ACCEPTED
03-14-00375-CV
7469409
THIRD COURT OF APPEALS
AUSTIN, TEXAS
10/21/2015 10:21:04 AM
JEFFREY D. KYLE
CLERK
NO. 03-14-00375-CV
IN THE THIRD COURT OF APPEALS, AUSTIN, TEXAS
RECEIVED IN
3rd COURT OF APPEALS
AUSTIN, TEXAS
10/21/2015 10:21:04 AM
JEFFREY D. KYLE
AusPro Enterprises, LP, Clerk
Appellant,
v.
Texas Department of Transportation,
Appellee.
Amicus Curiae Brief in Support of Appellant by the Marion B.
Brechner First Amendment Project
Eugene Volokh* Philip Durst
UCLA School of Law Deats Durst & Owen, P.L.L.C.
First Amendment 1204 San Antonio, Suite 203
Amicus Brief Clinic Austin, Texas 78701
405 Hilgard Ave. pdurst@ddollaw.com
Los Angeles, CA 90095 (512) 474-6200
volokh@law.ucla.edu Counsel for Amicus Curiae
(310) 206-3926
* Counsel would like to thank Vikram Iyer, a UCLA School of Law
student who worked on this brief.
IDENTITY OF PARTIES AND COUNSEL
The Appellant’s Brief correctly identifies the parties and their coun-
sel.
The amicus curiae on whose behalf this brief is filed is the Marion B.
Brechner First Amendment Project.
The counsel for this amicus curiae are:
Eugene Volokh Philip Durst
UCLA School of Law Deats Durst & Owen, P.L.L.C.
First Amendment 1204 San Antonio, Suite 203
Amicus Brief Clinic Austin, Texas 78701
405 Hilgard Ave. pdurst@ddollaw.com
Los Angeles, CA 90095 (512) 474-6200
volokh@law.ucla.edu Counsel for Amicus Curiae
(310) 206-3926
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
IDENTITY OF PARTIES AND COUNSEL ........................................... i
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................ii
INDEX OF AUTHORITIES................................................................. iii
INTEREST OF AMICUS CURIAE ....................................................... 1
SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT ...................................................... 1
ARGUMENT .......................................................................................... 3
I. The Sign Code Impermissibly Discriminates Between
Campaign Signs (Among Other Signs) and Nonprofit
Service Club, Charitable Association, and Religious
Organization Signs .................................................................... 3
II. The Sign Code Impermissibly Distinguishes Between
Immediately Upcoming and Future Elections ......................... 5
CONCLUSION ....................................................................................... 7
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE ...................................................... 8
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE ............................................................... 9
ii
INDEX OF AUTHORITIES
Cases
McCullen v. Coakley, 134 S. Ct. 2518 (2014), ............................... 2, 5, 6, 7
Reed v. Town of Gilbert, 135 S. Ct. 2218 (2015). ............................ passim
Survivors Network of Those Abused by Priests, Inc. v. Joyce, 779
F.3d 785 (8th Cir. 2015)........................................................................... 5
Statutes
TEX. TRANSP. CODE § 391.005 ................................................................. 2, 3
TEX. TRANSP. CODE § 391.031(a)(1) ............................................................ 3
Regulations
43 TEX. ADMIN. CODE § 21.143 .................................................................... 3
43 TEX. ADMIN. CODE § 21.146(a)(10) ................................................. 2, 3, 6
43 TEX. ADMIN. CODE § 21.146(a)(6) ........................................................... 4
iii
INTEREST OF AMICUS CURIAE
The Marion B. Brechner First Amendment Project is a nonprofit,
nonpartisan organization located at the University of Florida in
Gainesville, Florida. Directed by Prof. Clay Calvert, the Project is
dedicated to contemporary issues of freedom of expression, including
current cases and controversies affecting freedom of speech, freedom of
press, freedom of petition, and freedom of thought.
Amicus’s arguments may assist the Court in deciding this matter. As
an organization dedicated to research into First Amendment rights, and
advocacy in support of such rights—though one with no direct stake in
the outcome of this case—amicus is well-positioned to offer this Court
information about the U.S. Supreme Court’s Free Speech Clause
precedent.
No fees were paid in connection with the preparation of this brief.
SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT
In Reed v. Town of Gilbert, 135 S. Ct. 2218 (2015), the U.S. Supreme
Court held that sign regulations are content-based when they impose
different restrictions based on the information that a sign conveys. The
Texas sign code provisions that impose a time limit for campaign signs,
1
but no such limit for nonprofit service club, charitable association, or re-
ligious organization signs, are therefore content-based.
Likewise, in McCullen v. Coakley, 134 S. Ct. 2518 (2014), the U.S.
Supreme Court held that a statute is content-based “if it require[s] ‘en-
forcement authorities’ to ‘examine the content of the message that is
conveyed to determine whether’ a violation has occurred.” Id. at 2531
(citations omitted). TEX. TRANSP. CODE § 391.005 and 43 TEX. ADMIN.
CODE § 21.146(a)(10), which allow election signs only for 90 days before
an election, require enforcers to examine the content of a sign to deter-
mine to which election it refers. A sign that reads “Vote for John Smith
for Mayor,” when the mayoral election is 80 days away, is allowed, but
“Vote for Jane Jones for President,” when the presidential election is
120 days away, is forbidden; determining whether the sign is forbidden
thus requires “examin[ing] the content of the message.” This distinction
between signs about immediately upcoming elections and signs about
further-off elections is thus likewise content-based.
2
Because these provisions of the sign code (among others1) are con-
tent-based, they are subject to strict scrutiny: the state must show that
the content discrimination is narrowly tailored to a compelling govern-
ment interest. Reed, 135 S. Ct. at 2231. The state does not even argue
that these provisions pass strict scrutiny. The content distinctions must
therefore be invalidated.
ARGUMENT
I. The Sign Code Impermissibly Discriminates Between Campaign
Signs (Among Other Signs) and Nonprofit Service Club, Charita-
ble Association, and Religious Organization Signs
Texas law generally forbids signs within 660 feet of a highway. TEX.
TRANSP. CODE § 391.031(a)(1); 43 TEX. ADMIN. CODE § 21.143. Election-
related signs are exempted from this prohibition, but only when are
erected no more than 90 days before the election date. TEX. TRANSP.
CODE § 391.005; 43 TEX. ADMIN. CODE § 21.146(a)(10). Nonprofit service
club, charitable association, and religious organization signs, on the
other hand, are not subject to a time limit. 43 TEX. ADMIN. CODE §
1 Amicus is focusing on these provisions, rather than trying to ex-
haustively catalog all the content-based distinctions present in the sign
code.
3
21.146(a)(6). This distinction makes these provisions a content-based
speech restriction.
In Reed, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down a sign ordinance that
subjected temporary directional signs, political signs, and ideological
signs to different time limits. 135 S. Ct. 2218, 2224-25 (2015). The Court
held that the sign code was content-based because the restriction im-
posed on any given sign depended on whether its message directed the
public to an event, discussed an election, or communicated other ideas:
If a sign informs its reader of the time and place a book club will
discuss John Locke’s Two Treatises of Government, that sign will
be treated differently from a sign expressing the view that one
should vote for one of Locke’s followers in an upcoming election,
and both signs will be treated differently from a sign expressing
an ideological view rooted in Locke’s theory of government. On its
face, the Sign Code is a content-based regulation of speech.
Id. at 2227.
Likewise, under Texas law, if a sign informs its reader to vote for
Bob Smith because he is one of Locke’s followers, it will be treated dif-
ferently than if it tells people about “events” or “locations” of a John
Locke Club. The election sign cannot be put up until 90 days before the
election; the club sign can be permanent. That makes the law content-
based under Reed.
4
Nor does it matter that the State may have lacked a censorious mo-
tive for implementing its sign code. “A law that is content based on its
face is subject to strict scrutiny regardless of the state’s benign motive,
content-neutral justification, or lack of ‘animus toward the ideas con-
tained’ in the regulated speech.” Id. at 2228.
II. The Sign Code Impermissibly Distinguishes Between Immediately
Upcoming and Future Elections
In McCullen, the U.S. Supreme Court held that a statute is content-
based “if it require[s] enforcement authorities to examine the content of
the message that is conveyed to determine whether a violation has oc-
curred.” 134 S. Ct. at 2531. The statute in McCullen prohibited stand-
ing within 35 feet of an abortion clinic. Id. at 2525. The Court held that
the McCullen statute was content-neutral because whether the demon-
strators violated the statute depended not on what they said but only on
where they said it. Id. at 2531; see also Survivors Network of Those
Abused by Priests, Inc. v. Joyce, 779 F.3d 785, 789, 791 (8th Cir. 2015)
(quoting and applying the McCullen test in concluding that a restriction
on disturbing “profane discourse, rude or indecent behavior” outside
churches was content-based, because “[e]nforcement authorities must
decide . . . whether the speaker” is “us[ing] profane or rude expression”).
5
Here, unlike in McCullen, an enforcer of § 21.146(a)(10) must indeed
examine what the sign says, because the section distinguishes speech
about immediately upcoming elections from speech about other elec-
tions that are further in the future.
Assume, for example, that a sign stating, “Vote for John Smith” is
erected on April 1, 2016. Under § 21.146(a)(10), enforcement authorities
must consider the content of the sign in determining what election the
sign is referring to, in order to determine when it will be. If the election
is within 90 days, the sign is allowed. But if the election is, for instance,
the November 2016 Presidential election, the sign is forbidden. Unlike
with the statute in McCullen, it is impossible to determine if the sign
violates § 21.146(a)(10) without examining its content.
This content discrimination has practical effect, because some cam-
paign seasons—such as the presidential campaign season—are longer
than others. As with the sign in this very case, § 21.146(a)(10) will thus
disproportionately affect advocacy of candidates for President. But ul-
timately, regardless of whether this disproportionate effect is consid-
ered, § 21.146(a)(10) cannot be enforced without looking at the content
of each sign, which makes it content-based.
6
CONCLUSION
The Texas sign code impermissibly distinguishes between different
categories of signs by imposing a time limit on campaign signs but not
on charitable signs. It also impermissibly disfavors signs relating to fu-
ture elections by imposing a 90-day window on campaign signs.
The sign code is thus, in relevant part, facially content-
discriminatory, and anyone enforcing it must examine a sign’s content
to determine if that sign violates the act. Under Reed and McCullen,
then, the code is content-based. The content distinctions identified
above must be judged under strict scrutiny, and the state does not even
argue that those distinctions would pass this rigorous standard. Amicus
therefore request that this Court find in favor of the appellant.
Respectfully submitted,
/s/ Philip Durst
Eugene Volokh Philip Durst
UCLA School of Law Deats Durst & Owen, P.L.L.C.
First Amendment 1204 San Antonio, Suite 203
Amicus Brief Clinic Austin, Texas 78701
405 Hilgard Ave. pdurst@ddollaw.com
Los Angeles, CA 90095 (512) 474-6200
volokh@law.ucla.edu Counsel for Amicus Curiae
(310) 206-3926
7
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE
I certify that this brief complies with the type-volume limitation of
Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 9.4(i)(2) because it contains 1,279
words, excluding the parts of the brief exempted by Texas Rule of
Appellate Procedure 9.4(i)(1).
/s/ Philip Durst
Philip Durst
8
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
As required by Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 6.3 and 9.5(b), (d),
and (e), I certify that, on October 21, 2015, I have served this document
on all counsel listed below, via the Court’s electronic-filing system:
Meredith B. Parenti Ken Paxton
Parenti Law PLLC Scott A. Keller
7500 San Felipe, Suite 600 Charles E. Roy
Houston, TX 77063 Douglas D. Geyser
meredith@parentilaw.com Matthew Bohuslav
Office of the Attorney General
Counsel for Appellant P.O. Box 12548 (MC 059)
Austin, TX 78711-2548
douglas.geyser@
texasattorneygeneral.gov
Counsel for Appellee
/s/ Philip Durst
Philip Durst
9