If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.
STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
C-SPINE ORTHOPEDICS, PLLC, UNPUBLISHED
February 9, 2023
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v No. 358773
Macomb Circuit Court
PROGRESSIVE MARATHON INSURANCE LC No. 2020-002250-NF
COMPANY,
Defendant-Appellee.
Before: GLEICHER, C.J., and SERVITTO and YATES, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
The legal issue now before us was recently decided in the nearly factually identical appeal
of C-Spine Orthopedics, PLLC v Progressive Mich Ins Co, ___ Mich App ___; ___ NW2d ___
(2022) (Docket No. 358170) (C-Spine I). Underlying the current appeal, Albert Jackson was
injured in a motor vehicle accident and received treatment from C-Spine Orthopedics, PLLC. C-
Spine filed suit alleging that Progressive Marathon Insurance Company refused to pay its
reasonable charges for necessary care it provided to Jackson. Jackson assigned to C-Spine his
right to seek no-fault personal protection insurance (PIP) benefits from Progressive, and C-Spine
brought this first-party no-fault action under MCL 500.3112, which imbues healthcare providers
with a statutory right to bring a direct cause of action against an insurer “to recover overdue
benefits payable for charges for products, services, or accommodations provided to an injured
person.”
Before filing this suit, however, C-Spine entered into assignment agreements of its own
with several factoring companies. As described in C-Spine I, ___ Mich App at ___, slip op at 2,
“Factoring companies provide financing to businesses with cash flow issues by purchasing
outstanding invoices at a discounted rate.” In exchange for sums paid by the factoring companies,
C-Spine assigned them its rights to bring first-party lawsuits seeking payment of the outstanding
invoice balances, including Jackson’s invoices.
Just as in C-Spine I, ___ Mich App at ___, slip op at 2, “After the lawsuit was filed, C-
Spine and the factoring companies signed counter-assignments and ‘purchase agreement
amendments,’ reinvesting C-Spine with the right to bring suits seeking payment of outstanding
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balances.” At issue is whether C-Spine is entitled to pursue a reimbursement claim against
Progressive despite that when the suit was filed, C-Spine had transferred its interests in Jackson’s
debt to the factoring companies.
Based on C-Spine I, the counter-assignments and purchase agreement amendments permit
C-Spine to maintain its causes of action under MCL 500.3112. Accordingly, we reverse the circuit
court’s contrary judgment and remand for further proceedings.
I. THE RELEVANT FACTS
Albert Jackson accumulated an account balance of $118,878.40 for treatment provided by
C-Spine between November 2019 and early June 2020. C-Spine filed this lawsuit in late June
2020, less than a year after Jackson’s initial encounter with C-Spine. Jackson signed separate
assignment agreements after each visit.
Discovery relating to the factoring company contracts was just as confusing in this case as
is it was in C-Spine I. See C-Spine I, ___ Mich App at ___, slip op at 2. But “[t]hese uncertainties
do not matter legally because we assume that the factoring agreements assigned the entirety of C-
Spine’s interests in [Jackson’s] accounts receivable to one or more factoring companies.” Id.
Moreover, it is sufficiently clear that the factoring companies reinvested C-Spine with the right to
pursue and settle lawsuits, including the current matter, through several counter-assignments and
purchase-agreement amendments.
Progressive moved for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(5) and (10), arguing that
C-Spine had assigned its interests in Jackson’s accounts receivable to the factoring companies and
therefore lacked standing, legal capacity, or the legal right to bring claims. In response C-Spine
relied on the counter-assignments and purchase-agreement amendments, among other arguments.
The circuit court at first denied summary disposition, finding that the counter-assignments
had re-conferred an ownership interest in the accounts receivable to C-Spine, rendering C-Spine
the real party in interest with standing to file suit. About three months later, and after additional
discovery, Progressive again sought summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(5) and (10),
contending that at least three of the counter-assignments or amendments to the purchase
agreements had been backdated to mislead the court and to disguise that C-Spine had filed suit
without any genuine legal interest. C-Spine retorted that although the counter-assignments were
executed after its initial complaint was filed, C-Spine and the factoring companies had “specified
the effective dates” as stated on the face of the counter-assignments, and that “the counter-
assignments convey standing to [C-Spine] regardless of the date they were signed.” (Emphasis
omitted.)
The circuit court granted summary disposition to Progressive, ruling that C-Spine lacked
standing when the complaints were filed as the reconveyances and amendments were made after
the complaint was filed. C-Spine appeals by right.
II. ANALYSIS
Given the factual and legal similarity between this case and C-Spine I, we adopt the legal
analysis in C-Spine I whole cloth:
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Under MCR 2.201(B), “[a]n action must be prosecuted in the name of the
real party in interest” subject to several qualifications. This procedural rule requires
that a complaint be brought by the party to whom a claim belongs, or by a party
who has a legal right to bring the action. This concept is distinct from standing,
which asks whether a litigant has a right to have a court consider a claim.
Standing is not a barrier to C-Spine’s case because MCL 500.3112 grants
C-Spine the right to “assert a direct cause of action against an insurer . . . to recover
overdue benefits payable for charges for products, services, or accommodations
provided to an injured person.” As a provider, C-Spine has statutory standing to
bring a claim on its own behalf. “Statutory standing, which necessitates an inquiry
into whether a statute authorizes a plaintiff to sue at all, must be distinguished from
whether a statute permits an individual claim for a particular type of relief.” Miller
v Allstate Ins Co, 481 Mich 601, 608; 751 NW2d 463 (2008). Whether C-Spine
has an actionable claim for relief is a different question than whether it has a right
to litigate its current grievance in our courts.
The real-party-in-interest rule does not preclude C-Spine’s suit, either. The
court rule anticipates that situations such as this one might arise. MCR 2.201(B)(1)
provides:
A personal representative, guardian, conservator, trustee of an express trust,
a party with whom or in whose name a contract has been made for the benefit
of another, or a person authorized by statute may sue in his or her own name
without joining the party for whose benefit the action is brought. [Emphasis
added.]
C-Spine is authorized by statute to bring a first-party no-fault claim, and the plain
language of the court rule permits it to do so despite that the action was brought for
the benefit of the factoring companies, or for the joint benefit of C-Spine and the
factoring companies.
This Court has explained the principle underlying MCR 2.201(B)(1) as
follows: “A real party in interest is one who is vested with the right of action on a
given claim, although the beneficial interest may be in another.” Hofmann v Auto
Club Ins Ass’n, 211 Mich App 55, 95; 535 NW2d 529 (1995). C-Spine is “vested
with the right of action” against Progressive based on the assignments from the
Cruzes, and is “authorized by statute” to sue in its own name under the plain
language of MCL 500.3112. That the “beneficial interest” resided with the
factoring companies did not eliminate C-Spine as a real party in interest.
We acknowledge that without the counter-assignments, Progressive might
have had a legitimate concern that it could face a second lawsuit brought by the
factoring companies.1 But in this hypothetical situation another court rule would
have come into play, permitting the case to go forward with the factoring companies
joined as necessary party-plaintiffs. MCR 2.205(A) generally requires that
“persons having such interests in the subject matter of an action that their presence
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in the action is essential to permit the court to render complete relief must be made
parties and aligned as plaintiffs or defendants in accordance with their respective
interests.” This has long been the rule in Michigan. See DeLong v Marston, 308
Mich 63, 68-69; 13 NW2d 209 (1944) (“If this suit was brought in the name of a
party who is only nominally interested rather than being the real party in interest, it
was in the power of the trial court to add or substitute as a party or parties plaintiff
the actual parties, rather than to dismiss the bill.”).
The necessary joinder rule and real-party-in-interest principles go hand-in-
hand to prevent double recoveries and to obviate the risk of subsequent suits.
Indeed, the real-party-in-interest requirement exists to “protect[ ] a defendant from
multiple lawsuits for the same cause of action.” Kalamazoo v Richland Twp, 221
Mich App 531, 534; 562 NW2d 237 (1997).
Statutes requiring every action to be prosecuted in the name of the real party
in interest are enacted to protect defendant from being repeatedly harassed by
a multiplicity of suits for the same cause of action, but, so long as the
defendant’s rights are fully protected in the litigation, he cannot
complain . . . . [S]o long as the final judgment, when and if obtained, is a
full, final, and conclusive adjudication of the rights in controversy that may
be pleaded in bar to any further suit instituted by any other party, the
defendant is not harmed. [Kearns v Mich Iron & Coke Co, 340 Mich 577,
581; 66 NW2d 230 (1954) (quotation marks and citations omitted).]
Even if C-Spine and the factoring companies had not signed the counter-
assignments, joinder of the factoring companies would have resulted in a single
judgment, eliminating any risk to Progressive of a second lawsuit.
We need not dwell on that hypothetical procedural pathway, however,
because when the factoring contracts surfaced, C-Spine and its factoring creditors
voluntarily entered into counter-assignments and purchase agreement amendments
transferring the “beneficial interest” in [Jackson’s] no-fault claims back to C-Spine.
Those contracts eliminated any risk that Progressive would pay twice for the same
benefit claims.
In Cannon Twp v Rockford Pub Sch, 311 Mich App 403, 412-413; 875
NW2d 242 (2015), this Court held a mid-litigation assignment changed the real
party in interest and thereby preserved the plaintiff’s original claim. Cannon
Township sued the Rockford Public Schools alleging that the schools’ negligence
“caused a large volume of water to be discharged into the sewer line, which
eventually led to a sewage backup” in the home of Robert and Pamela Mack. Id.
at 408. The Macks made an insurance claim and also sued the township. The
township settled with the Macks for $50,000, agreeing that its insurer, the Michigan
Municipal League Liability and Property Pool (MMLLPP), would pay that amount
in partial compensation for the damages. Id.
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In exchange, the Macks agreed to release the township from any future
liability and to “fully assign” to the township their claim “in total, including
but not limited to any and all damages in excess of the Settlement Sum and
including but not limited to any and all claims against [the schools] related
to” the . . . event. [Id.]
The parties understood that as the Macks’ assignee, the township planned to sue the
schools, and that any amount recovered over $50,000 would be remitted to the
Macks. Id.
The township sued the schools as the Macks’ assignee. A year after the suit
was filed, the township entered into another assignment agreement, this time with
the MMLLPP. Under this agreement, the MMLLPP assigned its subrogation right
to pursue a claim against the schools to the township. Id. at 408-409. The schools
sought summary disposition, arguing among other things that the township was not
the real party in interest “because it had paid no money to the Macks and therefore
had no basis to pursue an equitable subrogation claim[.]” Id. at 409. The trial court
denied the motion, and the schools appealed. Id. at 40.
This Court noted that “there is no dispute that the township did not suffer
damages and did not itself pay any money to the Macks.” Id. at 412. Because the
township was the assignee of the Macks and the MMLLPP, it became “the real
party in interest with respect to that cause of action, inasmuch as the assignment
vests in the assignee all rights previously held by the assignor.” Id. Relevant here,
we specifically recognized “that the MMLLPP did not assign its rights to the
township until after this lawsuit was filed. Therefore, at the time the township
initiated the lawsuit, it was not the real party in interest as it pertained to the first
$50,000 of damages sought in the complaint.” Id. This was remedied by an
amendment to the complaint, we explained. And although the township did not
stand to benefit directly from the suit because it had agreed to remit any damages
above $50,000 to the Macks, we clarified that “to be a real party in interest, a
plaintiff need only be vested with the right of action on the claim; the beneficial
interest may be with another.” Id. at 413.
We find Cannon Twp controlling here. Our approach to the shifting
assignments in this case also tracks that of the federal courts applying FR Civ P 17,
which uses precisely the same language as MCR 2.201(B). See, e.g., Hess v Eddy,
689 F2d 977, 981 (CA 11, 1982), abrogated on other grounds by Jones v Preuit &
Mauldin, 876 F2d 1480, 1482 (CA 11, 1989) (“The Rule provides that when an
action is brought by someone other than the real party in interest, the suit need not
be dismissed if the real party in interest subsequently joins or ratifies the action.”);
DeVries v Weinstein Int’l Corp, 80 FRD 452, 459 (D Minn, 1978) (“An agreement
which ratifies the commencement and continuation of an action or reassigns the
respective interests is normally sufficient under Rule 17 to cure any real party in
interest defects.”) (quotation marks and citation omitted).
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Finally, we observe that our resolution of the real-party-in-interest issue
presented here aligns with the overall purpose of the Michigan Court Rules, which
declare at their outset that the “rules are to be construed, administered, and
employed by the parties and the court to secure the just, speedy, and economical
determination of every action and to avoid the consequences of error that does not
affect the substantial rights of the parties.” MCR 1.105. C-Spine claims to have
provided almost $300,000 worth of services for which it has not been paid. The
no-fault act establishes a comprehensive mechanism for resolving this dispute on
its merits. Progressive’s insistence that C-Spine’s failure to obtain the counter-
assignments before filing suit dooms its claims not only affords Progressive a
potential windfall, but contravenes our court rules’ animating spirit. “Procedure
should be the handmaid of justice,” our Supreme Court has declared, “a means to
an end,” rather than “an end in itself . . . oblivious to the practical needs of those to
whose ills it is designed to minister.” Allstate Ins Co v Hayes, 442 Mich 56, 64;
499 NW2d 743 (1993) (quotation marks and citation omitted). Practically
speaking, C-Spine was a real party in interest without the counter-assignments, and
eliminated any risk of double recovery by entering into them.
1
We need not decide whether the factoring companies would have standing to sue
Progressive, but raise the question. MCL 500.3112 affords “health care provider[s]
listed in section 3157” a “direct cause of action against an insurer.” MCL 500.3157
refers to a “health care provider,” in relevant part, as “a physician, hospital, clinic,
or other person that lawfully renders treatment to an injured person for an accidental
bodily injury covered by [PIP].” It is unclear whether a factoring company would
fall in that category. [C-Spine I, ___ Mich App at ___, slip op at 3-6.]
Just as in C-Spine I, the circuit court improperly determined that C-Spine lacked standing
to file suit and therefore erroneously dismissed the action.
We reverse and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not
retain jurisdiction.
/s/ Elizabeth L. Gleicher
/s/ Christopher P. Yates
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