People v. Fredrickson

Filed 4/24/23
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION FIVE

THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent,
A164803
v.
HANNA FREDRICKSON, (Mendocino County
Super. Ct. No.
Defendant and Appellant.
SCUKCRCR2016861571)

Among numerous, recent sentencing reforms enacted by the
Legislature, Penal Code section 1170, subdivision (b)(6)(B) (Section
1170(b)(6)(B)), 1 effective January 1, 2022, “establishes a presumption [that
the court should impose] the lower term if the defendant’s youth was ‘a
contributing factor’ in his or her commission of [a] crime ‘unless the court
finds that the aggravating circumstances outweigh the mitigating
circumstances [such] that imposition of the lower term would be contrary to
the interests of justice . . . .’ ” (People v. Flores (2022) 73 Cal.App.5th 1032,
1039 (Flores); see also § 1016.7, subd. (b) [“A ‘youth’ for purposes of this
section includes any person under 26 years of age on the date the offense was
committed”]; Cal. Rules of Court, rule 4.420(e).) 2 In this case, the trial court

1 All undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.
The lower term presumption also applies where any of the following
2

was a “contributing factor in the commission of the offense”: “(A) The person

1
imposed a five-year middle-term sentence following revocation of probation
without expressly addressing Section 1170(b)(6)(B).
Appellant Hanna Fredrickson (appellant) contends that, because she
was 23 years old at the time of her original offense, the court abused its
discretion in failing to treat the lower term as the presumptive sentence in
sentencing her following revocation of probation. We reject the claim,
concluding the court was not required to make an express finding regarding
the Section 1170(b)(6)(B) presumption because nothing in the record shows
appellant’s youth was a “contributing factor” in the commission of the
underlying offense. (Ibid.) We also reject appellant’s ineffective assistance of
counsel claim.
BACKGROUND
In June 2016, the Mendocino County District Attorney filed a felony
complaint charging appellant and a codefendant with manufacturing a
controlled substance (Health & Saf. Code, § 11379.6, subd. (a); count one) and
possession of marijuana for sale (Health & Saf. Code, § 11359; count two).
The charges were based on the discovery of honey oil (a form of concentrated
cannabis), marijuana, and equipment for the production of honey oil at a
house in Willits occupied by appellant and the codefendant.
In June 2019, appellant pleaded no contest to count one and count two
was dismissed. In July, in accordance with the plea agreement, the trial
court suspended imposition of sentence and placed appellant on formal

has experienced psychological, physical, or childhood trauma, including, but
not limited to, abuse, neglect, exploitation, or sexual violence. . . . (C) Prior to
the instant offense, or at the time of the commission of the offense, the person
is or was a victim of intimate partner violence or human trafficking.” (§ 1170,
subd. (b)(6).)

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probation for three years subject to terms and conditions, including that she
serve 185 days in county jail.
In February 2022, appellant admitted three violations of probation,
including her failure to surrender to serve the 185 days in custody. In March,
the trial court revoked probation and sentenced appellant to a five-year
middle-term split sentence comprised of two years in custody and three years
of mandatory supervision.
The present appeal followed.
DISCUSSION
Appellant was 23 years old when she committed the underlying offense
in April 2016, and she was sentenced following her probation violation in
March 2022, after the effective date of the relevant amendment to section
1170. In declining to re-impose probation and in imposing the middle term,
the trial court stated that it believed appellant had not taken responsibility
for her actions in 2016 or for her drug addiction, and that her two children
deserved a mother who is sober. The court continued, “I don’t think
probation is appropriate. . . . I am going to revoke that probation
permanently and sentence you to local prison. [¶] I do believe that this isn’t
an aggravated term, that the midterm is the appropriate sentence of five
years and I will commit you to local prison for that five-year term. [¶] I think
it is important that you have [a] period of enforced sobriety before you are
released on mandatory supervision. And I am going to impose a two-year
commitment and the balance of five years, three years, will be on mandatory
supervision. And if you . . . violate mandatory supervision, then you go back
to finish the rest of your sentence.”
“To prove an abuse of discretion, ‘ “[t]he burden is on the party
attacking the sentence to clearly show that the sentencing decision was

3
irrational or arbitrary. [Citation.] In the absence of such a showing, the trial
court is presumed to have acted to achieve legitimate sentencing objectives,
and its discretionary determination to impose a particular sentence will not
be set aside on review.” ’ [Citation.] To meet this burden, the defendant
must ‘affirmatively demonstrate that the trial court misunderstood its
sentencing discretion.’ ” (People v. Lee (2017) 16 Cal.App.5th 861, 866.)
“ ‘Defendants are entitled to sentencing decisions made in the exercise of the
‘informed discretion’ of the sentencing court. [Citations.] A court which is
unaware of the scope of its discretionary powers can no more exercise that
‘informed discretion’ than one whose sentence is or may have been based on
misinformation regarding a material aspect of a defendant’s record.’ ” (People
v. Gutierrez (2014) 58 Cal.4th 1354, 1391.)
I. Appellant Has Not Shown the Lower Term Presumption Applied
Appellant contends the trial court abused its discretion because
nothing in the record suggests the court made the “interests of justice”
finding required by Section 1170(b)(6)(B) prior to imposing the middle term.
She points out that “[n]either party, probation, nor the trial court mentioned
[the lower] term presumption in either briefings, reports, or argument at the
sentencing hearing.” Appellant urges this court to follow the reasoning of the
decisions in People v. Ochoa (2020) 53 Cal.App.5th 841 (Ochoa) and People v.
Panozo (2021) 59 Cal.App.5th 825 (Panozo), which found error where the
record was “ambiguous” as to whether the court understood its statutory
obligation to consider certain factors in sentencing. (Ochoa, at pp. 852–853;
Panozo, at p. 839.) We conclude those cases are distinguishable, because
appellant has not shown the lower term presumption applied.
A. Appellant’s Authorities and Other Relevant Caselaw

4
 At issue in Ochoa was a statutory obligation to consider “youth-related
mitigating factors” in sentencing a defendant who was a minor at the time of
commission of a first degree murder. (Ochoa, supra, 53 Cal.App.5th at
p. 850; see also id. at pp. 846–847.) There, the record was “at best . . .
ambiguous” whether the trial court had considered such factors—although
the court was not required to make findings on the record, the court only
received information concerning youth-related mitigating factors after it had
sentenced the defendant, and the transcript “suggest[ed]” the court
erroneously believed a statutory amendment had eliminated the
requirement. (Ochoa, at pp. 852–853.) In those circumstances, the Ochoa
court concluded remand for resentencing was appropriate. (Ibid.)
At issue in Panozo was the trial court’s “statutory obligation to consider
[the defendant’s] service-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) . . . as
a mitigating factor in evaluating whether to grant probation and in selecting
the appropriate determinate term.” (Panozo, supra, 59 Cal.App.5th at
p. 828.) One statute required the court to consider “as a factor in favor of
granting probation” that the defendant is a veteran who “may be suffering
from sexual trauma, traumatic brain injury, post-traumatic stress disorder,
substance abuse, or mental health problems as a result of his or her service.”
(§ 1170.9, subdivision (a); see also Panozo, at p. 835.) Another statute
required the court to consider “as a factor in mitigation” that the defendant
“is, or was, a member of the United States military who may be suffering
from sexual trauma, traumatic brain injury, post-traumatic stress disorder,
substance abuse, or mental health problems as a result of his or her military
service.” (§ 1170.91, subdivision (a); see also Panozo, at pp. 835–836.)
In Panozo, the defendant’s “sentencing brief asked for probation,
referenced his service-related PTSD, and provided documentation to support

5
his diagnosis and request for treatment. And defense counsel argued
extensively at sentencing that his client’s crimes were the byproduct of his
military service, warranting probation or imposition of the lower term. But
neither the briefs nor the argument referenced sections 1170.9 or 1170.91 or
suggested the court was obligated to consider [the defendant’s] service-
related PTSD as a mitigating factor. These statutes were likewise not
referenced in the People’s sentencing brief or argument. Indeed, the
prosecutor maintained there were no circumstances in mitigation. And
although the probation report described [the defendant’s] military service and
PTSD diagnosis, it did not list these circumstances among the mitigating
factors.” (Panozo, supra, 59 Cal.App.5th at pp. 837–838.) In those
circumstances, the Panozo court concluded remand for resentencing was
required because it was “at the very least, ambiguous as to whether the trial
court was aware of its statutory obligations under sections 1170.9 and
1170.91.” (Panozo, at p. 840.)
In reaching its decision, Panozo relied heavily on the decision in People
v. Bruhn (1989) 210 Cal.App.3d 1195 (Bruhn), which applied a prior version
of section 1170.9. (Panozo, supra, 59 Cal.App.5th at pp. 836, 840.) The
Bruhn court observed that, “In order to trigger the provisions of [former]
section 1170.9, the defendant must make an initial showing that he served in
combat while a member of the United States Armed Forces and that he
suffers from substance abuse or other psychological problems resulting from
that service.” (Bruhn, at p. 1199.) The Bruhn court concluded, “We believe it
consistent with the Legislature’s ‘strong concern emotionally affected
Vietnam veterans be afforded every opportunity to get meaningful
rehabilitative treatment in a facility specifically designed to deal with their
unique and complex disorder’ [citation] that the trial court should

6
affirmatively indicate an exercise of discretion under section 1170.9 wherever
a prima facie showing of eligibility under that section has been made.”
(Bruhn, at pp. 1199–1200, italics added.) Because the defendant there made
“a sufficient preliminary showing below that he was a candidate for
alternative placement” and the record failed to show the trial court was
aware of its statutory obligations, remand for resentencing was required. (Id.
at p. 1200.)
We also find instructive the decision in People v. Sanford (1988)
204 Cal.App.3d 1181 (Sanford), addressing former section 3051 of the
Welfare and Institutions Code, which required trial courts to consider
commitment for drug rehabilitation “if it appears to the judge that the
defendant may be addicted or by reason of repeated use of narcotics may be
in imminent danger of becoming addicted to narcotics.” In Sanford, “the
sentencing court found that [the defendant] was addicted to or in danger of
becoming addicted to narcotics. Therefore, the statute require[d] the
initiation of further proceedings to determine whether she should be
committed, unless the judge [found] her unfit for such a commitment.”
(Sanford, at p. 1183.) Sanford held that, “[o]n a silent record, we cannot find
that the court discharged its duty to initiate [commitment] proceedings when
the court found the defendant to be addicted or in imminent danger of
becoming addicted.” (Ibid.)
Finally, in People v. Young (1991) 228 Cal.App.3d 171 (Young), the
court considered Sanford (and other cases), and concluded the trial court’s
obligation to consider commitment was not triggered where the defendant’s
background included drug use, but “no mention was made of any current or
past substance abuse problems of appellant or the possibility of or need for
any evaluation of appellant regarding a possible Welfare and Institutions

7
Code section 3051 commitment.” (Young, at p. 184.) Young distinguished the
decision in Bruhn, supra, 210 Cal.App.3d 1195, because the trial court in
Bruhn had been “put on notice that it must consider [former] section 1170.9
as an alternative sentencing scheme.” (Young, at p. 186.)
B. Analysis
The Section 1170(b)(6)(B) presumption involved in the present case is
analogous to the statutory schemes in the cases discussed above. Bruhn best
articulates the proper test in reviewing a trial court’s failure to expressly
apply such a sentencing presumption: the record must “affirmatively” show
compliance with a statutory sentencing mandate whenever the mandate has
been “trigger[ed]” by an “initial showing” of the applicability of the statute.
(Bruhn, supra, 210 Cal.App.3d at pp. 1199–1200.) The outcomes in Panozo,
Sanford, and Young are consistent with that approach, 3 and the same
reasoning applies to Section 1170(b)(6)(B). 4 The statute does not mandate a

3 Another court, People v. Flower (1976) 62 Cal.App.3d 904, which
addressed the same statute involved in Sanford and Young, took a different
approach. Flower relied on the Evidence Code section 664 presumption
“ ‘that official duty has been regularly performed,’ ” to presume compliance
with the requirement to consider commitment for drug rehabilitation where
“the possibility was clearly raised that the defendant . . . might be addicted to
narcotics.” (Id., at pp. 909–910; but see People v. Planavsky (1995)
40 Cal.App.4th 1300, 1306–1307 (Planavsky) [criticizing Flower].) Under
Bruhn’s approach, resentencing would have been required. In any event, in
the present case, since there was no initial showing of the applicability of
Section 1170(b)(6)(B), we need not address the Evidence Code section 664
presumption.
4The statute at issue in Ochoa, supra, 53 Cal.App.5th 841, is different.
As interpreted by the courts, the statute (§ 190.5, subd. (b)) requires
consideration of youth-related mitigating factors in every instance where a
defendant being sentenced for first degree murder with special circumstances
was 16 or 17 years old at the time of commission of the crime. (Ochoa, at

8
presumption in favor of the lower term in every case in which the defendant
was under age 26 at the time the crime was committed. Instead, the
presumption applies only if the defendant’s youth was “a contributing factor”
in his or her commission of the offense. (§ 1170 (b)(6)(B); see also Flores,
supra, 73 Cal.App.5th at p. 1039.) 5 Under the reasoning of the above cases,
in order to trigger the presumption, there must be some initial showing that
the defendant’s youth was a contributing factor, and only then must the
record affirmatively show compliance with the statute.
In supplemental briefing, appellant argues “[s]ection 1170.9,
unlike [Section 1170(b)(6)(B)], explicitly places the initial burden on the
defendant to raise the issue of qualification.” It is true that section 1170.9
currently states, “In the case of any person convicted of a criminal offense . . .
and who alleges that the person committed the offense as a result of
[conditions] stemming from service in the United States military, the court
shall, prior to sentencing, make a determination . . .” (Emphasis added.)
However, at the time Bruhn was decided, former section 1170.9 stated in
relevant part, “In the case of any person convicted of a felony who would
otherwise be sentenced to state prison the court shall consider whether the

pp. 850–852.) No additional finding, such as that youth was a contributing
factor in the crime, is required to trigger the statute’s mandate.
5 In Flores, this court remanded for resentencing where Section
1170(b)(6)(B) was enacted while a youth’s challenge to his sentence was
pending on appeal. (Flores, supra, 73 Cal.App.5th at pp. 1039–1040.) There,
the defendant’s youth alone was a sufficient basis to require a remand,
because the parties and the trial court had not had the opportunity to
consider Section 1170(b)(6)(B) at the time of the original sentencing. This
court acknowledged that the lower term presumption would not apply absent
the “contributing factor” finding, and we had no occasion to consider if an
express finding regarding Section 1170(b)(6)(B) would have been required
had the statute been in existence at the time of the original sentencing.

9
defendant was a member of the military forces of the United States who
served in combat in Vietnam and who suffers from substance abuse or
psychological problems resulting from that service.” (Bruhn, supra,
210 Cal.App.3d at p. 1198, fn. 2.) Accordingly, Bruhn’s conclusion that “[i]n
order to trigger the provisions of section 1170.9, the defendant must make an
initial showing that he served in combat while a member of the United States
Armed Forces and that he suffers from substance abuse or other
psychological problems resulting from that service” (id. at p. 1199) was not
based on any express statutory language requiring a defendant to raise the
issue. Bruhn’s reasoning is fully applicable here.
Appellant also argues she had the burden of making an initial showing
only that she was under 26 years old at the time of the underlying offense.
But that disregards the plain statutory language that makes youth a ground
for the lower term presumption solely if it was “a contributing factor in the
commission of the offense.” (§ 1170, subd. (b)(6).) Panozo and Bruhn did not
disregard the analogous causation language in former and current section
1170.9 (“resulting” and “as a result of … stemming from”) in articulating the
requisite showing in that statutory context, and it would not be proper for us
to do so here. (Metcalf v. Cnty. of San Joaquin (2008) 42 Cal.4th 1121, 1131
[“ ‘If the [statutory] language is clear, courts must generally follow its plain
meaning unless a literal interpretation would result in absurd consequences
the Legislature did not intend.’ ”].) 6

6 In support of her interpretation, appellant cites to a sentence in a
Senate legislative analysis stating, “This bill requires the court to
additionally consider . . . if the defendant is a youth or was a person under
the age of 26 at the time of the commission of the offense, and whether those
circumstances were a contributing factor in the commission of the offense.”
(Sen. Com. on Public Safety, Analysis of Assem. Bill No. 124 (2021–2022 Reg.
Sess.) as amended Apr. 15, 2021, p. 3.) Even if appellant were correct that

10
 A comparison to section 1001.36, subdivision (b)(2)—relating to
eligibility for pretrial diversion—provides further support for our conclusion
that the Legislature meant what it said in including the “contributing factor”
requirement in section 1170, subdivision (b)(6). Section 1001.36, subdivision
(b)(2) provides that, if a defendant has been diagnosed with a mental
disorder, “the court shall find that the defendant’s mental disorder was a
significant factor in the commission of the offense unless there is clear and
convincing evidence that it was not a motivating factor, causal factor, or
contributing factor to the defendant’s involvement in the alleged offense.”
The Legislature’s failure to include such language in section 1170,
subdivision (b)(6), is further support for our conclusion that the “contributing
factor” requirement is part of the initial showing. (See People v. Murphy
(2001) 25 Cal.4th 136, 159 [looking at language “in other sentencing statutes”
and concluding “the Legislature has shown that when it wants” to achieve a
particular end “it knows how to use language clearly expressing that
intent”].) 7

that ambiguous sentence supports her interpretation, we could not rely on it
to adopt a construction contradicting the plain language of the statute. (Huff
v. Securitas Sec. Servs. USA, Inc. (2018) 23 Cal.App.5th 745, 755
[“Legislative history, even when appropriately considered, cannot be used to
contradict language that the Legislature decided to include in the statute.”].)
In any event, the passage relied upon by appellant actually refers to a
separate part of the enactment relating to a resentencing petition “when a
defendant who was under 18 years of age at the time of the commission of the
offense for which the defendant was sentenced to imprisonment for life
without the possibility of parole has been incarcerated for at least 15
years. . .” (§ 1170, subd. (d)(1)(A).) The portion of the Senate analysis
addressing the portion of the enactment at issue in the present appeal
mirrors the statutory language.
Arguably, it would be reasonable to presume a defendant’s youth is a
7

contributing factor whenever a youth commits a crime. (See In re Williams
(2020) 57 Cal.App.5th 427, 434 [referencing scientific studies regarding brain

11
 Prior caselaw does not clarify what initial showing would be sufficient
to obligate a trial court to make an express finding regarding the Section
1170(b)(6)(B) lower term presumption. The Bruhn court variously referred to
an “initial showing,” a “prima facie showing,” and a “preliminary showing.”
(Bruhn, supra, 210 Cal.App.3d at pp. 1199–1200.) In Panozo, there was a
sufficient showing where the defendant provided “documentation to support
his diagnosis and request for treatment” and where “defense counsel argued
extensively at sentencing that his client’s crimes were the byproduct of his
military service.” (Panozo, supra, 59 Cal.App.5th at pp. 837–838.) In Young,
supra, 228 Cal.App.3d at page 186, the court distinguished Bruhn on the
basis that the trial court in Bruhn had been “put on notice that it must
consider [former] section 1170.9 as an alternative sentencing scheme.” That
suggests that an initial showing has been made when the record and/or
arguments are sufficient to put a trial court on notice that a defendant’s
youth may have been a contributing factor in commission of the underlying
offense.
In any event, we have no occasion to decide the precise nature of the
showing required because appellant did not suggest below that
Section 1170(b)(6)(B) applied, and appellant concedes “[t]here was no explicit
indication in the record that appellant’s youth contributed to the commission
of the offense.” This court has reviewed the probation reports, appellant’s
sentencing memorandum, the letters submitted on her behalf, and the

development].) And it may or may not also be reasonable to make such a
presumption if a defendant has shown applicability of one of the
circumstances in section 1170, subdivisions (b)(6)(A) or (C). But the
Legislature opted to require a finding of causation as to all of the
circumstances in section 1170, subdivision (b)(6), and we have no authority to
rewrite the statute. (In re I.A. (2019) 40 Cal.App.5th 19.)

12
arguments at the sentencing hearing, and we have found no clear indication
appellant’s youth was a contributing factor in the 2016 offense. Of course, it
is possible facts or arguments could have been developed that would have
constituted such an initial showing, but there is no basis for this court to
conclude the trial court’s failure to expressly consider the lower term
presumption requires a remand. 8
II. Appellant Has Not Shown Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
In the alternative, appellant contends defense counsel’s failure to argue
for the Section 1170(b)(6)(B) presumption constitutes ineffective assistance of
counsel. “To prevail on this claim, [appellant] must show [her] counsel’s
representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and, but for
counsel’s error, there is a reasonable probability of a more favorable
outcome.” (See People v. Lizarraga (2003) 110 Cal.App.4th 689, 693.)

8 We observe that, although our analysis may in effect impose an
obligation on a defendant to present information and/or arguments that
suggest applicability of the lower term presumption, we do not conclude
appellant forfeited the benefit of the presumption. The statute mandates
application of the lower term presumption in the specified circumstances; the
mandate does not apply if not triggered by an initial showing, but it is not
subject to forfeiture. (See Panozo, supra, 59 Cal.App.5th at p. 840 [no
forfeiture where the defendant “does not challenge the manner in which the
trial court exercised its sentencing discretion but rather its apparent
misapprehension of statutory sentencing obligations”]; but see Planavsky,
supra, 40 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1310–1312 [holding that a defendant forfeits a
claim under former Welfare and Institutions Code section 3051 if the
defendant did not raise the possibility of a drug commitment to the trial
court].) Notably, the initial showing need not be made by the defendant; the
showing could be made by the prosecution or by facts or recommendations in
a probation officer’s report. And the defendant need not specifically request
application of the lower term presumption if the record shows youth
contributed to commission of the underlying offense.

13
 It is true that “a defense attorney who fails to adequately understand
the available sentencing alternatives, promote their proper application, or
pursue the most advantageous disposition for his client may be found
incompetent.” (People v. Scott (1994) 9 Cal.4th 331, 351.) However, on the
record in this case, appellant cannot demonstrate ineffective assistance of
counsel on direct appeal. As appellant concedes, there is no indication in the
record that appellant’s youth was a “contributing factor” in her commission of
the underlying offense. (§ 1170 (b)(6)(B).) Absent that, we cannot conclude
counsel was deficient in failing to present information that may or may not
exist, or argue the lower term presumption applied. And, for the same
reason, we cannot conclude it is reasonably probable appellant would have
received a more favorable result if counsel had made that argument.
Because appellant cannot show deficient performance or prejudice on
the present record, her ineffective assistance of counsel claim is denied. If
there is extra-record information that appellant’s youth was a contributing
factor in her commission of the underlying offense, she may pursue her claim
through a writ of habeas corpus. (See People v. Mai (2013) 57 Cal.4th 986,
1009; People v. Mendoza Tello (1997) 15 Cal.4th 264, 266–267.)
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.

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 SIMONS, J.

We concur.

JACKSON, P. J.

BURNS, J.

(A164803)

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People v. Fredrickson (A164803)

Trial Judge: Hon. Keith Faulder

Trial Court: Mendocino County Superior Court

Attorneys:
Kaiya R. Pirolo, under appointment by the Court of Appeal,
for Defendant and Appellant.

Rob Bonta, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief
Assistant Attorney General, Jeffrey M. Laurence, Assistant Attorney
General, René A. Chacón and Moona Nandi, Deputy Attorneys General,
for Plaintiff and Respondent.

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