IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF IDAHO
Docket No. 36366
STATE OF IDAHO, )
) 2010 Opinion No. 50
Plaintiff-Respondent, )
) Filed: July 22, 2010
v. )
) Stephen W. Kenyon, Clerk
TRENT M.G. PETERSEN, )
)
Defendant-Appellant. )
)
Appeal from the District Court of the Fourth Judicial District, State of Idaho,
Elmore County. Hon. Michael E. Wetherell, District Judge.
Order relinquishing jurisdiction, affirmed.
Molly J. Huskey, State Appellate Public Defender; Mark J. Ackley, Deputy
Appellate Public Defender, Boise, for appellant.
Hon. Lawrence G. Wasden, Attorney General; Kenneth K. Jorgensen, Deputy
Attorney General, Boise, for respondent.
______________________________________________
MELANSON, Judge
Trent M.G. Petersen appeals from the district court’s order relinquishing jurisdiction. For
the reasons set forth below, we affirm.
I.
FACTS AND PROCEDURE
Petersen pled guilty to issuing insufficient fund checks. I.C. § 18-3106(b). On
August 18, 2008, the district court sentenced Petersen to a unified term of three years, with a
minimum period of confinement of one year. However, the district court retained jurisdiction for
180 days pursuant to I.C. § 19-2601(4).1 The district court ordered that Petersen be committed to
the custody of the county sheriff for delivery within seven days to the Idaho State Board of
Correction. Petersen was not delivered to the Board or transported to the rider facility but was
transported to another county for disposition of other pending charges.
1
The retained jurisdiction program is also commonly referred to as the “rider.”
1
On February 25, 2009, 190 days after retaining jurisdiction, the district court issued an
order extending its jurisdiction in the case by thirty days. The court determined that it needed
more time to properly dispose of the matter because Petersen had not been transported to the
rider facility. However, after a hearing, the district court concluded that it did not have the
authority under I.C. § 19-2601(4) to issue the order extending its jurisdiction because the order
was issued after the expiration of the 180-day time period. The court then entered an order
relinquishing jurisdiction, and Petersen was remanded to the custody of the Board for execution
of his original sentence. Petersen filed an I.C.R. 35 motion for reduction of his sentence, which
the district court denied. Petersen appeals.
II.
ANALYSIS
Petersen argues that the district court erred because it incorrectly interpreted I.C. § 19-
2601(4) to require that the thirty-day extension be ordered prior to the expiration of the 180-day
period of retained jurisdiction. Further, Petersen contends that the district court abused its
discretion when it relinquished jurisdiction because the 180-day period of jurisdiction had not
began to run, as Petersen was never physically placed into the custody of the Board.
Alternatively, Petersen asserts that, even if the district court did not have jurisdiction under the
statute, it possessed inherent authority under the Idaho Constitution to place Petersen on
probation.
A. Jurisdiction Under I.C. § 19-2601(4)
Petersen argues that the district court’s interpretation of I.C. § 19-2601(4) was in error.
This Court exercises free review over the application and construction of statutes. State v. Reyes,
139 Idaho 502, 505, 80 P.3d 1103, 1106 (Ct. App. 2003). Where the language of a statute is
plain and unambiguous, this Court must give effect to the statute as written, without engaging in
statutory construction. State v. Rhode, 133 Idaho 459, 462, 988 P.2d 685, 688 (1999); State v.
Burnight, 132 Idaho 654, 659, 978 P.2d 214, 219 (1999); State v. Escobar, 134 Idaho 387, 389, 3
P.3d 65, 67 (Ct. App. 2000). The language of the statute is to be given its plain, obvious, and
rational meaning. Burnight, 132 Idaho at 659, 978 P.2d at 219. If the language is clear and
unambiguous, there is no occasion for the court to resort to legislative history or rules of
statutory interpretation. Escobar, 134 Idaho at 389, 3 P.3d at 67. When this Court must engage
in statutory construction, it has the duty to ascertain the legislative intent and give effect to that
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intent. Rhode, 133 Idaho at 462, 988 P.2d at 688. To ascertain the intent of the legislature, not
only must the literal words of the statute be examined, but also the context of those words, the
public policy behind the statute and its legislative history. Id. It is incumbent upon a court to
give a statute an interpretation which will not render it a nullity. State v. Beard, 135 Idaho 641,
646, 22 P.3d 116, 121 (Ct. App. 2001). Constructions of a statute that would lead to an absurd
result are disfavored. State v. Doe, 140 Idaho 271, 275, 92 P.3d 521, 525 (2004); State v. Yager,
139 Idaho 680, 690, 85 P.3d 656, 666 (2004).
Idaho Code Section 19-2601(4) states in part that, whenever any person pleads guilty to a
crime (except treason or murder), the district court in its discretion may:
Suspend the execution of the judgment at any time during the first one
hundred eighty (180) days of a sentence to the custody of the state board of
correction. The court shall retain jurisdiction over the prisoner for the first one
hundred eighty (180) days or, if the prisoner is a juvenile, until the juvenile
reaches twenty-one (21) years of age. The prisoner will remain committed to the
board of correction if not affirmatively placed on probation by the court. In
extraordinary circumstances, where the court concludes that it is unable to obtain
and evaluate the relevant information within the one hundred eighty (180) day
period of retained jurisdiction, or where the court concludes that a hearing is
required and is unable to obtain the defendant’s presence for such a hearing
within such period, the court may decide whether to place the defendant on
probation or release jurisdiction within a reasonable time, not to exceed thirty
(30) days, after the one hundred eighty (180) day period of retained jurisdiction
has expired.
(Emphasis added).
Typically, a court’s jurisdiction ends once the court orders a defendant into the custody of
the Board.2 State v. Williams, 126 Idaho 39, 43, 878 P.2d 213, 217 (Ct. App. 1994). Yet, if the
district court suspends a sentence and places a defendant on probation, the court maintains
jurisdiction until the period of probation expires. Id. at 44, 878 P.2d at 218. Under I.C. § 19-
2601(4), a court may also retain jurisdiction after a sentence has been pronounced. The principal
purpose of retained jurisdiction is to evaluate the defendant for his or her receptiveness to
2
After a defendant is placed into the custody of the Board, the court maintains jurisdiction
to consider a Rule 35 motion for reduction of sentence. See State v. Williams, 126 Idaho 39, 43,
878 P.2d 213, 217 (Ct. App. 1994). Also, it is well recognized in Idaho law that the court has
inherent power to set aside a judgment that was obtained by fraud. See State v. Griffith, 140
Idaho 616, 618-19, 97 P.3d 483, 485-86 (Ct. App. 2004).
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rehabilitation or probation. State v. Diggie, 140 Idaho 238, 240, 91 P.3d 1142, 1144 (Ct. App.
2004). During the period of retained jurisdiction, the district court shares jurisdiction with the
Board. Williams, 126 Idaho at 44, 878 P.2d at 218. However, the court’s jurisdiction lapses at
the end of the 180-day period, before which time the court must decide whether to grant
probation or relinquish jurisdiction and execute the defendant’s original sentence. If the district
court does not affirmatively grant probation, the defendant remains committed to the Board. In
2005, the legislature carved out an exception to this rule by amending I.C. § 19-2601(4) to allow
the district court, in extraordinary circumstances, to take up to an additional thirty days to
determine whether or not to place a defendant on probation at the end of the 180-day period of
retained jurisdiction.
In this case, ten days after the 180-day period expired, the district court determined that
extraordinary circumstances existed and ordered an extension of thirty days to decide whether
probation was appropriate for Petersen. After a hearing during which the court heard additional
argument on its authority to extend jurisdiction, the district court interpreted I.C. § 19-2601(4) to
mean that a court must order the thirty-day extension prior to the expiration of the 180-day
period of retained jurisdiction. The district court then concluded that it was acting without
authority when it ordered the thirty-day extension 190 days after it originally placed Petersen on
the rider. As such, the district court determined that it had lost jurisdiction to grant Petersen
probation and remanded Petersen to the custody of the Board for execution of his original
sentence.
Petersen contends that, as long as the court determines that extraordinary circumstances
exist within 210 days after the court retains jurisdiction, it is acting within its authority. In
support of this argument, Petersen relies upon our decision in Diggie. In that case, this Court
held that a court loses jurisdiction over a defendant when the 180-day period of retained
jurisdiction expires. Diggie, 140 Idaho at 241, 91 P.3d at 1145. This Court also acknowledged
that, when extraordinary circumstances exist, a court may place a defendant on probation within
a reasonable time after the 180 days have expired. Id. After our decision in Diggie, the
legislature amended I.C. § 19-2601(4) to allow such an extension and to define the reasonable
time allowed for the extension as thirty days. As such, this Court’s statement in Diggie and I.C.
§ 19-2601(4) stand for the same proposition--in extraordinary circumstances, a court may extend
its jurisdiction beyond 180 days. However, the issue in this case is not whether the court
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possesses authority to extend its jurisdiction. Rather, the issue in this case is when that authority
exists--either prior to or after the expiration of the 180-day period of retained jurisdiction.
The plain language of I.C. § 19-2601(4) demonstrates that the court may extend its
jurisdiction by thirty days as long as it does so before the 180 days expire. Specifically, I.C. §
19-2601(4) states in relevant part:
In extraordinary circumstances, where the court concludes that it is unable to
obtain and evaluate the relevant information within the one hundred eighty (180)
day period of retained jurisdiction, or where the court concludes that a hearing is
required and is unable to obtain the defendant’s presence within such a period, the
court may decide whether to place the defendant on probation or release
jurisdiction within a reasonable time, not to exceed thirty (30) days, after the one
hundred eighty (180) day period of retained jurisdiction has expired.
(Emphasis added). The use of the words “is” and “within” signify that the court must conclude
that an extension is necessary and issue an order to that effect during the 180-day period.
Further, as the state asserts, extensions of time similar to the one at issue in this case are
generally allowed only if requested prior to the original deadline. See I.C.R. 45(b)(1). In
addition, any effort by the court to alter a sentence after a defendant has been remanded to the
custody of the Board is an impermissible invasion of the authority of the executive
branch--specifically the Board and the Commission of Pardons and Parole. Williams, 126 Idaho
at 43, 878 P.2d at 217. In this case, while it is unfortunate that the district court was not aware
that Petersen had not been transported to the retained jurisdiction facility prior to the expiration
of the 180 days, we conclude that the court no longer had the authority to order the thirty-day
extension because it did so after the 180-day period of retained jurisdiction had ended. Although
we recognize that this conclusion may produce harsh results for certain defendants, we cannot
say that the district court’s interpretation of I.C. § 19-2601(4) was in error.
B. Commencement of the Retained Jurisdiction Period
Petersen further contends that the district court abused its discretion when it relinquished
jurisdiction because the 180-day period of retained jurisdiction did not begin to run until Petersen
was physically placed into the custody of the Board. Petersen did not raise this issue before the
district court. Generally, issues not raised below may not be considered for the first time on
appeal. State v. Fodge, 121 Idaho 192, 195, 824 P.2d 123, 126 (1992). However, the question of
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jurisdiction is fundamental, and may be brought to the court’s attention at any time. State v.
Lundquist, 134 Idaho 831, 835, 11 P.3d 27, 31 (2000).
Petersen relies upon State v. McGonigal, 122 Idaho 939, 842 P.2d 275 (1992). In that
case, after being sentenced to prison but prior to being physically transported into the Board’s
custody, McGonigal made threatening comments about the district court. In response, the
district court ordered McGonigal back to court and resentenced him to a longer prison term than
originally imposed. The Idaho Supreme Court held that the district court possessed jurisdiction
to resentence McGonigal because he had yet to be physically transported to the Board. Id. at
940, 842 P.2d at 276. Petersen asserts that, because the court in McGonigal maintained its
jurisdiction until the defendant had been physically transported into the custody of the Board, the
same should apply in this case. The facts in McGonigal are distinguishable from the facts of this
case for two reasons. First, the court in McGonigal did not retain jurisdiction after pronouncing
McGonigal’s sentence. Second, as stated above, a district court’s authority to retain jurisdiction
beyond the 180-day period is governed by I.C. § 19-2604(4), which was not at issue in
McGonigal.
We agree with the state’s contention that I.C. § 19-2601(4) allows a court to retain
jurisdiction for the first 180 days of the defendant’s sentence, not for the first 180 days after the
defendant is physically placed into the Board’s custody. A defendant’s sentence begins when it
is imposed by the court. I.C. § 20-209A. As such, the plain language of I.C. § 19-2601(4)
contemplates that the time for the 180-day period of retained jurisdiction begins to run once the
sentence is pronounced, regardless of whether the defendant is transported to the Board
immediately or there is some delay.
C. Constitutional Authority
Petersen argues in the alternative that, even if the district court lost its jurisdiction under
I.C. § 19-2601(4), the court possessed inherent authority to grant Petersen probation pursuant to
Article II3 and Article V4 of the Idaho Constitution. Petersen did not raise this argument before
3
Article II, Section 1 provides:
The powers of the government of this state are divided into three distinct
departments, the legislative, executive and judicial; and no person or collection of
persons charged with the exercise of powers properly belonging to one of these
6
the district court. Generally, issues not raised below may not be considered for the first time on
appeal. Fodge, 121 Idaho at 195, 824 P.2d at 126. Specifically, failure to raise constitutional
issues below is a waiver of the right to raise the issues on appeal. State v. Hadley, 122 Idaho
728, 731, 838 P.2d 331, 334 (Ct. App. 1992). Petersen asserts that the issue of the judiciary’s
inherent powers under the Idaho Constitution was necessarily incorporated into the jurisdictional
issue raised below. This Court disagrees. However, even if we were to determine that this issue
is jurisdictional, Petersen’s argument fails.
Petersen relies upon this Court’s decision in State v. Griffith, 140 Idaho 616, 618, 97 P.2d
483, 485 (Ct. App. 2004), in which we held that, in certain circumstances, a court may reopen
cases after its jurisdiction has expired. Nowhere in our decision in Griffith did we conclude that
a court may reopen a case after the expiration of the 180-day period of retained jurisdiction.
Rather, Griffith specifically dealt with setting aside a judgment obtained by fraud. Fraud has not
been alleged in this case.
Petersen also relies upon the Idaho Supreme Court’s decision in State v. McCoy, 94 Idaho
236, 486 P.2d 247 (1971). In that case, the Court held that it was an inherent power of the
judiciary to suspend the whole or part of a defendant’s sentence. Id. at 240, 486 P.2d at 251.
Petersen urges this Court to expand this holding, arguing that the Idaho Constitution grants the
judiciary inherent authority to suspend a defendant’s sentence at any time. However, this
authority only exists during times when the court maintains jurisdiction over the defendant. See
Williams, 126 Idaho at 44, 878 P.2d at 218.
departments shall exercise any powers properly belonging to either of the others,
except as in this [C]onstitution expressly directed or permitted.
4
Article V, Section 13 provides:
The legislature shall have no power to deprive the judicial department of
any power or jurisdiction which rightly pertains to it as a coordinate department
of the government; but the legislature shall provide a proper system of appeals,
and regulate by law, when necessary, the methods of proceeding in the exercise of
their powers of all the courts below the Supreme Court, so far as the same may be
done without conflict with this Constitution, provided, however, that the
legislature can provide mandatory minimum sentences for any crimes, and any
sentence imposed shall be not less than the mandatory minimum sentence so
provided. Any mandatory minimum sentences so imposed shall not be reduced.
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If we were to conclude that a court may at any time suspend a defendant’s sentence,
especially after the sentence is imposed and the defendant is remanded to the custody of the
Board, the time limitation contained in statutes like the one at issue in this case would be
rendered meaningless. Further, the Idaho Constitution does not grant the judiciary perpetual
jurisdiction over a defendant to adjust, amend, or suspend a sentence. As such, Petersen’s
argument is without merit.
III.
CONCLUSION
The plain language of I.C. § 19-2601(4) requires that the thirty-day extension must be
ordered by the district court within the 180-day time period of retained jurisdiction. Further, the
180-day time period of retained jurisdiction begins to run when the sentence is imposed, despite
whether the defendant is transported immediately to the rider facility or if there is some delay. In
addition, Petersen’s argument that the district court possesses the inherent power to suspend a
defendant’s sentence at any time was not raised below and is without merit. Therefore, Petersen
has failed to show that the district court abused its discretion by relinquishing jurisdiction and
ordering execution of Petersen’s original sentence. Accordingly, the district court’s order is
affirmed.
Judge GUTIERREZ and Judge GRATTON, CONCUR.
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