a complete and accurate canvass of all the returns. This
is supported by ample statutory and case law.
In this analysis the first point that must be considered
is the statutory law. Sections 23-4007 and 23-4008, R.C.M. 1947,
state:
"23-4007. Disposition of items by registrar. ( )1
When the registrar receives the packages or envelopes,
he shall file those containing the ballots voted and
detached stubs and the unused ballots and keep them
unopened for twelve (12) months. After twelve (12)
months, if there is no contest begun in a court or
no recount, he shall burn the envelopes without opening
them or examining their contents.
"(2) The registrar shall file the envelopes or
packages containing the precinct registers, certifi-
cates of registration, pollbooks, tally sheets, and
oaths of election officers. He shall keep them un-
opened until the commissioners meet to canvass the
returns. The commissioners shall open the envelopes
or packages.
" ( 3 ) Immediately after the returns are canvassed,
the registrar shall file the pollbooks, election
records, and the papers delivered to the commissioners. "
"23-4008, Disposition of items in event of contest.
If there is a contest within twelve (12) months, the
registrar shall keep the envelopes or packages unopened
until the contest is finally determined and then destroy
them. If the court h a s m t o d y of the envelopes or pack-
ages as evidence, they are in the custody of the court
and the registrar shall not destroy them."
There is no dispute that the issue before the Court is an
election contest. Did the proposed constitution pass or fail?
This contest was filed in this Court and the above cited statutes
explicitly and implicitly grant the Court the authority to compel
a reexamination o f t h e o r i g i n a l canvass i n . ~ r d e rco determine
Zhe e x a c t number of v o t e s , b o t h g r o s s and n e t , t h a t were c a s t
It
"for" o r a g a i n s t " t h e proposed c o n s t i t u t i o n .
W r e c o g n i z e t h e argument t h a t t h e time f o r a r e c o u n t
e
ias 2xpired. However, t h e l e g i s l a t u r e h a s provided e x a c t i n s t r u c -
cions by which a r e c o u n t may be h e l d , and t h i s Court r e a d i l y
submits t o t h o s e i n s t r u c t i o n s .
The l e g i s l a t u r e h a s provided f o r t h e r e t e n t i o n of b a l l o t s
f o r a period of 12 months i n t h e event a d i s p u t e may a r i s e a s t o
t h e e x a c t outcome of a given e l e c t i o n . T h i s i s t h e c a s e a t hand,
t h e r e f o r e , t h e r e q u i s i t e power and means e x i s t f o r a r e c a n v a s s i n g
o f t h e June 2 , 1972, s p e c i a l e l e c t i o n , i n o r d e r t o determine t h e
II
nxact number of e l e c t o r s v o t i n g f o r " o r "against" i n that election.
A recanvass i s n o t a new o r unusual remedy. In S t a t e
ex r e l . Lynch v. B a t a n i , 103 Mont 353, 362, 62 P.2d 565, we
stated:
"we t h i n k what t h e c o u r t s a i d i n t h e s i m i l a r c a s e
of Capper v . Anderson, 88 Kan. 385, 128 Pac. 207,
i s applicable here.
1
here i t was r e c o r d e d : A canvassing board, i n
a s c e r t a i n i n g and r e g i s t e r i n g t h e e f f e c t of t h e
r e t u r n s , a c t s i n a purely m i n i s t e r i a l capacity,
and i s s u b j e c t t o c o n t r o l by mandamus. **
The power t o compel a canvass i m p l i e s t h e power
t o compel a c o r r e c t one. A m i n i s t e r i a l duty wrongly
performed i s n o t performed a t a l l . The c o r r e c t i o n
of an erroneous computation c a n , of c o u r s e , be
compelled by a c o u r t . The m i s t a k e s h e r e complained
of a r e s u b s t a n t i a l l y of t h a t c h a r a c t e r . They con-
s i s t of t r e a t i n g t h e f a c e of t h e p o l l books and
t a l l y s h e e t s a s i n d i c a t i n g a r e s u l t which a proper
c o n s i d e r a t i o n of t h e e n t i r e document shows beyond
a q u e s t i o n t o be wrong. Whatever might be t h e r u l e
i n a s i t u a t i o n a d m i t t i n g of a s u b s t a n t i a l d i f f e r e n c e
o f o p i n i o n , when a c o u r t can determine w i t h c e r t a i n t y
t h a t t h e p o l l books and t a l l y s h e e t s show a c e r t a i n
number of v o t e s t o have been c a s t and counted f o r a
p a r t i c u l a r c a n d i d a t e , i t can r e q u i r e a board of
c a n v a s s e r s t o g i v e proper e f f e c t t o t h a t determina-
c i o n . 11
Sase law from o t h e r j u r i s d i c t i o n s s u p p o r t s t h e p r i n c i p l e
expressed i n Lynch. The f o l l o w i n g c a s e s s t a n d f o r t h e s i n g l e
p r o p o s i t i o n t h a t a board of c a n v a s s e r s can be reconvened t o
c o r r e c t l y , a c c u r a t e l y , and t r u l y a s c e r t a i n t h e r e s u l t of an
election. S t a t e v . M i l l s , 132 W.Va.580, 53 S.E.2d 416; Eaton
v . County Court of C a b e l l County, 140 W.Va. 498, 85 S.E.2d 648;
Kane v . R e g i s t r a r s of Voters of F a l l R i v e r , 328 Mass. 511, 105
N.E.2d 212; Dotson v. R i t c h i e , 211 Ark. 789, 202 S.W.2d 603;
Mahoney v . Board of S u p e r v i s o r s of E l e c t i o n s , 205 Md. 325, 108
A.2d 143; S t a t e v. County Court of Logan County, 145 W.Va. 581,
116 S.E.2d 125; and S t a t e v . Mercer County Court, 129 W.Va. 584,
4 1 S.E.2d 855. The l i s t i s e n d l e s s , b u t t h e simple p r o p o s i t i o n
e x i s t s t h a t t h i s Court h a s t h e power through t h e s t a t u t e s h e r e t o -
f o r e c i t e d , and t h e means, through t h e g r a n t i n g of a w r i t , t o
o r d e r a r e c a n v a s s of t h e p r e c i n c t s of Montana t o determine t h e
t o t a l number v o t i n g a t t h e s p e c i a l e l e c t i o n on t h e proposed
constitution.
W would o r d e r t h e S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e t o immediately t a k e
e
a c t i o n by i s s u i n g i n s t r u c t i o n s t o t h e f i f t y - s i x county c l e r k and
r e c o r d e r s i n Montana t o conduct a r e c a n v a s s by p r e c i n c t t o b a l a n c e
t h e p o l l books w i t h t h e v a l i d b a l l o t s t o determine t h e t o t a l number
of e l e c t o r s v o t i n g a t t h e s p e c i a l e l e c t i o n .
I n f i l i n g t h e f o r e g o i n g d i s s e n t , we r e c o g n i z e t h e f u t i l i t y
of i t . By a t h r e e t o two v o t e t h i s Court i s d e c l a r i n g a new
majority
c o n s t i t u t i o n t o have been adopted. W b e l i e v e t h e l a p i n i o n t o be
e
wrong; and t h e r e f o r e dis.sent.
W a r e aware t h a t under our proposed s o l u t i o n a r e c a n v a s s
e
might r e v e a l t h e same r e s u l t ; t h a t i s , t h a t i t would show a m a j o r i t y
of t h o s e v o t i n g a t t h e e l e c t i o n d i d approve. I f t h a t were t o o c c u r ,