If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.
STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
PATRICIA TYLER, UNPUBLISHED
January 18, 2024
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v No. 363249
Kalamazoo Circuit Court
KALAMAZOO PUBLIC SCHOOLS, LC No. 2022-000122-CZ
Defendant-Appellee.
Before: REDFORD, P.J., and RIORDAN and FEENEY, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Plaintiff, Patricia Tyler, appeals by right the trial court’s order granting defendant,
Kalamazoo Public Schools (KPS), summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10). She contends
that she established a genuine issue of material fact whether KPS violated Michigan’s Persons
with Disabilities Civil Rights Act1 (PWDCRA), MCL 37.1101 et seq., and Michigan’s
Whistleblowers’ Protection Act (WPA), MCL 15.361 et seq. She also argues that the trial court
erred by ruling that her constitutional claims were moot. We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
This matter arose after KPS declined to give plaintiff an exemption to its mask mandate.
In the 2021-2022 school year, KPS’s Board of Education (the Board) adopted a mask policy in
response to the then-ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The Board resumed in-person instruction for
its approximately 13,000 students and required them and the KPS employees to wear masks in its
schools in all public spaces, including classrooms.
Plaintiff is a tenured special education teacher employed by KPS and she worked at the
Hillside Middle School at times relevant to this case. In November 2021, plaintiff requested and
KPS granted her a seven-day leave of absence under the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA),
1
This act was formerly known as the Handicappers Civil Rights Act. Chmielewski v Xermac, Inc,
457 Mich 593, 595; 580 NW2d 817 (1998).
-1-
29 USC 2601 et seq. Following the leave, plaintiff returned to work and requested an
accommodation in relation to the mask mandate. In support of her request, plaintiff submitted two
notes from her physician, Dr. Joseph A. Bruno, dated November 4, 2021. The first note stated that
“[patient] should have ample mask breaks when safely able to do so, due to anxiety and
overheating.” The second note explained that Dr. Bruno treated plaintiff for anxiety and that she
could return to work on November 9, 2021. Neither of Dr. Bruno’s notes stated that plaintiff
should be exempt from wearing a mask during work, or intimated that she could not wear a mask,
or diagnosed a disability that required anything more than periodic breaks from mask wearing
when safely able to do so.
On November 10, 2021, Dr. Patricia Ponto, a licensed psychologist, sent an e-mail to KPS
Compliance Specialist, Daniel Emmons, to affirm that plaintiff took time off work related to her
anxiety. Dr. Ponto recommended that plaintiff take an additional day off. Dr. Ponto further stated
in the e-mail that plaintiff “may require further time off as things proceed, but I am hopeful that
this break has been in her best interests and that she is ready to return to school at this time.” Dr.
Ponto’s e-mail made no reference to additional accommodations. KPS adopted and implemented
Dr. Bruno’s recommendation that plaintiff receive breaks from wearing a mask between classes
and during her lunch break.
In February 2022, the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) issued
guidance lifting a mask advisory in indoor public settings including schools. The Center for
Disease Control (CDC) removed its mask requirement for public transportation on February 25,
2022. A week later, on March 4, 2022, plaintiff e-mailed KPS Assistant Superintendent of Human
Resources, Sheila Dorsey-Smith, to request a mask exemption. In the e-mail, plaintiff stated:
In light of the rapidly changing Coronavirus data, I would like to ask for a
mask exemption effective immediately based on recommendations from:
Kalamazoo County Health & Community Services, Michigan Department of
Health and Human Services, The CDC, The Kalamazoo Judge that halted the
mandate for Comstock Schools, and a note from my personal physician submitted
to Dan Emmons on November 10, 2021.
Plaintiff attached Dr. Bruno’s November 4, 2021 note to her e-mail, but she provided no other
documentation to support her request for an exemption from wearing a mask.
Assistant Superintendent Dorsey-Smith denied plaintiff’s mask exemption request, and in
an e-mail written response on March 17, 2021, noted that KPS already provided plaintiff an
accommodation. Assistant Superintendent Dorsey-Smith further stated,
If you cannot wear a mask and you have supporting documentation from a doctor,
you may use sick leave as long as you have the medical documentation to do so. If
that document doesn’t exist, you may request an unpaid leave. Further, you may
chose [sic] to retire or resign.
The e-mail directed plaintiff to submit medical documentation to KPS’s compliance specialist.
The record indicates that on March 15, 2022, plaintiff filed a complaint for declaratory and
injunctive relief against KPS, asserting three counts: (1) KPS exceeded its statutory authority when
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it promulgated and enforced a mask mandate, (2) the Michigan Revised School Code did not
authorize a mask mandate, and (3) KPS ignored plaintiff’s medical exemption from her doctor.
Plaintiff also filed an ex parte emergency motion for a temporary restraining order, but the trial
court denied it.2
On March 17, 2022, Assistant Superintendent Dorsey-Smith received a report that plaintiff
refused to wear a mask in the presence of her students in her classroom and in common areas in
the school. The report stated further that plaintiff refused to allow her students with special needs
into her classroom to receive services on March 16, 2022, and she failed to report to any of her
coteaching classes. Based on this report, Assistant Superintendent Dorsey-Smith placed plaintiff
on paid administrative leave pending an investigation. Assistant Superintendent Dorsey-Smith
spoke with plaintiff, who admitted that she did not wear a mask “because [she] didn’t want to.”
Assistant Superintendent Dorsey-Smith issued plaintiff a letter of reprimand for insubordination,
and warned that “any further actions of insubordination or misconduct will result in additional
disciplinary action, up to and including discharge.”
Plaintiff filed an amended complaint on May 2, 2022, in which she alleged 10 counts
against KPS including: (1) violation of the PWDCRA through disability discrimination, (2)
violation of the WPA, (3) KPS exceeded its statutory authority when it promulgated and enforced
a mask mandate, (4) the Michigan Revised School Code did not authorize a mask mandate, (5)
KPS ignored plaintiff’s medical exemption from her doctor, (6) KPS’s mask mandate violated the
constitutional right to bodily integrity, (7) KPS’s mask mandate violated the constitutional right to
equal protection of the law, (8) KPS’s mask mandate violated the constitutional right to privacy
and liberty, (9) KPS’s mask mandate violated plaintiff’s state due-process rights to liberty and
privacy, and (10) KPS’s mask mandate violated the nondelegation doctrine.
After filing this lawsuit, plaintiff served the remainder of the school year and received her
full compensation. Plaintiff received an “effective” evaluation for her performance during the
2021-2022 school year.3 KPS rescinded its mask mandate on May 26, 2022. The school district
indicated it chose to continue its mask mandate until that date out of concern that students and staff
could spread COVID-19 after the school community returned from spring break.
On July 28, 2022, KPS moved for summary disposition, asserting that no genuine issue of
material fact existed regarding plaintiff’s claims under the PWDCRA and the WPA. Further, KPS
asserted that the remainder of plaintiff’s constitutional claims were moot because KPS had
rescinded its mask mandate. Plaintiff opposed KPS’s motion and submitted an affidavit from her
psychologist, Dr. Ponto, which stated that she diagnosed plaintiff with adjustment disorder with
anxiety and depression and treated her since 2018 to help her cope “with anxiety, stress, frustration,
and depression [plaintiff] has experienced in the last few years, largely as [a] result of difficulties
2
The record is unclear whether plaintiff properly served process on KPS. KPS’s counsel, however,
entered an appearance on March 22, 2022, and filed defendant’s opposition brief to plaintiff’s
motion for injunctive relief.
3
Plaintiff accepted another teaching assignment from KPS for the 2022-2023 school year and
transferred to another school within the district.
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at school.” Dr. Ponto attested that plaintiff “struggled with wearing a mask because of the physical
symptoms that are related to her anxiety—she struggles to breathe, becomes congested, and
experiences some claustrophobia. Her anxiety about the mask has interfered with her sleep.” Dr.
Ponto also attested that plaintiff “worked hard to find masks that enabled her to breathe more
easily, but still found wearing the mask all day, every day to be very, very difficult and stress
inducing.”
The trial court granted KPS summary disposition regarding plaintiff’s claims under the
PWDCRA and the WPA and dismissed the remainder of plaintiff’s claims as moot. Plaintiff now
appeals.
II. STANDARDS OF REVIEW
We review de novo a trial court’s ruling on a motion for summary disposition under MCR
2.116(C)(10). Dressel v Ameribank, 468 Mich 557; 561; 664 NW2d 151 (2003). Under MCR
2.116(C)(10), a party is entitled to summary disposition when the evidence does not present a
genuine issue of material fact. Jewett v Mesick Consol Sch Dist, 332 Mich App 462, 470; 957
NW2d 377 (2020). “A genuine issue of material fact exists when the record, viewed in the light
most favorable to the nonmoving party, leaves open an issue upon which reasonable minds might
differ.” MacDonald v Ottawa Co, 335 Mich App 618, 622; 967 NW2d 919 (2021) (quotations
marks and citation omitted). “The reviewing court should evaluate a motion for summary
disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10) by considering the substantively admissible evidence
actually proffered in opposition to the motion.” Jewett, 332 Mich App at 470 (quotation marks
and citation omitted). This includes “affidavits, pleadings, depositions, admissions, and other
evidence submitted by the parties.” Corley v Detroit Bd of Ed, 470 Mich 274, 278; 681 NW2d
342 (2004). This Court does not make factual findings or weigh credibility. Burkhardt v Bailey,
260 Mich App 636, 647; 680 NW2d 453 (2004). We review issues of law de novo. Burba v Burba
(After Remand), 461 Mich 637, 647; 610 NW2d 873 (2000).
This case also involves issues of statutory interpretation. We review de novo a trial court’s
statutory interpretation. Oade v Jackson Nat’l Life Ins Co, 465 Mich 244, 250; 632 NW2d 126
(2001). “When interpreting a statute, the primary rule of construction is to discern and give effect
to the Legislature’s intent, the most reliable indicator of which is the clear and unambiguous
language of the statute.” Perkovic v Zurich Ins Co, 500 Mich 44, 49; 893 NW2d 322 (2017). Such
language must be enforced as written, “giving effect to every word, phrase, and clause.” Id. “The
determination whether evidence establishes a prima facie case under the WPA is a question of law
that this Court reviews de novo.” Hayes v Lutheran Social Servs of Mich, 300 Mich App 54, 59;
832 NW2d 433 (2013) (quotation marks and citation omitted). We review de novo issues
involving mootness. Flynn v Ottawa Co Dep’t of Pub Health, ___ Mich App ___, ___; ___NW2d
___ (2022) (Docket No. 359774); slip op at 4.
III. ANALYSIS
A. PLAINTIFF’S PWDCRA CLAIMS
Plaintiff raised two claims under the PWDCRA: that KPS engaged in disability
discrimination and failed to accommodate plaintiff’s disability. Because plaintiff did not satisfy
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her initial burden of demonstrating that her mental condition satisfied the definition of disability
set forth in the PWDCRA, the trial court properly granted KPS summary disposition on this issue.
Under the PWDCRA, an employer may not “[d]ischarge or otherwise discriminate against
an individual with respect to compensation or the terms, conditions, or privileges of employment,
because of a disability or genetic information that is unrelated to the individual’s ability to perform
the duties of a particular job or position.” MCL 37.1202(b). A discrimination claim under the
PWDCRA requires a plaintiff to “show (1) that he is [disabled] as defined in the act, (2) that the
[disability] is unrelated to his ability to perform his job duties, and (3) that he has been
discriminated against in one of the ways delineated in the statute.” Peden v Detroit, 470 Mich
195, 204; 680 NW2d 857 (2004) (quotation marks and citation omitted; alterations in original).
Respecting a failure-to-accommodate claim, MCL 37.1102(2) provides that, “[e]xcept as
otherwise provided in article 2 [MCL 37.1201 et seq.], a person shall accommodate a person with
a disability for purposes of employment, public accommodation, public service, education, or
housing unless the person demonstrates that the accommodation would impose an undue
hardship.” Both claims require the plaintiff to make a threshold showing that she is disabled for
purposes of the PWDCRA. See Peden, 470 Mich at 204 (listing the requirements of a prima facia
claim for discrimination under the PWDCRA); Hall v Hackley Hosp, 210 Mich App 48, 53-54;
532 NW2d 893 (1995) (listing the requirements for a failure-to-accommodate claim under the
PWDCRA). “The plaintiff bears the burden of proving a violation of the PWDCRA.” Peden, 470
Mich at 204.
“[I]n interpreting provisions of the [PWDCRA], analogous federal precedents are
persuasive, although not necessarily binding.” Chmielewski v Xermac, Inc, 457 Mich 593, 601;
580 NW2d 817 (1998). This Court and our Supreme Court have noted that the PWDCRA shares
the same purpose and uses similar definitions as the federal Americans with Disabilities Act
(ADA), and therefore, we may look to federal ADA cases for guidance. See id. at 602; Stevens v
Inland Waters, Inc, 220 Mich App 212, 216-218; 559 NW2d 6 (1996). Our Supreme Court,
however, has cautioned that the ADA and PWDCRA are not identical and that the PWDCRA
should not be assumed to outright parallel the ADA. Peden, 470 Mich at 217.
The PWDCRA in relevant part defines the term “disability” as:
(i) A determinable physical or mental characteristic of an individual, which
may result from disease, injury, congenital condition of birth, or functional
disorder, if the characteristic:
(A) For purposes of article 2, substantially limits 1 or more of the major
life activities of that individual and is unrelated to the individual’s ability to perform
the duties of a particular job or position or substantially limits 1 or more of the
major life activities of that individual and is unrelated to the individual’s
qualifications for employment or promotion. [MCL 37.1103(d)(i)(A).]
A “person with a disability” or “persons with disabilities” is “an individual who has 1 or more
disabilities.” MCL 37.1103(h). In the employment context, “unrelated to the individual’s ability”
means that “with or without accommodation, an individual’s disability does not prevent the
individual from” “performing the duties of a particular job or position.” MCL 37.1103(l)(i).
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“[N]ot every impairment rises to the level of a disability under the PWDCRA.” Chiles v
Machine Shop, Inc, 238 Mich App 462, 474; 606 NW2d 398 (1999). Instead, the plaintiff must
show that her mental disability “substantially limit[s] a major life activity” but does not “prevent
the disabled individual from performing the duties of a particular job.” Peden, 470 Mich at 204.
To determine if a plaintiff is disabled for purposes of the PWDCRA, this Court follows the three-
step process borrowed from the ADA for determining whether a plaintiff has a disability:
First, we consider whether respondent’s complaint was a physical [or
mental] impairment. Second, we identify the life activity upon which respondent
relies . . . and determine whether it constitutes a major life activity under the ADA.
Third, tying the two statutory phrases together, we ask whether the impairment
substantially limited the major life activity. [Chiles, 238 Mich App at 474
(alternations in original omitted), quoting Bragdon v Abbott, 524 US 624, 631; 118
S Ct 2196; 141 L Ed 2d 540 (1998).]
Under the ADA, “major life activities” “include, but are not limited to, caring for oneself,
performing manual tasks, seeing, hearing, eating, sleeping, walking, standing, lifting, bending,
speaking, breathing, learning, reading, concentrating, thinking, communicating, and working.”
42 USC 12102(2)(A). When the alleged major life activity is “working,” “the inability to perform
a particular job does not constitute a substantial limitation.” Chiles, 238 Mich App at 478.
“Nonwork major life activities are examined in light of whether the person can perform the normal
activities of daily living.” Lown v JJ Eaton Place, 235 Mich App 721, 728; 598 NW2d 633 (1999).
The alleged “substantial limitation” must relate to one of these major life activities. Chiles, 238
Mich App at 478. “To determine whether an individual is substantially limited, a court considers
(i) the nature and severity of the impairment, (ii) the duration or expected duration of the
impairment, and (iii) the permanent or expected permanent or long-term effect.” Id. at 479. The
limitation should be evaluated as of the time of the challenged employment decision. Michalski v
Reuven Bar Levav, 463 Mich 723, 735; 625 NW2d 754 (2001).
In this case, we first note that plaintiff asserted that her anxiety diagnosis constitutes a
disability under the PWDCRA. There is no dispute between the parties that anxiety may constitute
a mental impairment. For purposes of this appeal, we agree that it is possible for an anxiety
disorder to constitute a disability under the act. Plaintiff established that she had an anxiety
disorder as evidenced by Dr. Ponto’s diagnosis as set forth in her affidavit. Dr. Bruno’s first
November 4, 2021 note that she provided KPS when she first requested a mask accommodation
also indicated that she experienced anxiety. Such evidence presented to the trial court established
a genuine issue of material fact whether she had a mental impairment. Second, plaintiff asserted
that major life activities were impacted by her anxiety, including sleeping and breathing. These
activities constitute major life activities. See 42 USC 12102(2)(A). Therefore, plaintiff
established a genuine issue of material fact whether her anxiety impaired major life activities of
breathing and sleeping.
Beyond asserting that she has a mental impairment that affects her sleep and breathing,
plaintiff failed to articulate how her anxiety substantially limited those activities, including the
nature and severity of the impairment, the duration of the impairment, or the permanency or long-
term effect of the impairment. See Chiles, 238 Mich App at 479. In her amended complaint,
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plaintiff generally alleged that she had a medical exemption to wearing a mask signed by a doctor.
She alleged that she has anxiety that “causes breathing issues and issues of concentrating” that are
“worsened when wearing a mask.” Close analysis of Dr. Bruno’s note on which plaintiff relied to
seek an exemption from the mask mandate, however, does not indicate that the doctor ordered or
even intimated that plaintiff should not and could not wear a mask.
The record indicates that, in November 2021, KPS granted plaintiff a leave of absence
under the FMLA. After returning from medical leave, plaintiff requested a mask accommodation
and KPS provided her accommodations including the ability to remove her mask during breaks
and lunch. When plaintiff asked for accommodation, she provided Dr. Bruno’s note that read that
“[patient] should have ample mask breaks when safely able to do so due to anxiety and
overheating.” A second note explained that Dr. Bruno treated plaintiff for anxiety and that she
was able to return to work on November 9, 2021. After this request, plaintiff seemingly worked
without issue until March 2022. Following her return to work, plaintiff used very little sick time
and personal time, including using neither after her return from mid-November through
February 1, 2022. On March 4, 2022, when she asked for a mask exemption, she stated in her e-
mail: “In light of the rapidly changing Coronavirus data, I would like to ask for a mask exemption
effective immediately based on recommendations from [the county health department, DHHS, the
CDC, a Kalamazoo judge’s ruling, and a note from her personal physician].” She attached to this
request Dr. Bruno’s note but provided no additional documentation that established that she needed
an exemption from mask wearing.
The record evidence provided to the trial court did not establish a genuine issue of material
fact. The record evidence, including the doctor’s notes, does not explain how wearing a mask
induced anxiety that substantially limited her work, sleep, or breathing. Plaintiff’s evidence did
not explain how plaintiff’s anxiety impacted her sleep or breathing, failed to describe how these
life activities were interrupted, failed to establish the nature and severity of the impairment, failed
to intimate the duration or expected duration of the impairment, nor did the evidence establish that
such impairment is permanent or expected to be permanent or have a long-term effect.
In response to KPS’s motion for summary disposition, plaintiff provided an affidavit from
Dr. Ponto. That affidavit did not express how any major life activities were substantially limited.
The affidavit states that plaintiff “struggled with wearing a mask because of the physical symptoms
that are related to her anxiety—she struggles to breathe, becomes congested, and experiences some
claustrophobia. Her anxiety about the mask has interfered with her sleep.” These statements do
not establish a genuine issue of material fact whether a major life activity was substantially limited.
The evidence on which plaintiff relied did not establish how these major life activities were
impacted, the nature and severity of the impairment, the duration or expected duration of the
impairment, or the permanency or expected permanency or long-term effect. No indication is
made of the extent that plaintiff’s anxiety affected her major life activities.
Because plaintiff failed to demonstrate with admissible evidence the extent that her major
life activities were impaired, plaintiff failed to establish a genuine issue of material fact whether
she is disabled for purposes of the PWDCRA. Therefore, the trial court did not err by ruling that
plaintiff failed to establish the existence of a genuine issue of material fact regarding plaintiff’s
disability status.
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B. PLAINTIFF’S WPA CLAIM
Plaintiff next contends that she established a genuine issue of material fact regarding
retaliation under the WPA because she presented evidence that KPS placed her on paid leave and
issued a letter of reprimand after she filed a lawsuit in response to a purported violation of the
PWDCRA. We disagree.
“The determination whether evidence establishes a prima facie case under the WPA is a
question of law that this Court reviews de novo.” Roulston v Tendercare (Mich), Inc, 239 Mich
App 270, 278; 608 NW2d 525 (2000). “The WPA provides a remedy for an employee who suffers
retaliation for reporting or planning to report a suspected violation of a law, regulation, or rule to
a public body.” Anzaldua v Neogen, 292 Mich App 626, 630; 808 NW2d 804 (2011). The WPA
provides:
An employer shall not discharge, threaten, or otherwise discriminate against
an employee regarding the employee’s compensation, terms, conditions, location,
or privileges of employment because the employee, or a person acting on behalf of
the employee, reports or is about to report, verbally or in writing, a violation or a
suspected violation of a law or regulation or rule promulgated pursuant to law of
this state, a political subdivision of this state, or the United States to a public body,
unless the employee knows that the report is false, or because an employee is
requested by a public body to participate in an investigation, hearing, or inquiry
held by that public body, or a court action. [MCL 15.362.]
“The underlying purpose of the WPA is protection of the public.” Anzaldua, 292 Mich App at 631.
The plaintiff bears the burden of establishing a prima facie case under the WPA, by showing that
“(1) the plaintiff was engaged in protected activity as defined by the act, (2) the plaintiff was
discharged or discriminated against, and (3) a causal connection exists between the protected
activity and the discharge or adverse employment action.” West v Gen Motors Corp, 469 Mich
177, 183-184; 665 NW2d 468 (2003).
Under the first element, a plaintiff engages in protected activity when he or she “(1) reports
to a public body a violation of the law, a regulation, or a rule, (2) is about to report such a violation
to a public body, or (3) is being asked by a public body to participate in an investigation.” Hays,
300 Mich App at 59 (citations omitted). To establish the second element, “the plaintiff must
demonstrate one of the specific adverse employment actions listed in the WPA.” Wurtz v Beecher
Metro Dist, 495 Mich 242, 252 n 14; 848 NW2d 121 (2014).4 The prohibited actions include
“discharge[ing], threaten[ing], or otherwise discriminat[ing] against an employee regarding the
employee’s compensation, terms, conditions, location, or privileges of employment.” MCL
15.362. Under the third element “[s]omething more than a temporal connection between protected
conduct and an adverse employment action is required to show causation where discrimination-
4
Our Supreme Court has criticized using the phrase “adverse employment action” in the context
of the WPA because the statute specifically delineates certain conduct that is narrower than the
general term “adverse employment action” that is used in other areas of employment law. Wurtz,
495 Mich at 252 n 14.
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based retaliation is claimed.” West, 469 Mich at 186. The “[p]laintiff must show something more
than merely a coincidence in time between protected activity and adverse employment action.” Id.
“A plaintiff may establish a causal connection through either direct evidence or indirect and
circumstantial evidence.” Shaw v Ecorse, 283 Mich App 1, 14; 770 NW2d 31 (2009).
Plaintiff established the first element of her WPA claim. Plaintiff filed her complaint in
this case on March 15, 2022, against KPS asserting that it denied her an accommodation for her
disability. She alleged that she engaged in protected activity by reporting a violation of law to a
public body. See Hays, 300 Mich App at 59. The trial court is a public body for purposes of the
act. MCL 15.361(d)(vi) (defining “public body” to include the “judiciary and any member or
employee of the judiciary”). Further, an allegation that KPS violated the PWDCRA by failing to
accommodate a disability constitutes a suspected violation of the law. See MCL 37.1210.
KPS argues that plaintiff’s claim actually derives from plaintiff’s own employment
grievances and personal objections to the school district’s mask mandate. KPS cites Shallal v
Catholic Soc Serv of Wayne Co, 455 Mich 604, 621; 566 NW2d 571 (1997), for the proposition
that “[t]he primary motivation of an employee pursuing a whistleblower claim must be a desire to
inform the public on matters of public concern, and not personal vindictiveness.” Our Supreme
Court, however, more recently explained:
Nothing in the statutory language of the WPA addresses the employee’s
motivation for engaging in protected conduct, nor does any language in the act
mandate that the employee’s primary motivation be a desire to inform the public of
matters of public concern. Rather, the plain language of MCL 15.362 controls, and
we clarify that a plaintiff’s motivation is not relevant to the issue whether a plaintiff
has engaged in protected activity and that proof of primary motivation is not a
prerequisite to bringing a claim. To the extent that Shallal has been interpreted to
mandate those requirements, it is disavowed. [Whitman v Burton, 493 Mich 303,
306; 831 NW2d 223 (2013).]
Therefore, plaintiff established the first element of her claim, that she engaged in protected activity.
Respecting the second element, plaintiff has failed to establish a genuine issue of material
fact that KPS subjected her to discharge, threat, or otherwise discriminated against her for purposes
of the WPA. Plaintiff contends that her receipt of a letter of reprimand and placement on paid
leave constituted discrimination. Other than citing these facts, plaintiff leaves us to guess how
these acts resulted in discrimination for purposes of the WPA.
The record establishes that KPS placed plaintiff on paid administrative leave on March 17,
2022, pending the outcome of an investigation into plaintiff’s refusal to wear a mask in the
presence of students in her classroom and common areas in the school, refusal to allow students
with special needs on her caseload into her classroom to receive services, and failure to report to
any of her coteaching classes. The letter essentially indicated that an investigation would
commence to determine if plaintiff violated the KPS mask mandate and failed to perform her job
duties. Plaintiff met with Assistant Superintendent Dorsey-Smith and admitted that she did not
wear a mask because she did not want to do it. Her admission indicated that plaintiff intentionally
disregarded and refused to comply with the KPS mask mandate. Assistant Superintendent Dorsey-
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Smith issued plaintiff a written letter of reprimand following their discussion. The letter of
reprimand stated “any further actions of insubordination or misconduct will result in additional
disciplinary action, up to and including discharge.” No additional facts were provided how the
letter of reprimand and paid leave affected the terms or conditions of plaintiff’s employment.
Plaintiff was not terminated from her position, threatened with termination, or threatened with
other action. KPS paid her full compensation for the year. Plaintiff continued her employment
with the school district the remainder of that year and received an assignment at a school in the
district for the next year. Plaintiff did not plead and the evidence she relied upon did not establish
that KPS’s actions had an adverse effect on her such that her compensation, terms, conditions,
location, or privileges of employment were affected. See Wurtz, 495 Mich at 252 n 14.
Accordingly, plaintiff has failed to establish the second element of her WPA claim.
Regarding the third element, plaintiff has failed to establish a genuine issue of material fact
that a causal connection existed between a purported protected activity and discrimination.
Plaintiff states that she filed the underlying action on March 15, 2022, was placed on administrative
leave on March 17, and received the letter of reprimand on March 24, 2022. Plaintiff merely
presents a timeline of events but leaves us to guess the correlation between the purported protected
activity and alleged discrimination. She provides no additional evidence to establish a temporal
connection between her filing the lawsuit and KPS placing her on paid administrative leave or
issuance of the reprimand which the record indicates resulted from admitted insubordination. A
plaintiff must plead and prove more than a temporal connection to establish a genuine issue of
material fact under this element. See West, 469 Mich at 186.5
In sum, plaintiff failed to establish a genuine issue of material fact regarding two of the
three elements of her WPA claim. The trial court, therefore, properly granted defendant summary
disposition of plaintiff’s WPA claim.
C. MOOTNESS
In addition to her claims under the PWDCRA and the WPA, plaintiff alleged multiple
constitutional claims. The trial court ruled that KPS’s rescission of its mask mandate in May 2022,
rendered these claims moot and dismissed them. Plaintiff contends that the trial court erred by
ruling that her claims were moot because KPS did not concede the wrongfulness of its conduct
and did not disavow reinstituting a mask mandate in the future. We conclude that the trial court
did not err by concluding that plaintiff’s claims were rendered moot under the circumstances
presented in this case.
“The question of mootness is a threshold issue that a court must address before it reaches
the substantive issues of a case.” In re Tchakarova, 328 Mich App 172, 178; 936 NW2d 863
(2019). An issue is moot when an event occurs that renders it impossible for the reviewing court
5
Plaintiff raised the additional argument that the trial court violated her right to a jury trial by
granting summary disposition of her claims under the PWDCRA and the WPA because she made
a claim for compensatory damages. We disagree. Summary disposition does not violate a party’s
right to a jury trial when there are no genuine issues of material fact for the jury. People’s Wayne
Co Bank v Wolverine Box Co, 250 Mich 273, 281; 230 NW 170 (1930).
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to grant relief. C D Barnes Assoc, Inc v Star Heaven, LLC, 300 Mich App 389, 406; 834 NW2d
878 (2013). This Court may decline to consider matters that have become moot. Driver v Naini,
287 Mich App 339, 355; 788 NW2d 848 (2010), aff’d in part and rev’d in part on other grounds
490 Mich 239 (2011).
In Adams v Parole Bd, 340 Mich App 251, 259; 985 NW2d 881 (2022), this Court recently
explained:
This Court’s duty is to consider and decide actual cases and controversies.
Generally, this Court does not address moot questions or declare legal principles
that have no practical effect in a case. Mootness occurs when an event has occurred
that renders it impossible for the court to grant relief. An issue is also moot when
a judgment, if entered, cannot for any reason have a practical legal effect on the
existing controversy. There is an exception, however, when an issue is publicly
significant, likely to recur, and yet likely to evade judicial review. [Quotation and
citations omitted.]
“The mootness doctrine is not inflexible given that there are several exceptions to the general rule.”
Turunen v Dir of Dep’t of Nat’l Resources, 336 Mich App 468, 480; 971 NW2d 20 (2021) (citation
omitted).
In this case, KPS rescinded its mask mandate on May 26, 2022. Because KPS’s mask
mandate is no longer in effect, there is no pertinent relief that we can grant on appeal and any
judgment would have no practical legal impact on the existing controversy. Plaintiff asserts that
KPS’s voluntary cessation permits this Court to provide relief because KPS did not concede the
wrongfulness of its conduct and did not disavow reinstituting a mask mandate in the future.
Plaintiff argues that this case should not be considered moot under an exception recognized in
federal law called the “voluntary cessation doctrine” which provides:
“[V]oluntary cessation of allegedly illegal conduct does not deprive the
tribunal of power to hear and determine the case, i.e., does not make the case moot.
A controversy may remain to be settled in such circumstances, e.g., a dispute over
the legality of the challenged practices. The defendant is free to return to his old
ways. This, together with a public interest in having the legality of the practices
settled, militates against a mootness conclusion.” [Ed Subscription Servs, Inc v
American Ed Servs, Inc, 115 Mich App 413, 430; 320 NW2d 684 (1982) (alteration
in original), quoting United States v WT Grant Co, 345 US 629, 632; 73 S Ct 894,
897; 97 L Ed 1303 (1953).]
Plaintiff argues that we should adopt and apply this doctrine in this case because KPS rescinded
its mask mandate after she filed her complaint. The record does indicate that KPS’s rescission
occurred two months after she instituted her lawsuit. That alone, however, is not dispositive.
A panel of this Court recently addressed challenges to a school district’s mask policies and
held that rescission of their policies rendered the plaintiffs’ claims moot. In EB by Next Friend
Baker v Watervliet Pub Sch, unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued
May 4, 2023 (Docket No. 361206), the parents of students who attended Watervliet schools
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challenged a mask requirement implemented in fall 2021. The Berrien County Health Department
rescinded its mask policy in September 2021, but the defendant left its mask policy in place until
February 2022. The plaintiffs filed their challenge to the mask policy in January 2022. The
decision to rescind the school districts’ mask policy coincided with improving COVID-19
circumstances and new guidance from the DHHS issued in February 2022. The defendant moved
for summary disposition, asserting that the plaintiffs’ claims were moot in light of the rescinded
policy. Id. at 1-2.
The panel held that the plaintiffs’ claims were moot and that the exceptions for voluntary
cessation and “likely to recur, yet evading review” did not apply. First, in examining voluntary
cessation, the panel acknowledged that the school districts did not concede that they lacked the
authority to require mask usage, nor did the school districts assert that they would not reimpose a
future mask policy if necessary. The panel further acknowledged that the school districts’ policy
may be an issue of public interest. In contrast, and more compelling to the panel, the facts of the
case did not indicate that the school districts withdrew the mask policy in response to the plaintiffs’
lawsuit. Instead, the school districts rescinded their policies in light of improving COVID-19
circumstances and guidance from the DHHS. The panel concluded that the voluntary cessation
exception did not apply. Id. at 2-4.
The panel likewise rejected that the exception for “likely to recur, and yet likely to evade
judicial review” applied. The panel explained that the school districts’ authority to impose a mask
policy was potentially an issue of public significance, but there was no reasonable expectation at
the time of that case that the school districts would reinstate a mask mandate. Such conjecture was
speculative. Further, if another mask mandate was implemented, it was unlikely that it would be
so short as to evade review. Id. at 4.6
In this case, nothing indicates that KPS withdrew the mask mandate in response to
plaintiff’s lawsuit. Instead, KPS rescinded its mask mandate in response to the changing COVID-
19 pandemic. After learning of the DHHS’s decision on February 16, 2022, to lift its mask
advisory and the CDC’s decision on February 25, 2022, to remove its mask requirement for public
transportation, KPS decided to end its mask mandate at the end of the school year in May 2022.
The record indicates that KPS kept its mask mandate in place through the end of the year, in part,
to account for the spread of COVID-19 that it anticipated in the community after staff and students
returned from spring break. These facts indicate that KPS rescinded its mask mandate in response
to the changing circumstances of the COVID-19 pandemic and not in response to plaintiff’s
lawsuit. Cf. Speech First, Inc, 939 F3d at 769. Given the balance of these facts, we decline to
adopt and apply the voluntary cessation doctrine. Although there remains a possibility that public
health safety conditions surrounding COVID-19 may change in the future, the issuance of a future
6
Another recent case decided by the same panel, IC v Comstock Pub Sch, unpublished per curiam
opinion of the Court of Appeals issued May 11, 2023 (Docket No. 362425) considered similar
facts and issues and concluded that the facts of the case did not indicate that the school districts
withdrew the mask policy in response to the plaintiffs’ lawsuit and no reasonable expectation
existed that the school districts would reinstate a mask mandate.
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mask mandate remains speculative. We are not persuaded that the trial court erred by concluding
that plaintiff’s claims were rendered moot by KPS’s rescission of its mask mandate.
Finally, plaintiff also appears to assert that her claims are not moot because she sought
compensatory damages for violations of her constitutional rights of privacy and bodily integrity.
Plaintiff cites Bauserman v Unemployment Ins Agency, 509 Mich 673, 681; 983 NW2d 855 (2022),
for her assertion, but provides no explanation of how Bauserman is relevant to her case or impacts
her mootness argument. “An appellant may not merely announce his position and leave it to this
Court to discover and rationalize the basis for his claims, nor may he give only cursory treatment
with little or no citation of supporting authority.” People v Kelly, 231 Mich App 627, 640-641;
588 NW2d 480 (1998). “This Court will not search for authority to sustain or reject a party’s
position.” Phillips v Deihm, 213 Mich App 389, 401; 541 NW2d 566 (1995). “If a party fails to
adequately brief a position, or support a claim with authority, it is abandoned.” MOSES, Inc v
SEMCOG, 270 Mich App 401, 417; 716 NW2d 278 (2006). Because plaintiff fails to explain how
Bauserman is relevant to this case and fails to adequately brief her position, this argument is
abandoned.
Affirmed.
/s/ James Robert Redford
/s/ Michael J. Riordan
/s/ Kathleen A. Feeney
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