COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Frank, Kelsey and Haley
Argued at Chesapeake, Virginia
ARTESHIA S. BARNES
OPINION BY
v. Record No. 0069-05-1 JUDGE D. ARTHUR KELSEY
NOVEMBER 29, 2005
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF PORTSMOUTH
Dean W. Sword, Jr., Judge
S. Jane Chittom, Appellate Defender (Virginia Indigent Defense
Commission, on briefs), for appellant.
Leah A. Darron, Assistant Attorney General (Judith Williams
Jagdmann, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
The trial court convicted Arteshia S. Barnes of two counts of child endangerment in
violation of Code § 40.1-103(A). Barnes appeals, arguing the evidence was insufficient to prove
she acted with criminal negligence. Finding the evidence sufficient, we affirm.
I.
On appeal, we review the evidence in the “light most favorable” to the Commonwealth.
Commonwealth v. Hudson, 265 Va. 505, 514, 578 S.E.2d 781, 786 (2003). That principle
requires us to “discard the evidence of the accused in conflict with that of the Commonwealth,
and regard as true all the credible evidence favorable to the Commonwealth and all fair
inferences to be drawn therefrom.” Parks v. Commonwealth, 221 Va. 492, 498, 270 S.E.2d 755,
759 (1980) (emphasis in original and citation omitted).
In June 2004, Jacqueline Love rented an apartment on Virginia Avenue in Portsmouth.
Between 2:15 and 2:20 p.m., Love heard someone at her apartment door. When she opened the
door, she found Barnes’s two small children, ages 2 and 4, standing outside. Love had seen the
children before and noticed that the door to their mother’s nearby apartment was wide open.
Love told the children to go back home. They evidently went home, but then returned to Love’s
apartment about 5 minutes later. Love fed the children and called the police after about 5 to 10
minutes. She reported to the police her suspicion that the two young children had been left
alone.
Officer Keough received a dispatch at about 3:05 p.m. and arrived at Love’s apartment
shortly thereafter. About the same time, Barnes drove up to her apartment. Keough watched as
Barnes carried about 10 grocery bags into her apartment. She then walked over to Love’s
apartment and admitted to Keough that she had left the children alone to go to the grocery store.
They were asleep when she left, Barnes explained. Keough inspected the door to Barnes’s
apartment and found it equipped with a deadbolt. No key was in the lock. Concluding the
children’s safety was in jeopardy, Keough notified Child Protective Services of his findings.
Barnes went to trial on amended indictments alleging that she “willfully or negligently”
caused or permitted the lives of the two children “to be endangered” or the “health of such
child[ren] to be injured” in violation of Code § 40.1-103(A). The prosecution presented its
evidence through Love and Officer Keough. Barnes elected not to testify. Sitting as factfinder,
the trial judge held Barnes was criminally negligent for leaving her 2 and 4-year-old children
alone under these circumstances. Among the risks the children faced, the trial judge found, was
the foreseeable possibility that they would wake up, go outside looking for their mother, and be
struck by a vehicle on Virginia Avenue.
Barnes appeals, arguing that the evidence fails as a matter of law to support her
convictions under Code § 40.1-103(A).
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II.
When addressing the sufficiency of the evidence, we “‘presume the judgment of the trial
court to be correct’ and reverse only if the trial court’s decision is ‘plainly wrong or without
evidence to support it.’” Kelly v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 250, 257, 584 S.E.2d 444, 447
(2003) (en banc) (citations omitted). “This standard comes from Code § 8.01-680 — the basis
for our appellate review of factfinding in civil and criminal cases as well as bench and jury
trials.” Seaton v. Commonwealth, 42 Va. App. 739, 747 n.2, 595 S.E.2d 9, 13 n.2 (2004).
In practical terms, a reviewing court does not “ask itself whether it believes that the evidence at
the trial established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” Stevens v. Commonwealth, 46 Va. App.
234, 249, 616 S.E.2d 754, 761 (2005) (en banc) (emphasis in original and citation omitted). We
ask only whether “any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime
beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. (quoting Kelly, 41 Va. App. at 257, 584 S.E.2d at 447
(emphasis in original)); see also Haskins v. Commonwealth, 44 Va. App. 1, 7, 602 S.E.2d 402,
405 (2004); Crowder v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 658, 663, 588 S.E.2d 384, 387 (2003);
Hoambrecker v. City of Lynchburg, 13 Va. App. 511, 514, 412 S.E.2d 729, 731 (1992).1
In this case, the trial court convicted Barnes of violating Code § 40.1-103(A), which
provides in part: “It shall be unlawful for any person employing or having the custody of any
child willfully or negligently to cause or permit the life of such child to be endangered or the
health of such child to be injured . . . or to cause or permit such child to be overworked, tortured,
tormented, mutilated, beaten or cruelly treated.” Code § 40.1-103(A) covers a wide swath of
1
“This familiar standard gives full play to the responsibility of the trier of fact fairly to
resolve conflicts in the testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from
basic facts to ultimate facts.” Kelly, 41 Va. App. at 257-58, 584 S.E.2d at 447 (citation omitted).
It also ensures that we remain faithful to “our duty not to substitute our judgment for that of the
trier of fact, even were our opinion to differ.” Crowder, 41 Va. App. at 663 n.1, 588 S.E.2d at
387 n.1 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
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criminal behavior (from mere endangerment to actual torture) and requires only a threshold mens
rea showing of “criminal negligence” ⎯ a standard higher than mere “lack of ordinary care.”
Ellis v. Commonwealth, 29 Va. App. 548, 556-57, 513 S.E.2d 453, 457 (1999) (quoting Mosby
v. Commonwealth, 23 Va. App. 53, 59, 473 S.E.2d 732, 735 (1996) (quoting Bell v.
Commonwealth, 170 Va. 597, 611, 195 S.E. 675, 681 (1938))).
Criminal negligence requires what ordinarily would be called “gross negligence,” for it
involves a “reckless or indifferent disregard of the rights of others, under circumstances
reasonably calculated to produce injury, or which make it not improbable that injury will be
occasioned, and the offender knows, or is charged with the knowledge of, the probable result of
his acts.” Ellis, 29 Va. App. at 557, 513 S.E.2d at 457-58 (quoting Bell, 170 Va. at 611-12, 195
S.E. at 681); see also Banovitch v. Commonwealth, 196 Va. 210, 220, 83 S.E.2d 369, 375
(1954); Wright v. Commonwealth, 39 Va. App. 698, 703, 576 S.E.2d 242, 244 (2003).
Unlike willful misconduct, “gross or criminal negligence involves a failure to act under
circumstances that indicate a passive and indifferent attitude toward the welfare of others.” Ellis,
29 Va. App. at 557, 513 S.E.2d at 458. This “reckless disregard” standard can be “shown by
conduct that subjects a child to a substantial risk of serious injury, as well as to a risk of death,
because exposure to either type of risk can endanger the child’s life.” Commonwealth v.
Duncan, 267 Va. 377, 385, 593 S.E.2d 210, 215 (2004).
Under the unique circumstances of this case, a rational factfinder could find that Barnes
was criminally negligent in leaving her 2 and 4-year-old children alone in an unlocked apartment
while making herself inaccessible for a period of time long enough to travel to a grocery store,
collect and check out 10 bags of groceries, and then drive back to her apartment. When the
children awoke, they had no idea where their mother was or where they should look for her.
Though the children exercised the good sense to walk to a neighbor’s apartment, they just as
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easily could have wandered out on Virginia Avenue into vehicular traffic, or gotten lost outside,
or injured themselves in any number of ways that children of such a young age can. For these
reasons, the trial court was within its factfinding discretion to find that Barnes’s gross
indifference to her children’s safety rose to the level of criminal negligence.
We also reject Barnes’s argument that Ellis v. Commonwealth, 29 Va. App. 548, 513
S.E.2d 453 (1999), which reversed a Code § 40.1-103(A) conviction, requires that we reverse
Barnes’s conviction as well. In Ellis, a mother left two small children in her apartment for 15 to
30 minutes while she walked over to a neighbor’s porch about 30 to 50 yards away. Id. at 553,
513 S.E.2d at 456 (summarizing trial court’s findings). She did not make herself completely
inaccessible to her children. Had they hollered out the front door for their mother, she may have
heard them. Had they run over to the neighbor’s porch to look for her, she was there to be found.
Had a neighbor found the children and looked for Ellis, she could have been located easily
enough. The situation here is quite different. Unlike the mother in Ellis, Barnes absented herself
entirely from her children, her neighbors, and anyone else who might find the children
wandering outside. Her total inaccessibility distinguishes this case from Ellis.
The same can be said about the specific nature of the risk. The risk addressed in Ellis
was the risk of fire from a gas stove that the mother accidentally left on before walking over to
her neighbor’s porch. Ellis reversed the conviction under Code § 40.1-103(A) because the
evidence proved only that the mother “inadvertently failed to turn off a gas jet on her stove
before stepping out of her apartment to visit a friend while her daughters slept in a closed
bedroom.” Id. at 557, 513 S.E.2d at 458. It was in this context that Ellis held that the mother
showed no “callous indifference to the fact that her children were at risk of injury while she left
them unattended.” Id. Here again, the situation differs considerably. As the trial judge noted,
one of the most serious risks facing Barnes’s 2 and 4-year-old children was that they would
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awake from their nap, walk out of an unlocked front door “trying to find out where mama got
to,” and then “wander” out into vehicular traffic on Virginia Avenue.2 Ellis did not consider,
much less decide, whether a parent exposing a child to a risk of this particular sort could be
found criminally negligent.
Finally, we reject Barnes’s assertion that Ellis stands for the proposition that temporary
parental abandonment of young children can never ⎯ as a matter of law ⎯ constitute a violation
of Code § 40.1-103(A). Given the fact-intensive nature of the inquiry, the sufficiency analysis
on appeal depends entirely on the specific circumstances of each case: the gravity and character
of the possible risks of harm; the degree of accessibility of the parent; the length of time of the
abandonment; the age and maturity of the children; the protective measures, if any, taken by the
parent; and any other circumstance that would inform the factfinder on the question whether the
defendant’s conduct was criminally negligent.
III.
Finding the evidence sufficient to support a finding of criminal negligence under Code
§ 40.1-103(A), we affirm Barnes’s convictions.
Affirmed.
2
Acknowledging that the point was “not in evidence,” the trial judge noted that Virginia
Avenue had become a busy thoroughfare for trucks serving a nearby marine terminal. The trial
judge nonetheless found that “even if it wasn’t a busy street,” the risk of injury to “a small child
being in the street” was still present. Barnes did not object to the judge’s remarks about truck
traffic either at trial or in a motion to set aside. See Rule 5A:18. Nor does Barnes assert on
appeal that the ends-of-justice exception should apply. See Widdifield v. Commonwealth, 43
Va. App. 559, 564, 600 S.E.2d 159, 162 (2004) (en banc) (“This Court will not consider, sua
sponte, an ends-of-justice argument under Rule 5A:18.”). We need not address this issue,
however, because we hold the evidence sufficient without relying on the comments about truck
traffic on Virginia Avenue. The risk of injury to a 2 or 4-year-old stepping out in front of a
passenger vehicle on a street with normal traffic volume is no more tolerable than the risk posed
by a truck on a street with abnormally high traffic.
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