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Appellate Court Date: 2017.08.02
13:27:09 -05'00'
People v. Merriweather, 2017 IL App (4th) 150407
Appellate Court THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v.
Caption BYRON MERRIWEATHER, Defendant-Appellant.
District & No. Fourth District
Docket No. 4-15-0407
Filed June 27, 2017
Decision Under Appeal from the Circuit Court of McLean County, No. 04-CF-840; the
Review Hon. Robert L. Freitag, Judge, presiding.
Judgment Vacated; cause remanded with directions.
Counsel on Michael J. Pelletier, Jacqueline L. Bullard, and Amanda S. Kimmel, of
Appeal State Appellate Defender’s Office, of Springfield, for appellant.
Jason Chambers, State’s Attorney, of Bloomington (Patrick Delfino,
David J. Robinson, and Allison Paige Brooks, of State’s Attorneys
Appellate Prosecutor’s Office, of counsel), for the People.
Panel PRESIDING JUSTICE TURNER delivered the judgment of the court,
with opinion.
Justices Pope and Knecht concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 In February 2006, a jury found defendant, Byron J. Merriweather, guilty of first degree
murder. In May 2006, the trial court sentenced him to 70 years in prison. On direct appeal, this
court affirmed his conviction. In December 2008, defendant filed a pro se postconviction
petition, which the trial court dismissed as frivolous and patently without merit. This court
affirmed. In February 2013, defendant filed a pro se motion for leave to file a successive
postconviction petition, which the trial court denied in March 2015.
¶2 On appeal, defendant argues (1) this court should vacate his de facto life sentence and
remand for resentencing and (2) the trial court erred in denying him leave to file a successive
postconviction petition. We vacate the trial court’s judgment and remand with directions.
¶3 I. BACKGROUND
¶4 Because the parties are familiar with the facts of this case, as they were set forth in detail in
our initial Rule 23 order, we will only lay out those facts necessary to address the issues in this
appeal.
¶5 In September 2004, a grand jury indicted defendant on the offense of first degree murder
(720 ILCS 5/9-1(a)(1) (West 2002)) in connection with the shooting death of Steven McDade
in June 2003. Defendant was born in June 1985, and at the time of the shooting, he was 17
years old. In February 2006, a jury found defendant guilty. In May 2006, the trial court
sentenced him to 70 years in prison, which included a 45-year term plus an automatic 25-year
firearm enhancement.
¶6 On direct appeal, defendant argued (1) the evidence was insufficient to convict him
because the witnesses against him were not credible, (2) the trial court erred in allowing the
jury to hear about his juvenile record, (3) the court denied his right to a fair trial when the State
presented a large amount of evidence alleging he committed other uncharged and gang-related
acts, and (4) he received ineffective assistance of counsel. This court affirmed defendant’s
conviction and sentence. People v. Merriweather, No. 4-06-0847 (2008) (unpublished order
under Supreme Court Rule 23).
¶7 In December 2008, defendant filed a pro se petition for postconviction relief under the
Post-Conviction Hearing Act (Act) (725 ILCS 5/122-1 to 122-8 (West 2008)). Defendant
alleged he received ineffective assistance of counsel when counsel failed to locate, interview,
subpoena, and call to testify Paul Martin, Vincent Smith, Latonya Hamilton, Troy Wells,
Franchise Poston, and Valentino Merriweather, all of whom could have contradicted the
State’s evidence or provided exonerating testimony. Defendant claimed Merriweather and
Martin would have testified he was not the shooter. Poston allegedly would have testified his
daughter, Sevon Poston, was out of town at the time of the incident and could not have
witnessed the shooting. Wells would have testified defendant was not at the park at the time of
the shooting, so Yolanda Roberts could not have seen him exit Chester Hoskins’s vehicle.
Finally, defendant claimed Hamilton would have testified she went to the park with Roberts
and did not tell her defendant was the shooter. Defendant alleged trial counsel was ineffective
for failing to move to suppress evidence gained through the use of an eavesdropping device
and for not presenting evidence of another viable suspect. Defendant also alleged appellate
counsel was ineffective for failing to raise the issue of trial counsel’s ineffectiveness.
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¶8 In February 2009, the trial court dismissed the petition, finding it frivolous and patently
without merit. On appeal, this court affirmed, with one justice dissenting. People v.
Merriweather, No. 4-09-0160 (2010) (unpublished order under Supreme Court Rule 23).
¶9 In February 2013, defendant filed a pro se motion for leave to file a successive
postconviction petition, stating a claim of actual innocence based on newly discovered
evidence. Defendant attached the affidavits of Tommie Slayton, Valentino Merriweather,
Miriah Davidson, and Bertram Givan. Each affidavit stated Troy Wells shot and killed
McDade.
¶ 10 In February 2014, defendant filed a pro se motion to supplement the record, which
included an affidavit from Rashon Pike. Therein, Pike stated he saw “T-Y” pull out a gun and
shoot a man. The next morning, Pike left for Chicago, and he had not returned to Bloomington
since the incident. Pike stated he came into contact with defendant in Menard Correctional
Center and learned defendant was incarcerated for the park shooting.
¶ 11 In March 2015, the trial court denied the motion for leave to file a successive
postconviction petition. The court found the existence of Slayton, Merriweather, Davidson,
and Givan as potential witnesses was not newly discovered. The court noted Slayton,
Merriweather, and Givan each alleged they were with defendant in the park at the time of the
shooting and Davidson was known to defendant prior to trial. The court found defendant
“offered no explanation as to how, with due diligence, he could not have not developed or
discovered the testimony of these four individuals prior to trial.” This appeal followed.
¶ 12 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 13 A. Defendant’s Sentence
¶ 14 Defendant argues his 70-year sentence is a de facto life sentence and unconstitutional as
applied to him, relying in part on Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460, 465 (2012), which held a
mandatory life sentence without parole for juvenile offenders violated the eighth amendment’s
prohibition of cruel and unusual punishments. Relying on People v. Thompson, 2015 IL
118151, 43 N.E.3d 984, however, the State argues defendant may not raise an as-applied
constitutional challenge to his sentence for the first time on appeal from the denial of leave to
file a successive postconviction petition. We agree with the State and find this issue forfeited.
¶ 15 In Thompson, 2015 IL 118151, ¶ 7, 43 N.E.3d 984, the trial court found defendant, 19 at
the time of the crime, guilty of first degree murder and sentenced him to natural life in prison.
Years later and after several appeals, the defendant raised an as-applied constitutional
challenge to his sentence for the first time on appeal following the denial of his section 2-1401
petition for relief from judgment (735 ILCS 5/2-1401 (West 2010)). Thompson, 2015 IL
118151, ¶¶ 15-17, 43 N.E.3d 984. The defendant argued his claim was not subject to the
traditional forfeiture rule because it rendered the judgment void. Thompson, 2015 IL 118151,
¶ 17, 43 N.E.3d 984.
¶ 16 Our supreme court disagreed, finding judgments void only where jurisdiction is lacking or
where the judgment is based on a facially unconstitutional statute, making it void ab initio.
Thompson, 2015 IL 118151, ¶¶ 31-32, 34, 43 N.E.3d 984. The court distinguished facial
challenges from as-applied challenges, finding the latter “is dependent on the particular
circumstances and facts of the individual defendant or petitioner. Therefore, it is paramount
that the record be sufficiently developed in terms of those facts and circumstances for purposes
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of appellate review.” Thompson, 2015 IL 118151, ¶ 37, 43 N.E.3d 984. The supreme court
found “the trial court is the most appropriate tribunal for the type of factual development
necessary to adequately address defendant’s as-applied challenge in this case.” Thompson,
2015 IL 118151, ¶ 38, 43 N.E.3d 984. Thus, the court concluded the defendant forfeited his
as-applied challenge to his sentence by raising it for the first time on appeal. Thompson, 2015
IL 118151, ¶ 39, 43 N.E.3d 984.
¶ 17 The supreme court also found the defendant’s reliance on People v. Luciano, 2013 IL App
(2d) 110792, 988 N.E.2d 943, and People v. Morfin, 2012 IL App (1st) 103568, 981 N.E.2d
1010, to be misplaced because those cases involved defendants who were sentenced to
mandatory natural life in prison based on the commission of murders committed when the
minors were under the age of 18. Thompson, 2015 IL 118151, ¶ 41, 43 N.E.3d 984. The court
pointed out the appellate courts in those cases found Miller should be applied retroactively and
remanded for a new sentencing hearing. Thompson, 2015 IL 118151, ¶ 41, 43 N.E.3d 984.
¶ 18 Defendant relies on People v. Nieto, 2016 IL App (1st) 121604, ¶ 35, 52 N.E.3d 442, which
found, “[w]hen considered as a whole, Thompson implies that courts must overlook forfeiture
and review juveniles’ as-applied eighth amendment challenges under Miller, notwithstanding
the general rule prohibiting as-applied challenges raised for the first time on appeal.” We
disagree with the First District’s reading of Thompson. The supreme court in Thompson found
the holdings of Morfin and Luciano to be consistent with its decision in People v. Davis, 2014
IL 115595, 6 N.E.3d 709, on the issue of retroactivity. Thompson, 2015 IL 118151, ¶ 42, 43
N.E.3d 984. However, the focus of the defendants being minors in Morfin and Luciano did not
affect Thompson’s central holding that as-applied constitutional challenges may be forfeited if
raised for the first time on appeal. It would be inconsistent for the supreme court to note the
need for a sufficiently developed record in adult cases involving as-applied constitutional
challenges, but not in cases brought by juvenile defendants. We decline to follow Nieto.
Instead, we find defendant forfeited his as-applied challenge to his sentence under Miller by
raising it for the first time on appeal.
¶ 19 We note the United States Supreme Court has found “when a new substantive rule of
constitutional law controls the outcome of a case, the Constitution requires state collateral
review courts to give retroactive effect to that rule.” Montgomery v. Louisiana, 577 U.S. ___,
___, 136 S. Ct. 718, 729 (2016). Our supreme court has found Miller created a new substantive
rule that must be applied retroactively. Davis, 2014 IL 115595, ¶¶ 34, 38, 6 N.E.3d 709.
However, the court has also stated if a new rule qualifies as a substantive rule, “then defendants
whose convictions are final may seek the benefit of that rule through appropriate collateral
proceedings.” People v. Price, 2016 IL 118613, ¶ 32; see also Montgomery, 577 U.S. at ___,
136 S. Ct. at 732 (noting a state may not deny a constitutional right in collateral proceedings,
“assuming the claim is properly presented in the case”). In this case, that appropriate collateral
proceeding is a successive postconviction petition. Thus, to raise his claim through a
successive postconviction petition, defendant must obtain leave from the trial court. 725 ILCS
5/122-1(f) (West 2016). We note the arguments defendant has advanced for the first time on
appeal may well convince the trial court to grant defendant such leave.
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¶ 20 B. Successive Postconviction Petition
¶ 21 Defendant argues the trial court should have granted his motion for leave to file a
successive postconviction petition, which raised a colorable claim of actual innocence
supported by a newly discovered affidavit. We find remand to the trial court is required.
¶ 22 The Act “provides a mechanism for criminal defendants to challenge their convictions or
sentences based on a substantial violation of their rights under the federal or state
constitutions.” People v. Morris, 236 Ill. 2d 345, 354, 925 N.E.2d 1069, 1075 (2010). Relief
under the Act is only available for constitutional deprivations that occurred at the defendant’s
original trial. People v. Guerrero, 2012 IL 112020, ¶ 14, 963 N.E.2d 909.
¶ 23 Consistent with the above principles, the “Act generally contemplates the filing of only one
postconviction petition.” People v. Ortiz, 235 Ill. 2d 319, 328, 919 N.E.2d 941, 947 (2009).
The Act expressly provides that “[a]ny claim of substantial denial of constitutional rights not
raised in the original or an amended petition is waived.” 725 ILCS 5/122-3 (West 2016); see
also People v. Pitsonbarger, 205 Ill. 2d 444, 458, 793 N.E.2d 609, 620-21 (2002) (stating “the
procedural bar of waiver is not merely a principle of judicial administration; it is an express
requirement of the statute”). “[A] defendant faces immense procedural default hurdles when
bringing a successive postconviction petition,” which “are lowered only in very limited
circumstances” as successive petitions “impede the finality of criminal litigation.” Davis, 2014
IL 115595, ¶ 14, 6 N.E.3d 709.
¶ 24 A successive postconviction petition may only be filed if leave of court is granted. 725
ILCS 5/122-1(f) (West 2016). To that end, section 122-1(f) of the Act (725 ILCS 5/122-1(f)
(West 2016)) provides, in part, as follows:
“Leave of court may be granted only if a petitioner demonstrates cause for his or her
failure to bring the claim in his or her initial post-conviction proceedings and prejudice
results from that failure. For purposes of this subsection (f): (1) a prisoner shows cause
by identifying an objective factor that impeded his or her ability to raise a specific
claim during his or her initial post-conviction proceedings; and (2) a prisoner shows
prejudice by demonstrating that the claim not raised during his or her initial
post-conviction proceedings so infected the trial that the resulting conviction or
sentence violated due process.”
Thus, for a defendant to obtain leave to file a successive postconviction petition, both prongs of
the cause-and-prejudice test must be satisfied. Davis, 2014 IL 115595, ¶ 14, 6 N.E.3d 709. In
determining whether a defendant has established cause and prejudice, the trial court may
review the “ ‘contents of the petition submitted.’ ” People v. Gutierrez, 2011 IL App (1st)
093499, ¶ 12, 954 N.E.2d 365 (quoting People v. Tidwell, 236 Ill. 2d 150, 162, 923 N.E.2d
728, 735 (2010)). “Where a defendant fails to first satisfy the requirements under section
122-1(f), a reviewing court does not reach the merits or consider whether his successive
postconviction petition states the gist of a constitutional claim.” People v. Welch, 392 Ill. App.
3d 948, 955, 912 N.E.2d 756, 762 (2009).
¶ 25 Even if defendant is unable to show cause and prejudice, the “ ‘failure to raise a claim in an
earlier petition will be excused if necessary to prevent a fundamental miscarriage of justice.’ ”
Ortiz, 235 Ill. 2d at 329, 919 N.E.2d at 947 (quoting Pitsonbarger, 205 Ill. 2d at 459, 793
N.E.2d at 621). “In order to demonstrate a miscarriage of justice to excuse the application of
the procedural bar, a petitioner must show actual innocence.” People v. Edwards, 2012 IL
111711, ¶ 23, 969 N.E.2d 829. To support a claim of actual innocence, “the evidence in
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support of the claim must be newly discovered; material and not merely cumulative; and ‘of
such conclusive character that it would probably change the result on retrial.’ ” Ortiz, 235 Ill.
2d at 333, 919 N.E.2d at 950 (quoting People v. Morgan, 212 Ill. 2d 148, 154, 817 N.E.2d 524,
527 (2004)). On an actual-innocence claim, “leave of court should be granted when the
petitioner’s supporting documentation raises the probability that ‘it is more likely than not that
no reasonable juror would have convicted him in the light of the new evidence.’ ” Edwards,
2012 IL 111711, ¶ 24, 969 N.E.2d 829 (quoting Schlup v. Delo, 513 U.S. 298, 327 (1995)).
This court reviews de novo the denial of a defendant’s motion for leave to file a successive
postconviction petition. People v. Gillespie, 407 Ill. App. 3d 113, 124, 941 N.E.2d 441, 452
(2010).
¶ 26 In the case sub judice, defendant filed a pro se motion for leave to file a successive
postconviction petition on February 11, 2013. Along with the petition, defendant attached the
affidavits of Slayton, Merriweather, Davidson, and Givan. On February 13, 2014, defendant
filed a pro se motion to supplement the record with Pike’s affidavit because “complete
consideration” of the successive postconviction petition required inclusion of the document.
Also on February 13, 2014, defendant filed a “Pro-se Petition for Successive Post-Conviction,”
raising a claim of actual innocence and relying on Pike’s affidavit.
¶ 27 In July 2014, defendant wrote a letter to the trial court asking about the status of his
February 2013 motion for leave to file a successive postconviction petition. In November
2014, defendant filed a motion for the court to answer his February 2013 motion. In January
2015, defendant wrote a letter to the circuit clerk, asking for the status of his February 2013
motion. In March 2015, the court denied defendant’s February 2013 motion, finding the
affidavits from Slayton, Merriweather, Givan, and Davidson did not constitute newly
discovered evidence. The court made no mention of Pike’s affidavit.
¶ 28 Section 122-5 of the Act (725 ILCS 5/122-5 (West 2016)) grants the trial court discretion
to allow amendments to postconviction petitions at any stage of the postconviction
proceedings prior to the final judgment. See also People v. Watson, 187 Ill. 2d 448, 451, 719
N.E.2d 719, 720 (1999) (stating section 122-5 allows a trial court, in its discretion, to allow a
defendant to amend his postconviction petition). Here, the court does not appear to have ruled
on defendant’s motion to supplement the record with Pike’s affidavit. It is not even clear
whether the court was aware of the motion to supplement when it ruled on defendant’s
February 2013 motion, as it did not reference Pike’s affidavit. As the trial court is “in the best
position to evaluate the merits of the defendant’s motion” (People v. Harper, 347 Ill. App. 3d
499, 503, 807 N.E.2d 1001, 1004 (2004)), we find the appropriate action is to remand this
cause to the trial court for a ruling on defendant’s request for leave to supplement the record
with Pike’s affidavit. See People v. Pinkston, 2013 IL App (4th) 111147, ¶ 20, 989 N.E.2d
298; see also Ill. S. Ct. R. 366(a)(5) (eff. Feb. 1, 1994) (stating the reviewing court may, in its
discretion, remand a case as may be required).
¶ 29 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 30 For the reasons stated, we vacate the trial court’s judgment and remand this cause with
directions for the court to rule on defendant’s motion to supplement the record and for such
further proceedings as may be warranted. As part of our judgment, we award the State its $75
statutory assessment against defendant as costs of this appeal.
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¶ 31 Vacated; cause remanded with directions.
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