United States v. Carr

Appellate Case: 23-3127 Document: 010111016458 Date Filed: 03/15/2024 Page: 1
FILED
United States Court of Appeals
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT March 15, 2024
_________________________________
Christopher M. Wolpert
Clerk of Court
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff - Appellee,
No. 23-3127
v. (D.C. No. 2:19-CR-20079-JAR-1)
(D. Kan.)
DAVID CARR,

Defendant - Appellant.
_________________________________

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
_________________________________

Before MATHESON, BACHARACH, and McHUGH, Circuit Judges.
_________________________________

A jury convicted David Carr of conspiracy to distribute methamphetamine,

kidnapping, and use of a firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking crime. The

district court sentenced him to life in prison. He filed a timely notice of appeal. His

counsel submitted an Anders brief stating this appeal presents no non-frivolous

grounds for reversal. After careful review of the record, we agree. Exercising

*
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to honor the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent,
except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It
may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
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jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we grant counsel’s motion to withdraw and

dismiss the appeal.

I. BACKGROUND

Mr. Carr was indicted on charges of conspiracy to distribute methamphetamine

in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846, kidnapping in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1201, and use

of a firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking crime in violation of 18 U.S.C.

§ 924(c). At trial, the Government presented evidence that Mr. Carr’s co-defendants

had given a woman $500 to purchase methamphetamine. The woman did not return

with methamphetamine or the money. Mr. Carr and his co-defendants detained and

tortured the woman’s boyfriend, D.B., and demanded she pay $500 for his release.

The jury convicted Mr. Carr on all counts, and the court sentenced him to life

under the United States Sentencing Guidelines (the “Guidelines”). Mr. Carr’s

appointed counsel filed an Anders brief reporting that his review of the record found

no non-frivolous grounds for appeal. He also filed a motion to withdraw and

provided copies of the brief and motion to withdraw to Mr. Carr. Mr. Carr filed a

response.

II. DISCUSSION

Under Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738 (1967), counsel may “request

permission to withdraw where counsel conscientiously examines a case and

determines that any appeal would be wholly frivolous.” United States v. Calderon,

428 F.3d 928, 930 (10th Cir. 2005). We “must then conduct a full examination of the

record to determine whether defendant’s claims are wholly frivolous.” Id. (citing

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Anders, 386 U.S. at 744). If there are no non-frivolous issues, we may grant

counsel’s motion to withdraw and dismiss the appeal.

The Anders brief here addresses whether there are any non-frivolous

arguments to challenge (A) the district court’s denial of Mr. Carr’s pretrial motion to

sever, (B) the court’s evidentiary rulings, (C) the jury instruction for kidnapping,

(D) the court’s denial of Mr. Carr’s Rule 29 and Rule 33 motions, and (E) Mr. Carr’s

sentence. It concludes that each of these potential claims is frivolous.

We agree. Based on our de novo review, we conclude that none of the issues

addressed in the Anders brief has merit, and we have not detected any other viable

issues. In his response to the Anders brief, Mr. Carr argues his counsel was

ineffective. We generally do not review an ineffective assistance of counsel

argument on direct appeal. See United States v. Galloway, 56 F.3d 1239, 1240

(10th Cir. 1995) (en banc). We grant counsel’s motion to withdraw and dismiss the

appeal.

A. Motion to Sever

Mr. Carr moved to sever his trial from two of his co-defendants’ trials. The

district court denied the motion as moot because Mr. Carr was not tried with those

co-defendants. The Anders brief concludes that Mr. Carr has no nonfrivolous

challenge to the denial. We agree.

B. Evidentiary Rulings

The Anders brief considers whether the record provides any grounds to

challenge the district court’s evidentiary rulings (1) determining how the

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Government’s incarcerated witnesses would testify, (2) sustaining in part the

Government’s objection to Mr. Carr’s cross-examination of D.B. about his prior

convictions and a recent arrest, and (3) overruling Mr. Carr’s objection to certain

Facebook messages and a photo of a pistol. We agree with the Anders brief that

Mr. Carr has no non-frivolous challenges to these rulings.

“In assessing the district court’s [evidentiary] decision[s], we review its legal

interpretation of the Federal Rules of Evidence de novo and its application of the

rules for abuse of discretion.” United States v. Armajo, 38 F.4th 80, 84 (10th

Cir. 2022).

Incarcerated Witness Testimony

Mr. Carr moved in limine to exclude evidence from the Government’s

incarcerated witnesses that would show he was incarcerated before his trial, arguing

such a disclosure would be unduly prejudicial. The Government agreed to caution its

incarcerated witnesses not to mention that any communications with Mr. Carr

happened in prison but noted they would testify in their prison clothes. The district

court decided to address this issue at trial.

At trial, the court ruled that none of the Government’s witnesses could testify

that Mr. Carr was incarcerated before trial. It permitted the witnesses to testify in

prison clothing but cautioned the Government against asking how long they had been

in custody or whether any conversations they had with Mr. Carr occurred while they

were incarcerated.

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The district court struck a proper balance under Federal Rule of Evidence 403,

which provides that “[t]he court may exclude relevant evidence if its probative value

is substantially outweighed by a danger of . . . unfair prejudice.” Fed. R. Evid. 403.

The incarcerated witnesses’ testimony was highly probative because they testified to

the events of the kidnapping and Mr. Carr’s later admission of his crimes. The

district court mitigated any danger of unfair prejudice by prohibiting testimony that

Mr. Carr was incarcerated or that the witnesses had spoken with Mr. Carr while they

were incarcerated. The Anders brief concludes that Mr. Carr has no meritorious

argument that the district court abused its discretion, and so do we.

D.B.’s Convictions and Arrest

The district court limited Mr. Carr’s attempt to cross-examine D.B. about

D.B.’s previous convictions and recent arrest.

On the prior convictions, the Government objected that Mr. Carr was not

“entitled to get into the underlying facts for impeachment.” ROA, Vol. III at 621.

The court sustained the objection. It agreed with the Government that under Federal

Rule of Evidence 609, Mr. Carr could “get into any convictions for felonies or crimes

of dishonesty” but not “the underlying facts.” Id. at 621-22. If Mr. Carr appealed

this issue, he could not overcome our holding that there was “no abuse of discretion

in [a] court’s decision to prohibit [a party] from eliciting the specific facts and

circumstances underlying [a witness]’s conviction.” United States v. Lopez-Medina,

596 F.3d 716, 738 (10th Cir. 2010).

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On the recent arrest, which had not led to a charge or conviction, the court

agreed with the Government that Rule 609 did not allow Mr. Carr to question D.B.

about “the circumstances as to why he was in jail on . . . unconvicted conduct.”

ROA, Vol. III at 623. Mr. Carr argued that evidence of D.B.’s recent arrest was

admissible under Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b) because it “[went] to motive and

bias.” Id. at 622. The court allowed only limited questioning on “whether [D.B] was

aware that [his girlfriend] reached out to law enforcement to try to perhaps get

herself help or him help since he was in jail” following the recent arrest. Id. at 623.

We agree with the Anders brief that Mr. Carr has no non-frivolous argument to

challenge the court’s evidentiary rulings on these matters.

Facebook Messages and Photo

Mr. Carr objected to the admission of his Facebook messages “about an

alleged potential gun sale,” arguing that the conversation was inadmissible hearsay.

Id. at 1502. The district court gave “a limiting instruction only to consider the

statements of Mr. Carr,” which were admissible as party admissions under Federal

Rule of Evidence 801(d)(2) and not to consider the hearsay statements of the other

person, which were inadmissible under Rules 801(c) and 802. Id. at 1506. We

“presume[] that jurors will attend closely the particular language of such instructions

in a criminal case.” Samia v. United States, 599 U.S. 635, 646 (2023) (alterations

and quotations omitted). Like the Anders brief, we see no ground to challenge on

appeal how the district court handled the hearsay objection.

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Mr. Carr also objected to the admission of his messages about the alleged

potential gun sale and a photograph of a pistol that he sent to his father, contending

this evidence was “more prejudicial than probative.” ROA, Vol. III at 1502;

id. at 1503-04. The district court disagreed, finding that the messages and the photo

were “probative of whether Mr. Carr was in possession of a firearm on April 18th,”

id. at 1504, and their “probative value” was not “substantially outweighed by a

danger of . . . unfair prejudice,” Fed. R. Evid. 403. We discern no viable argument

that the court abused its discretion.

* * * *

The Anders brief and our review of the record have not identified a non-

frivolous argument to challenge the district court’s evidentiary rulings.

C. Jury Instruction

The Anders brief concludes the record lacks support for any challenge to the

jury instruction for kidnapping because the jury instruction correctly stated the law.

We agree.

Mr. Carr informed the Government that he intended to propose Tenth Circuit

Pattern Instruction 2.55 (2021), which includes the following elements of

kidnapping:

Third: the defendant willfully transported the person
kidnapped; and

Fourth: the transportation was in interstate . . . commerce
[or] the offender traveled in interstate . . . commerce or
used the mail or any means, facility, or instrumentality of

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interstate . . . commerce in committing or in furtherance of
the offense.

The Government objected because the third element of “the Tenth Circuit Pattern

Instruction only covers . . . transportation” and not “the use of ‘any means, facility, or

instrumentality of interstate or foreign commerce in committing or in furtherance of

the commission of the offense.’” ROA, Vol. I at 192 (quoting 18 U.S.C.

§ 1201(a)(1)). Mr. Carr ultimately did not propose a jury instruction on kidnapping.

The district court instructed the jury that to find Mr. Carr guilty of kidnapping,

it must find:

First, the defendant, knowingly acting contrary to law,
kidnapped the person described in the Indictment by
seizing, confining, or holding him as charged;

Second, the defendant kidnapped the person for ransom,
reward, or otherwise; and

Third, the defendant willfully used a means, facility, or
instrumentality of interstate commerce or in furtherance of
the commission of the offense.

Id. at 260. It noted that “[u]sing an instrumentality of interstate commerce is an

alternative” for the transportation element. ROA, Vol. III at 1554-55.

“We review . . . jury instructions . . . to determine if they accurately state the

governing law . . . .” United States v. Freeman, 70 F.4th 1265, 1278 (10th Cir. 2023)

(quotations omitted). Because Mr. Carr did not object to the kidnapping instruction

before the district court, we would review for plain error. United States v. Olano,

507 U.S. 725, 730-31 (1992). “Plain error occurs when there is (1) error, (2) that is

plain, which (3) affects substantial rights, and which (4) seriously affects the fairness,

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integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” United States v. Gonzalez-

Huerta, 403 F.3d 727, 732 (10th Cir. 2005) (en banc) (quotations omitted).

Title 18 U.S.C. § 1201 criminalizes kidnapping when “the person is willfully

transported in interstate or foreign commerce . . . or the offender . . . uses the mail or

any means, facility, or instrumentality of interstate . . . commerce in committing or in

furtherance of the commission of the offense.” 18 U.S.C. § 1201(a)(1) (emphasis

added); see also United States v. Morgan, 748 F.3d 1024, 1031-32 (10th Cir. 2014).

The jury instruction correctly stated the law. The district court did not err, let

alone plainly err. Our review of the record did not identify a non-frivolous argument

to challenge the kidnapping instruction or any other jury instruction.

D. Rule 29 and Rule 33 Motions

After the prosecution presented its case, Mr. Carr moved for acquittal during

trial under Rule 29, arguing the evidence was insufficient to support any convictions.

After the jury returned its verdict, he filed a written motion for acquittal under Rule

29 and, in the alternative, a new trial under Rule 33 on the grounds that the jury

improperly deliberated. The Anders brief concludes that the record does not support

an appeal of the district court’s denial of these motions, and we agree.

Sufficiency of the Evidence

“We review de novo whether the government presented sufficient evidence to

support a conviction.” United States v. Sells, 477 F.3d 1226, 1235 (10th Cir. 2007)

(quotations omitted). “In so doing, we view the facts in evidence in the light most

favorable to the government.” Id. (quotations omitted). “We will not weigh

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conflicting evidence or second-guess the fact-finding decisions of the jury,” id.

(quotations omitted), and we defer to the jury’s assessment of a witness’s credibility,

United States v. Rodriguez-Flores, 907 F.3d 1309, 1312 (10th Cir. 2018).

a. Conspiracy to distribute and possess with intent to distribute
methamphetamine

To convict on conspiracy, “the [G]overnment had to prove that (1) two or

more persons agreed to violate the law, (2) [Mr. Carr] knew the essential objectives

of the conspiracy, (3) [Mr. Carr] knowingly and voluntarily participated in the

conspiracy, and (4) the alleged co[]conspirators were interdependent.” United States

v. Marquez, 898 F.3d 1036, 1041-42 (10th Cir. 2018) (quotations omitted). Mr. Carr

argued the evidence was insufficient to show an agreement to distribute and possess

with intent to distribute methamphetamine because the Government relied on

testimony from Mr. Carr’s former co-defendant, who had entered a guilty plea and

was cooperating with the Government, that Mr. Carr had approved a drug transaction.

On a sufficiency challenge, “we do not . . . consider the credibility of

witnesses.” United States v. Franklin-El, 555 F.3d 1115, 1121-22 (10th Cir. 2009)

(quotations omitted). The jury found the former co-defendant’s testimony

establishing an agreement to distribute and possess methamphetamine was credible,

and we “must defer to [its] resolution.” Id. at 1122 (quotations omitted).

The record does not support a nonfrivolous sufficiency challenge to Mr. Carr’s

conspiracy conviction. Mr. Carr did not challenge any other elements of this

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conviction, and our review of the record has not identified a meritorious basis to do

so.

b. Kidnapping

The Anders brief considers whether the record supports arguments that the

Government failed to prove that Mr. Carr (i) had specific intent to use a cell phone to

further the kidnapping, (ii) transported D.B., and (iii) received a ransom. The Anders

brief finds no meritorious arguments, and neither do we.

i. Specific intent

In his Rule 29 motions, Mr. Carr argued the Government failed to show the

willful use of an instrumentality in interstate commerce. This court has not held that

the kidnapping statute, 18 U.S.C. § 1201, requires specific intent to use an

instrumentality in interstate commerce. See United States v. Gabaldon, 389 F.3d

1090, 1094 n.1 (10th Cir. 2004). But if specific intent is required, a reasonable jury

could find beyond a reasonable doubt that Mr. Carr had specific intent. Multiple

witnesses testified that he used a cell phone to tell D.B.’s girlfriend that if she did not

bring money, he and his co-defendants would continue to torture D.B.

ii. Transportation

The Anders brief characterizes Mr. Carr’s Rule 29 motion at trial as “seeming

to argue that the conviction depended on ‘transporting’ the victim.” Br. at 9;

see ROA, Vol. III at 1542-43. As discussed above, a kidnapping conviction under

18 U.S.C. § 1201 does not require that the defendant transport the victim in interstate

commerce. It is sufficient that “the offender . . . uses the mail or any means, facility,

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or instrumentality of interstate . . . commerce in committing or in furtherance of the

commission of the offense.” 18 U.S.C. § 1201(a)(1); see also Morgan, 748 F.3d

at 1031-32.

iii. Ransom

Mr. Carr also argued the Government did not prove he was paid a ransom. But

the kidnapping statute does not require that a defendant receives a ransom payment,

only that the defendant “holds [a person] for ransom or reward or otherwise.”

18 U.S.C. § 1201(a). In any case, the trial evidence otherwise supports that Mr. Carr

sought and received a ransom. D.B.’s girlfriend testified that someone called her and

said “he wanted his freaking money and that [she] had an allotted amount of time to

get it back to him.” ROA, Vol. III at 691; see also id. at 1119, 1155 (other witnesses’

testimony to the same). She texted another woman saying, “[D]o you wanna explain

to D.B.’s dad why his son is being held hostage and being tortured and will be killed

unless I give him that money?” Id. at 707-08. And D.B. testified that before he was

released, he heard “a female’s voice talking about here’s your . . . money.” Id.

at 424; see id. at 425-26, 617-18, 807. Another witness testified that a woman “came

in” and “threw some money on the floor” saying “here’s [Mr. Carr]’s f-ing money.”

Id. at 1319.

* * * *

Our review of the record shows no support for a sufficiency challenge to

Mr. Carr’s kidnapping conviction.

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c. Use of a firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking crime

To convict on use of a firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking crime, the

Government had to show “(1) Mr. [Carr] committed a drug trafficking offense . . . ;

(2) Mr. [Carr] knowingly carried a firearm; and (3) Mr. [Carr] carried a firearm

during and in relation to the [trafficking offense].” United States v. Banks, 451 F.3d

721, 726 (10th Cir. 2006). Because the evidence was sufficient to support Mr. Carr’s

conspiracy conviction, the Government met the first element. On the other two

elements, the Government presented D.B.’s and other witnesses’ testimony that

Mr. Carr was holding a pistol and “making it known that it was there,” ROA, Vol. III

at 522; see id. at 927, 1002, and that Mr. Carr hit D.B. with the pistol and shot him

twice, id. at 613, 415, 789, 1118. The record does not support a sufficiency

challenge to Mr. Carr’s firearm conviction.

Jury Deliberations

The Anders brief also considers whether the record supports a challenge to the

jury’s deliberations. It concludes it does not, and we agree.

a. Prejudice

After opening statements and one witness’s testimony, jurors expressed

concern for their safety because Mr. Carr knew their names. The court held a hearing

with the jurors and counsel, and it removed one juror at Mr. Carr’s request. In his

Rule 33 motion for a new trial, Mr. Carr argued the remaining jurors were prejudiced.

“To establish actual prejudice, [Mr. Carr] must demonstrate the actual

existence of an opinion in the mind of the juror[s] that shows partiality.” United

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States v. Perrault, 995 F.3d 748, 762 (10th Cir. 2021) (alteration and quotations

omitted). The court and the parties examined the jurors about any prejudice. The

court found no evidence of partiality apart from the removed juror. Mr. Carr

approved the remaining jurors. The record does not support an argument “that the

jurors who convicted [Mr. Carr] harbored biases that rendered them unfit to serve.”

Id. at 764.

b. Failure to properly deliberate

The Anders brief addresses whether the record provides any ground to support

Mr. Carr’s “speculat[ion] that the jury failed to properly deliberate because they were

anxious about a Kansas City Chiefs Super Bowl parade the following day.”

Br. at 11-12. The district court instructed the jury that any “verdict must represent

the considered judgment of each juror.” ROA, Vol. I at 293. “[J]urors are presumed

to follow the judge’s instructions.” United States v. Sorenson, 801 F.3d 1217, 1242

(10th Cir. 2015) (quotations omitted). Further, the court explained that “[t]he jury

asked . . . if they could stay late [to deliberate] if they wanted to,” ROA, Vol. III

at 1564-65, and Mr. Carr’s co-defendant noted his “understanding . . . that the jurors

were indifferent about . . . the parade,” id. at 1565. The record does not support an

argument that the jury did not properly deliberate.

E. Sentencing

The Anders brief addresses whether the record provides any ground to

challenge (1) Mr. Carr’s sentencing enhancements or (2) the substantive

reasonableness of his sentence. The Anders brief concludes it does not. We agree.

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Sentencing Enhancements

“When evaluating sentence enhancements under the . . . Guidelines, [we]

review[] the district court’s factual findings for clear error . . . .” United States v.

McDonald, 43 F.4th 1090, 1095 (10th Cir. 2022). “If a defendant properly objects to

a fact . . . , the government must prove that fact . . . by a preponderance of the

evidence.” Id. (quotations omitted). “The government can meet its burden by . . .

referring to evidence presented at trial.” Id.

Mr. Carr objected to a six-level enhancement for demanding a ransom and a

two-level enhancement for using a dangerous weapon. He argued the evidence failed

to show he did either. The district court overruled these objections based on trial

evidence showing Mr. Carr demanded a ransom and beat, stabbed, or shot D.B. For

the reasons discussed above, the trial evidence supports both findings by a

preponderance of the evidence. The district court did not clearly err in finding

Mr. Carr subject to the enhancements.

Mr. Carr also objected to a two-level enhancement for obstruction of justice

based on his ordering someone to burn down the house where D.B. was held. The

district court found the evidence supported this enhancement, noting a witness’s

testimony “that [Mr.] Carr directed and told him to [burn down the house], picked

him up afterwards, [and] continued to intimidate and threaten him.” ROA, Vol. III

at 1677. It also noted “phone calls and cell tower records,” along with other

witnesses’ testimony, “corroborated” this testimony. Id. The Government proved by

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a preponderance of the evidence that Mr. Carr ordered the house burned down. The

district court did not clearly err.

The record does not support a non-frivolous challenge to Mr. Carr’s sentencing

enhancements.

Substantive Reasonableness

“[W]e review sentences for reasonableness under a deferential abuse-of-

discretion standard.” United States v. Begaye, 635 F.3d 456, 461 (10th Cir. 2011)

(quotations omitted). “A sentence within a properly calculated Guidelines range is

entitled to a presumption of reasonableness.” United States v. Torres-Duenas,

461 F.3d 1178, 1183 (10th Cir. 2006). A defendant can rebut the presumption by

showing “that the sentence is unreasonable in light of the other sentencing factors

laid out in § 3553(a).” United States v. Kristl, 437 F.3d 1050, 1055 (10th Cir. 2006)

(per curiam).

Mr. Carr’s life sentence was within the properly calculated Guidelines range.

Mr. Carr moved for a downward variance. The district court denied the variance,

finding it unsupported by any 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factor. After a careful review of

the sentencing record, we conclude the district court did not abuse its discretion in

finding no § 3553(a) factor rendered the Guidelines sentence unreasonable. The

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record does not support a non-frivolous challenge to the reasonableness of Mr. Carr’s

sentence.1

F. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

In his response to the Anders brief, Mr. Carr argues his trial counsel was

ineffective. “Ineffective assistance of counsel claims should be brought in collateral

proceedings, not on direct appeal. Such claims brought on direct appeal are

presumptively dismissible, and virtually all will be dismissed.” Galloway, 56 F.3d

at 1240. We consider an ineffective assistance claim on direct appeal only if “the

issue was raised before and ruled upon by the district court and a sufficient factual

record exists.” United States v. Flood, 635 F.3d 1255, 1260 (10th Cir. 2011).

Mr. Carr did not raise ineffective assistance before the district court. We would not

consider an argument about Mr. Carr’s counsel’s ineffectiveness on direct appeal.

1
The Anders brief also notes that it found “no basis for challenging the
procedural reasonableness of the sentence.” Br. at 14. We agree.

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III. CONCLUSION

Our independent review of the record reveals no non-frivolous ground for

reversal. We grant counsel’s motion to withdraw and dismiss the appeal.

Entered for the Court

Scott M. Matheson, Jr.
Circuit Judge

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